Loose Powder Research Articles

Quantification and prediction of lack-of-fusion porosity in the high porosity regime during laser powder bed fusion of Ti-6Al-4V

Although lack-of-fusion porosity due to incomplete melting of powder can limit the mechanical properties of additively manufactured metals, quantification and prediction of these defects remains challenging. We compare three common strategies to measure porosity: the Archimedes, micrograph-based, and micro-computed tomography approaches. We find that while these methods work equally well at low void fraction, their predictions diverge at higher void fractions (> 5 %). We find that the disparity comes since the Archimedes method measures the total amount of solid in the sample, while micrograph-based approach neglects loose powder trapped inside the samples that can be removed during the preparation process. We conclude that these two methods make use of divergent definitions of porosity. While the Archimedes method measures a “total porosity” defined by the total volume fraction of void in the material, the micrograph method measures an “effective porosity” that only accounts for the continuous material. On the other hand, the resolution of micro-computed tomography is limited by voxel size, leading to ambiguity of trapped powder being identified as solid or void. Consequently, the number density of defects from micro-computed tomography are noticeably smaller than that from micrograph-based approach. A geometric model for porosity prediction is implemented and used to evaluate different models for melt pool geometry. Our numerical predictions of melt pool profiles are surprisingly insensitive to our choice of heat source models. Finally, an analytical geometric model is developed for fast estimation of total and effective porosities and shows good agreement with both numerical simulations and experimental measurement.

The Influence of the Syrup Type on Rheology, Color Differences, Water Activity, and Nutritional and Sensory Aspects of High-Protein Bars for Sportsmen

Most often, high-protein bars consist of a protein preparation in the form of a loose powder, stuck together with a syrup mixture, ensuring a stable mass. According to the legal regulations in force, at least 20% of the energy value must come from protein for the product to be called high-protein. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different syrup sources (oligofructose, maltitol, tapioca fiber, and chickpea-maize fiber) on rheology, water activity, color, and nutritional and sensorial properties of high-protein bars. Texture has changed depending on the type of syrup used. A significant increase of the hardness parameter referring to the control sample was noted for bars containing chickpea-maize liquid fiber in chocolate (311.65 N), with low adhesiveness simultaneously (54.71 N). Samples without chocolate made with the use of oligofructose syrup had apparently higher dynamic viscosities than other bars (226.67 mPas · g/cm3). The water activity of all tested bars indicated the high stability of samples over time (<0.80), except for samples without chocolate made of PM syrup. The color of the tested bars was from light cream to Earth yellow. Bars obtained with tapioca liquid fiber had the lowest nutritional value. Results presented in this study suggest that selecting the correct type of syrup may significantly influence the functional properties of high-protein bars.

A discrete element framework for the numerical analysis of particle bed-based additive manufacturing processes

This paper investigates the potential of the discrete element method to simulate the physics of particle bed-based additive manufacturing. This method naturally captures the discrete aspects of additive manufacturing processes, such as material addition. The proposed discrete element framework uses constitutive relations for loose powder, bonding kinematics and the thermo-mechanical behaviour of bonded particles. The mechanical bond interactions consist of beams that interconnect the particles. These beams are able to transfer forces as well as moments. The thermal conductive bond interactions assume an effective conductive area and density to account for the voids in the system. Simulated compression tests reveal that the macroscopic Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the bonded material are controlled by only two micro-scale parameters. Furthermore, a heat conducting rod of both powder and bonded material is simulated and compared to a continuum finite element simulation. The proposed discrete model is able to simulate a complete printing process, capturing the solid material behaviour accurately. A simulation of a printed sample shows various additive manufacturing aspects such as: the deposited powder layer, G-code input, heat source interaction, contact, bonding, thermal conduction and the accumulation of residual stresses and deformations.

Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) calibration for analysis of nutrient concentrations and trace element contaminants in fertilisers

With the increasing popularity of local blending of fertilisers, the fertiliser industry faces issues regarding quality control and fertiliser adulteration. Another problem is the contamination of fertilisers with trace elements that have been shown to subsequently accumulate in the soil and be taken up by plants, posing a danger to the environment and human health. Conventional characterisation methods necessary to ensure the quality of fertilisers and to comply with local regulations are costly, time consuming and sometimes not even accessible. Alternatively, using a wide range of unamended and intentionally amended fertilisers this study developed empirical calibrations for a portable handheld X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer, determined the reliability for estimating the macro and micro nutrients and evaluated the use of the pXRF for the high-throughput detection of trace element contaminants in fertilisers. The models developed using pXRF for Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn and Mo had R2 values greater or equal to 0.97. These models also performed well on validation, with R2 values greater or equal to 0.97 (except for Fe, R2val = 0.55) and slope values ranging from 0.81 to 1.44. A second set of models were developed with a focus on trace elements in amended fertilisers. The R2 values of calibration for Co, Ni, As, Se, Cd and Pb were greater than or equal to 0.80. At concentrations up to 1000 mg kg-1, good validation statistics were also obtained; R2 values ranged from 0.97–0.99, except in one instance. The regression coefficients of the validation also had good prediction in the range of 0–100 mg kg-1 (R2 values were from 0.78–0.99), but not as well at lower concentrations up to 20 mg kg-1 (R2 values ranged from 0.10–0.99), especially for Cd. This study has demonstrated that pXRF can measure several major (P, Ca) and micro (Mn, Fe, Cu) nutrients, as well as trace elements and potential contaminants (Cr, Ni, As) in fertilisers with high accuracy and precision. The results obtained in this study is good, especially considering that loose powders were scanned for a maximum of 90 seconds without the use of a vacuum pump.

Effect of Magnesium Addition and High Energy Processing on the Degradation Behavior of Iron Powder in Modified Hanks’ Solution for Bioabsorbable Implant Applications

This paper shows the results of applying a combination of high energy processing and magnesium (Mg) as an alloying element in a strategy for enhancing the degradation rate of iron (Fe) for applications in the field of non-permanent medical implants. For this purpose, Fe powder was milled with 5 wt% of Mg (Fe5Mg) and its microstructure and characterized degradation behavior. As-received Fe powder was also milled in order to distinguish between the effects due to high energy processing from those due to the presence of Mg. The powders were prepared by high energy planetary ball milling for 16 h. The results show that the initial crystallite size diminishes from >150 nm to 16 nm for Fe and 46 nm for Fe5Mg. Static degradation tests of loose powder particles were performed in Hanks’ solution. Visual inspection of the immersed powders and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) phase quantification indicate that Fe5Mg exhibited the highest degradation rate followed by milled Fe and as received Fe, in this order. The analysis of degradation products of Fe5Mg showed that they consist on magnesium ferrite and pyroaurite, which are known to present good biocompatibility and low toxicity. Differences in structural features and degradation behaviors of milled Fe and milled Fe5Mg suggest the effective dissolution of Mg in the Fe lattice. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that Fe5Mg powder would be a suitable candidate for non-permanent medical implants with a higher degradation rate than Fe.

Electrical discharge consolidation of Al and Ti powders

In this paper, electrical-discharge-consolidation (EDC technique) experiments were carried out with an equipment based on the technology developed for the stud welding technology. The main advantage of the EDC technique is its high speed, on the order of milliseconds or less, which makes it particularly interesting when a high final porosity is aimed, or when the inherent nanostructure of the powders needs to be preserved. Compacts of Ti and Al were consolidated with this technique, both directly from loose powders and from cold pressed green compacts. Two different configurations (200 V – 66 mF and 800 V − 1.1 mF) were tested. Relative density, microhardness, electrical resistivity and metallographic and SEM studies were carried out to understand the changes in powder particles caused by the electrical discharge. The use of a high capacitance in the capacitors bank, despite the use of a lower voltage, results in a better consolidation process.

Metal additive manufacturing via a novel composite material using powder and polymers formed in sheets

In additive manufacturing, PowderBed Fusion (PBF) has been shown to be a highly reliable approach for prototyping of metal parts, but has several disadvantages: relative slow production time, inherent safety issues involved with using loose metal powders, and difficulty in printing multi-material parts. A novel method for additive manufacturing of metal parts, Metal Additive manufacturing using Powder Sheets (MAPS), is hereby described. MAPS uses rollers of a novel composite material as feedstock, which eliminates the need for loose powder in the build chamber, potentially reducing risks and enhancing applications while still producing material on par with that produced by established PBF methods.

Effect of the structure and morphology of Ni-based porous deposits on their electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen evolution reaction

Porous nickel and nickel-cobalt alloy deposits were obtained by electrodeposition on a dynamic hydrogen bubble template. Deposition was carried out from chloride electrolytes in a galvanostatic mode at a current density of 0.3 A/cm2. The porosity of the obtained deposits is associated with the macro- and micropores. It was found that the nickel and nickel-cobalt alloy deposits feature by different porous layer structures. In case of nickel, a typical foam structure is formed, while the Ni–Co alloy deposit morphology is more like loose (powder) metals. The total porosity of the obtained structures calculated based on experimental data decreased with the deposit thickness: from 0.4 to 0.1 for nickel foams, and from 0.9 to 0.8 for the Ni–Co deposit. It was shown that the dependences of the macropore number and the fraction of the surface occupied by them can be approximated by lognormal distribution. The agreement between the experimental values and values calculated by approximating equations indicates the stochastic nature of the macropore system formation. The catalytic properties of the obtained porous deposits toward the hydrogen evolution reaction in alkali were investigated. It was found that the decrease in the hydrogen evolution potential in comparison with a smooth electrode reaches 370 mV for nickel foams, and 440 mV for porous Ni–Co alloy deposits. However, the high porosity of the Ni–Co alloy caused poor adhesion of the deposit to the substrate; therefore, the porous Ni–Co deposit cannot be used without further strengthening. The dependences of the depolarization value during hydrogen evolution on the average diameter of pores, their number, and the macropore fraction were analyzed. Optimal properties of foams that reduce the potential of hydrogen evolution in alkali are as follows: pore diameters from 30 to 50 μm and their quantity from 50 to 100 pcs/mm2.

Transcriptome-based analysis of the hormone regulation mechanism of gender differentiation in Juglans mandshurica Maxim.

Juglans mandshurica Maxim is a hermaphroditic plant belonging to the genus Juglans in the family Juglandaceae. The pollination period of female flowers is different from the loose powder period of male flowers on the same tree. In several trees, female flowers bloom first, whereas in others, male flowers bloom first. In this study, male and female flower buds of J. mandshurica at the physiological differentiation stage were used. Illumina-based transcriptome sequencing was performed, and the quality of the sequencing results was evaluated and analyzed. A total of 138,138 unigenes with an average length of 788 bp were obtained. There were 8,116 differentially expressed genes (DEGs); 2,840 genes were upregulated, and 5,276 genes were downregulated. The DEGs were classified by Gene Ontology and analyzed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. The signal transduction factors involved in phytohormone synthesis were selected. The results displayed that ARF and SAUR were expressed differently in the auxin signaling pathway. Additionally, DELLA protein (a negative regulator of gibberellin), the cytokinin synthesis pathway, and A-ARR were downregulated. On April 2nd, the contents of IAA, GA, CTK, ETH and SA in male and female flower buds of two types of J. mandshurica were opposite, and there were obvious genes regulating gender differentiation. Overall, we found that the sex differentiation of J. mandshurica was related to various hormone signal transduction pathways, and hormone signal transduction plays a leading role in regulation.

Effect of HPT on the First Hydrogenation of LaNi5 Metal Hydride

This paper reports the effect of high-pressure torsion (HPT) on the first hydrogenation of LaNi5. We found that, for loose powder, reduction of particle size has an effect of increasing the incubation time and decreasing the hydrogen capacity. A higher amount of HPT turns only marginally reduce the incubation time but has no effect on hydrogen capacity. In all cases, the first dehydrogenation and subsequent hydrogenation have the same kinetics, irrespective of the particle size or number of HPT turns. Therefore, for LaNi5, HPT has a beneficial effect only for the first hydrogenation.

Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Systems and the Relevance of a Gender Perspective

This paper aims at addressing the exploitation of solid-state carriers for hydrogen storage, with attention paid both to the technical aspects, through a wide review of the available integrated systems, and to the social aspects, through a preliminary overview of the connected impacts from a gender perspective. As for the technical perspective, carriers to be used for solid-state hydrogen storage for various applications can be classified into two classes: metal and complex hydrides. Related crystal structures and corresponding hydrogen sorption properties are reviewed and discussed. Fundamentals of thermodynamics of hydrogen sorption evidence the key role of the enthalpy of reaction, which determines the operating conditions (i.e., temperatures and pressures). In addition, it rules the heat to be removed from the tank during hydrogen absorption and to be delivered to the tank during hydrogen desorption. Suitable values for the enthalpy of hydrogen sorption reaction for operating conditions close to ambient (i.e., room temperature and 1–10 bar of hydrogen) are close to 30 kJ·molH2−1. The kinetics of the hydrogen sorption reaction is strongly related to the microstructure and to the morphology (i.e., loose powder or pellets) of the carriers. Usually, the kinetics of the hydrogen sorption reaction is rather fast, and the thermal management of the tank is the rate-determining step of the processes. As for the social perspective, the paper arguments that, as it occurs with the exploitation of other renewable innovative technologies, a wide consideration of the social factors connected to these processes is needed to reach a twofold objective: To assess the extent to which a specific innovation might produce positive or negative impacts in the recipient socioeconomic system and, from a sociotechnical perspective, to explore the potential role of the social components and dynamics in fostering the diffusion of the innovation itself. Within the social domain, attention has been paid to address the underexplored relationship between the gender perspective and the enhancement of hydrogen-related energy storage systems. This relationship is taken into account both in terms of the role of women in triggering the exploitation of hydrogen-based storage playing as experimenter and promoter, and in terms of the intertwined impact of this innovation in their current conditions, at work, and in daily life.

Effectiveness of herbicides against annual weeds (weed vegetation) on tomatoes

Agrocenoses of cultivated plants are more or less overgrown with unwanted weeds, which complicate and complicate the care of plants and harvesting. The purpose of our research was to assess the impact of modern herbicides on the infestation (clogging) of tomato seedlings with annual weeds and the productivity of cultivated plants in the natural and climatic conditions of the Republic of Kalmykia. It was revealed that the main weeds of tomato plantings for all the years of research from annual dicotyledonous species were-white mar, bindweed buckwheat, bird mountaineer, southern salt grass; less common - bedstraw tenacious, nightshade black, hibiscus triplet and others. Annual cereal species were more often represented by common oatmeal, blue and green bristles, and less often by barn grass. The introduction of herbicides Unimark, WDG and Lapis Lazuli, LP (loose powder) before planting seedlings did not have a negative effect on the survival rate of seedlings; it was 94-96% of the planned density of standing plants. It was found (established) that the use of herbicides in the planting of tomato seedlings restrained the increase in the number of annual grass weeds by 30-75%, annual dicotyledonous-by 70-90%. The introduction of preparations before planting seedlings was the most effective. The decrease in the number of annual weeds had a positive effect on the growth, development and productivity of tomato plants: there was an increase in the number of leaves by 10.4-16.5%, the mass of leaves (leaf weight) – by 11.8-21.2%, the area of the leaf surface – by 8.9-16.2%, the number of set fruits – by 18.9-23.8%, the average weight (mass) of a mature fruit – by 7.5-11.3%. The increase in the yield (the yield gain) of tomato fruits was in the range from 21.6 to 28.4%. The studied herbicides did not have a significant effect on the quality indicators of tomato fruits.

Feasibility Study on the Potential Replacement of Primary Raw Materials in Traditional Ceramics by Clayey Overburden Sterile from the Prosilio Region (Western Macedonia, Greece)

The objective of this study was to investigate the valorization potential of clayey overburden sterile materials from lignite-mining activities in the manufacturing of traditional ceramics. This study aims to contribute toward the sustainable management and use of such waste materials in line with the environmental objectives of the 2030 agenda. To assess this issue, clayey steriles were incorporated in a white clay-body at 20, 50, and 80 wt%, whereas reference samples were also formed from the individual raw materials. Laboratory processing of the ceramics was performed by dry pressing loose powder into rectangular samples and firing at 1000 °C for 4 h. Characterization of the raw materials included chemical, mineralogical, and thermal analysis. The fired bodies were tested for their total linear shrinkage, apparent porosity, water absorption, bulk density, and bending strength according to the relevant standards. The microstructural evolution of the final bodies was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, which observed differences related to the addition of the steriles. The results showed that the tested clayey steriles can be utilized up to 50 wt% as a secondary raw material in the production of ceramic materials (e.g., bricks) with comparable properties to the reference clay-bodies. Furthermore, the color of the final samples changed from white-creamy to reddish as the content of clayey sterile materials increased in the raw mix.

Application of HRGS for forensic characterization of uranium oxides, pure uranium metals and uranium alloys

A nondestructive iterative method for uranium-bearing material characterization with HRGS developed earlier in Burdeinyi et al. (2020) is applied to determine matrix densities, uranium mass fraction and uranium isotope masses of uranium ore, UO2 and U3O8 powders, fuel elements in the form of UO2 microspheres, uranium metal and uranium alloys. It is shown that U3O8 powders with uranium mass fraction of about 84% can be distinguished from the powders of UO2 with uranium mass fraction of about 87%; uranium products in the form of liquid or loose powder with matrix density of 0.5–2.0g/cm3 can be distinguished from uranium products in the form of compacted fuel elements with matrix density of 6.0–10.0g/cm3 and from pure metal uranium and uranium alloys with matrix density of 14.0–19.0g/cm3. In fuel microspheres based on UO2 the uranium mass fraction 88.02% measured by HRGS is consistent, within the measurement uncertainties, with the results of isotope dilution mass spectrometry 87.76±0.64% and also is confirmed by X-ray diffraction technique. The uranium mass fraction of the uranium ore estimated as 0.08% by HRGS is consistent, within the measurement uncertainties, with the value 0.09±0.01% determined with WDXRF. Densities of two different uranium metal samples, estimated as 18.42g/cm3 and 19.33g/cm3 by HRGS are consistent with values 18.24±0.55g/cm3 and 18.86±0.59g/cm3, respectively, obtained by the gas pycnometry technique.

Combustion Synthesis of Aluminum Oxynitride in Loose Powder Beds.

This paper describes combusting loose powder beds of mixtures of aluminum metal powders and aluminum oxide powders with various grain sizes under various nitrogen pressure. The synthesis conditions required at least 20/80 weight ratio of aluminum metal powder to alumina powder in the mix to reach approximately 80 wt% of γ-AlON in the products. Finely ground fused white alumina with a mean grain size of 5 μm was sufficient to achieve results similar to very fine alumina with 0.3 μm grains. A lower nitrogen pressure of 1 MPa provided good results, allowing a less robust apparatus to be used. The salt-assisted combustion synthesis upon addition of 10 wt% of ammonium nitrite resulted in a slight increase in product yield and allowed lower aluminum metal powder content in mixes to be ignited. Increasing the charge mass five times resulted in a very similar γ-AlON yield, providing a promising technology for scaling up. Synthesis in loose powder beds could be utilized for effective production of relatively cheap and uniform AlON powder, which could be easily prepared for forming and sintering without intensive grounding and milling, which usually introduce serious contamination.

POWDER SOLUTION TECHNOLOGY REVIEW

Bioavailability and Solubility are the challenges for the formulation of highly lipophilic drugs. Oral routes of administration is one of the acceptable route due to improved patient compliance and convenience. Regularly newly advanced drug candidates are lipophilic, BCS Class II and IV drugs. Among various methods to improve the solubility of these drugs, liquid-solid technology or Powdered solution technology change the liquid drug into non-sticky, dry free-flowing, rapid release powder. This technique involves mixing of insoluble drug with nonvolatile solvent, admixing of drug-loaded excipients change into loose powder. This technique enhances major challenges like bioavailability with low production cost and a simple manufacturing process.

Photoflash and laser ignition of full density nano-aluminum PVDF films

Laser or flash excitation is an attractive ignition option for many energetic systems because of increased safety and control. Commonly used electrical ignition systems are more likely to cause accidental ignition due to stray currents. Upgrading to laser or flash ignition mitigates this problem as well as allowing the ignition at multiple sites more easily for improved control of the energy release. Carbon nanotubes and nanoscale aluminum have been shown to be flash ignitable in loose powders or very porous low-density materials; however, these previous low-density formulations may not be as useful in practical energetic systems. In this study, nano aluminum particles are combined with a polyvinylidene fluoride binder/oxidizer in order to create a full-density photosensitive material. Using a low energy broadband flash source and an Nd:YAG laser at 1064 and 532 nm, films of nano aluminum and polyvinylidene fluoride were successfully ignited experimentally and ignition response was quantified. Solids loading was found to be the dominating factor controlling minimum ignition energies, with the lowest energies observed at 20 to 25 wt.% nAl. Simulations of the wave and particle interactions were modeled with COMSOL Multiphysics® for both the flash and laser-induced heating. The results show that optimal energy absorption occurs at nAl particle fractions of 20–25 wt.%, consistent with the experimental observation. Additionally, the results show the effect of plasmonic resonant enhancement of the heating, specifically at lower wavelengths near 250 nm.

Submicron Potassium Perchlorate: a Key Component to Reach Detonation in Binary Mixtures with Titanium Hydride

AbstractThe pyrotechnic compositions made up of potassium perchlorate (KClO4) and titanium hydride (TiH2), known as THKP, have a fast deflagration velocity (∼500 m/s), along with low sensitivity and high stability. In this research, a new kind of THKP was formulated from a submicron powder of KClO4 (50–400 nm) prepared by the Spray Flash‐Evaporation (SFE) process. The use of fine KClO4 not only ensures better oxidation of TiH2, but also leads to a transition to detonation in the THKP. This transition is observed in loose powders placed in small diameter tubes (3 mm). The distance of transition is relatively short (17–22 mm) and increases with the KClO4 content of the THKP mixture. The detonation front propagates steadily, at a velocity of ∼1250 m/s in THKP powders with 86 % of porosity. The shockwave velocity varies little with the perchlorate content in the domain of composition studied (55–74 wt.% of KClO4). Conversely, in the classical THKP mixtures prepared from micron‐sized KClO4 and tested in the same conditions, no transition to detonation is observed; the combustion slows down and eventually stops. Finally, owing to their high sensitivity thresholds to impact (SImp.≥44.7 J), friction (SFr.≥192 N), and electrostatic discharge (SESD≥34.7 mJ), THKP mixtures prepared from submicron KClO4 can be classified as low‐sensitivity primary explosives.

Chemical Polishing of Additively Manufactured, Porous, Nickel-Titanium Skeletal Fixation Plates.

Nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys have shown promise for a variety of biomedical applications because of their unique properties of shape memory, superelasticity, and low modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus). Nevertheless, NiTi bulk components cannot be easily machined (e.g., CNC, rolling, grinding, casting, or press molding) due to their thermomechanical sensitivity as well as inherent superelasticity and shape memory. Thus, powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing has been used to successfully fabricate NiTi medical devices that match the geometric and mechanical needs of a particular patient's condition. However, NiTi PBF fabrication leaves unmelted particles from the source powder adhered to external surfaces, which cause minor dimensional inaccuracy, increase the risk of mechanical failure, and once loose, may irritate or inflame surrounding tissues. Therefore, there is a need to develop a chemical polishing (cleaning) technique to remove unmelted powder from the surfaces of PBF-fabricated implants, especially from inner surfaces that are difficult to access with mechanical polishing tools. This technique is especially useful for highly porous devices printed at high resolution. In this study, a chemical polishing method utilizing HF/HNO3 solution was used to remove loosely attached (i.e., unmelted) powder particles from surfaces of porous, skeletal fixation plates manufactured by PBF AM. It was observed that 7 min of polishing in an HF/HNO3 solution comprising 7.5 HF: 50 HNO3: 42.5 H2O enabled successful removal of all relatively loose and unmelted powder particles. A microcomputed tomography study examination found that the volumetric accuracy of the polished skeletal fixation plates was ±10% compared with the computer-aided design (CAD) model from which it was rendered. This postprocessing chemical polishing protocol is also likely to be useful for removing loose powder, while maintaining CAD model accuracy and mechanical stability for other complexly shaped, porous, three-dimensional (3D), printed NiTi devices.

Formulation of Blush Preparations by Using Natural Coloring from Red Beetroot Extract (<i>Beta vulgaris</i> L.)

Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) has compounds that can be used for body health, beauty skincare, food additives, and much more. This research was aimed to prepare the dry extract of beetroot and formulate it into a loose powder, compact powder, and cream. The preparation was started by adding 2, 4, or 6% of dry extract, then blending the pulp and drying the resultant residue using a freeze dryer. Testing on color homogeneity, polishing, breakage, pH stability, color stability, and the hedonic test was carried out to determine the product quality. The initial result of phytochemical screening showed it might contain flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids, and quinones. The color stability test performed at 30 °C showed that the cream was unstable while other forms showed fair stability at 8 °C. All dosage forms were homogeneous and could be applied easily. The breakage test showed no fractures. The pH remained stable for all formulas (between 3–5) after 28 days of storage. The color stability test showed that the significant discoloration only happened to the loose powder and cream. The hedonic test showed that the compact powder with a concentration of 6% was the most preferred formula by users.