Loop Simulation Research Articles

Fault Ride Through and Intermittency Improvement of Renewable Energy Integrated MMC-HVDC System Employing Flywheel Energy Storage

Modular multilevel converter (MMC)-based high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission networks integrate remotely located distributed renewable energy resources (RER). The intermittent nature of RER and symmetrical and asymmetrical AC-side low-voltage faults produce operational difficulties. It reduces the MMC’s ability to transfer the rated power, which raises the voltage of the HVDC link. Therefore, the MMC-HVDC network’s fault ride-through (FRT) capabilities and the power fluctuation brought on by RER intermittency are potential challenges to the efficient integration of renewable energy resources. In response, this article suggests an energy control scheme for the flywheel energy storage of the PV-wind-MMC-HVDC system in order to regulate the HVDC-link voltage during low voltage faults at the point of common coupling (PCC) of the AC grids and to address the problem of power fluctuation caused by intermittent RER and sudden load changes. The suggested method eliminates the dynamic braking resistor (DBR) from the HVDC link and seamlessly integrates the RER without actively reducing renewable energy power during low voltage faults. To test the effectiveness of the proposed control method for the flywheel energy storage in reducing excess energy in the HVDC link, symmetrical and asymmetrical low voltage faults have been conducted. In addition, changes in wind speed, solar radiation, and temperature have been made to validate the flywheel energy management system’s performance. A real-time digital simulator (RTDS) and dSPACE-based controller hardware in loop (CHIL) configuration with a complete system have been used to simulate and evaluate the entire system.

Family Program Policy Projection Planning And Transmigration Against Population Of Sukolilo District With A Dynamic Simulation Approach Based On Vensim Software

Sukolilo sub-district is a densely populated sub-district, the city government provides a policy to reduce the population so that the density in Sukolilo sub-district can be reduced. So this study aims to determine a dynamic system simulation model using several scenarios and policies in order to get a population that is not excessive. In this study, Vensim software was used to verify and validate the population system data of the Sukolilo sub-district. In the Vensim software, data processing is carried out and causal loop diagrams and simulation outputs are obtained, so that results such as the significant influence of transmigration in the Sukolilo sub-district, transmigration and family planning programs can reduce the population up to 80% of the total population in early 2022 to 2027 , but there are still limitations of limitations such as environmental, economic, and social factors. Thus the results of this study can be used to make policy plans in order to reduce the population in order to avoid overcrowding.

Hardware Implementation and Closed Loop Simulation of SPWM and PI based Hybrid Control for Matrix Converter fed Single Phase Induction Motor Powered by PV system

Hardware Implementation and Closed Loop Simulation of SPWM and PI based Hybrid Control for Matrix Converter fed Single Phase Induction Motor Powered by PV system

Identification of converter for Gamma ZSI fed induction motor drive system

Photovoltaic (PV) Renewable energy is frequently encountering major changes in input voltage of inverter because of oscillations in PV energy. The initial cost of drive system gets increased if a PV with higher voltage is selected. The objective of the work is to reduce the voltage rating of PV by using high gain boost converter. Three converters namely (KY Boost Converter (KYBC)/Single Boost Converter (SBC)/Quadratic Boost Converter (QBC) are considered. By comparing the (KY Boost Converter (KYBC)/Single Boost Converter (SBC)/Quadratic Boost Converter (QBC) fed Gamma Z-Source Inverter (GZSI) systems, suitable converter is chosen. Here the GZSI is placed between converter and three phase induction motor. This work compares the various combinations of converter fed GZSIS between PV and three phase induction motor. The open loop simulation for KYBC/SBC/QBC fed GZSI with three induction motor is presented here. Using MATLAB/Simulink the simulation for three converters fed GZSI with three phase induction motor are presented. By comparing the output voltage, motor speed, motor torque, voltage ripple and mechanical power for the KYBC/SBC/QBC fed GZSI, converter is selected. The results show that QBC fed GZSI with three phase induction motor gives enhanced performance compared to KYBC-GZSI and SBC/GZSI. The comparison of KYBC/SBC/QBC fed GZSI systems is done for similar input voltage and load conditions.

Realization of Control Algorithm for Vehicle Optoelectronic Tracking Platform Based on Sliding Mode Control and Active Disturbance Rejection Control Optimized by Differential Evolution Algorithm

In order to improve the tracking ability of the vehicle mounted photoelectric tracking platform, and make its tracking system has the characteristics of rapid response, small overshoot, high-precision position tracking, strong anti-interference and good robustness, In this paper, a joint active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) and sliding mode control (SMC) method is proposed, which can effectively improve the tracking ability of the equipment. Firstly, the mathematical model of the DC motor is analyzed, and then the sliding mode control based on the linear extended state observer (LESO) and the third-order tracking differentiator is established as the speed loop control of the system. Finally, the parameters of the nonlinear ADRC which built control system,s position loop are optimized by the improved differential evolution (DE) algorithm. The speed loop simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has better control effect than PID control algorithm, Robust control algorithm, and ADRC control algorithm; The simulation of position loop demonstrates that the performance of the controller optimized by DE algorithm is better than the parameter tuning based on experience. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed control algorithm can ensure that the Optoelectronic Tracking equipment can track the target which 3km away with 0.1 mrad accuracy.

Hipersoničnu letelicu sa Airbreathing pogonom

The paper uses the state feedback technique to provide a control design method for a dynamic linear 6-degree-of-freedom (DOF) model of an Airbreathing Hypersonic Vehicle (AHV). A linear model of AHV with a state space model is developed for the open loop simulation for the level flight with Mach number 5 and a height of 65000 ft (19812 m). The dynamic stability of AHV is analyzed, and state feedback with the pole placement method is implemented for the controller design. The dynamic stability, response, and comparison for the PI and PID controller are presented for the aileron deflection da and rudder deflection dr for the AHV linear model.

Streamlining factory simulations with an intuitive factory layout tool

Complex factory layouts can be improved by performing optimization on the layout in discrete event simulation packages. Creating models of complex factories in these simulation packages can, however, be very time-consuming and generally requires a highly skilled operator. This work proposes an intuitive factory layout tool that greatly reduces the time required to create a factory layout in simulation packages, allowing optimization and simulations to be run with greater ease. By lowering the skills level required, the tool allows for the client to be part of the simulation loop, thus enabling faster iteration between different layout options.

Cube Satellite Battery Charger Regulator Design

Battery Charger Regulator (BCR) circuit used on spacecraft power systems, are usually switching regulators to provide maximum power for current operation mode and fixed voltage for voltage mode. In this article, we present detailed design procedures for BCR implemented on Cube-satellite. We will show small-signal analysis of a battery charger, to perform the control loop design of the maximum power point detection step and also voltage mode control loop to detecte battery Endof- charge. We present also a simulation of tow loops to verify our design.

Latency and sampling compensation in mixed-reality-in-the-loop simulations of production systems

X-in-the-Loop Simulation methods (Model-in-the-Loop, Software-in-the-Loop and Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation) enable the virtual commissioning of production systems in the mechatronic development process by coupling control systems and digital twins. Mixed-Reality-in-the-Loop Simulations (MRiLS) extend this principle with Mixed Reality visualisation technologies to enhance the visual fusion of reality (e.g., real environment and human) and virtuality (digital twins), opening up a simulation loop in the reality-virtuality continuum with novel application potentials e.g., from development, training to maintenance. A major challenge in MRiLS is the positioning error of actuated real-data driven virtual components caused by latency and sampling processes between the industrial control system and the Mixed Reality device which significantly limits the application scope. To reduce this error, the paper proposes a compensation method that synchronises the Mixed Reality device to the stable time base of the control system and integrates a predictive positioning of virtual components. A software-based synchronisation method is presented, which allows the online estimation of the End-to-End latency between the control cycle and the visualisation. For prediction, interpolating and approximating section-wise defined polynomials are analysed. The error reduction by applying the compensation method is shown in a realisation example of a virtual gripper linked to a real robot kinematics.

Fast state-of-charge balancing control strategies for battery energy storage systems to maximize capacity utilization

To improve the carrying capacity of the distributed energy storage system, fast state of charge (SOC) balancing control strategies based on reference voltage scheduling (RVSF) function and power command iterative calculation (PIC) are proposed in this paper, respectively. First, as an improvement to the traditional droop SOC balancing control, the working principle and parameters design of the RVSF-based method is introduced, which can realize the energy interaction among the storage units during the balancing process. The PIC-based fast SOC balancing strategy is then proposed for a system with a current bus sensor. The PIC strategy realizes the fastest SOC equalization speed by ensuring there is always at least one storage unit operating in the maximum power flow during the SOC balancing process. In addition, the proposed strategy is extended to the system with inconsistent energy storage unit capacity. Finally, circuit-based simulation and code-based models for a plan with different energy storage units are constructed in PLECS and MATLAB simulation software, respectively. The hardware in the loop simulation results validate the correctness and feasibility of the proposed strategies and show that the proposed techniques can significantly improve the load capacity and duration of the system under many operating conditions.

Simulation of Flyback Converter in MATLAB with and Without the Use of Input Filter

Flyback converter belongs to a category of converters with isolation. This paper presents a simplest approach to simulate single phase AC-DC Flyback Converter with and without filter. The use of LC filter reduces the input frequency harmonics and the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is analyzed. The Flyback converter is used to step up the input voltage by varying the duty cycle. The use of Flyback Converter is preferred because of the simpler design and lesser number of components and simpler control strategy. This paper deals with the closed loop simulation of a Flyback converter and its THD analysis in MATLAB.

Sliding Mode Resonant Controlled Step up Coupled Inductor fed DC-DC converter with Gallium Oxide Semiconductor Material

Resonant controlled step up coupled inductor fed DC-DC converter has received a lot of consideration in gridconnected generation systems using fuel cells or photovoltaics. The main subjects of this work are Open loop and closed loop design, modelling, and simulation on a resonant controlled step up coupled inductor fed DC-DC converter with a proportional integral (PI) controller and sliding mode controller (SMC).The findings are compared and analyzed using time domain aspects. The intention of this work is to enhance the net power with better performance of using semiconductor material such as Beta type of gallium Oxide utilized in different types of power generation, electric vehicles and other fields and also to reduce the steady state error. The results of this work represents the grander enactment of closed loop SM Resonant controlled DC-DC converter fed with step-up coupled inductor.

Multi-stage switched-inductor switched-capacitor high gain DC-DC converter

ABSTRACT This paper presents a Multi-stage Switch Inductor Switch Capacitor High Gain DC-DC Converter for microgrid application designed with integrated Active Switch Capacitor (ASC) and Active Passive Inductor Cell (APIC). The closed loop control of a proposed voltage lift DC-DC converter is performed to ensure the constant output voltage disregarding the change in input voltage. The new high gain extendable DC-DC boost converter topology is capable of providing high-gain voltage with low duty cycle and it is extendable by increasing the number of APIC network. Analytical modelling of the proposed converter is carried out to obtain the technical specifications. The open loop and closed loop simulation model of the proposed converter is developed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to analyse the performance of the converter. The microcontroller-based hardware model of the proposed converter of power rated 200 W (18/200 V at 50% duty ratio) is developed and tested in open loop to validate the simulation results and experimental set-up results are reported.

Improvements to and Experimental Validation of PI Controllers Using a Reference Bias Control Algorithm for Wind Turbines

In this study, a reference bias control (RBC) algorithm for variable speed and variable pitch wind turbines was designed and validated. To improve the performance of conventional PI control algorithms, the RBC algorithm applies biased references to power and pitch angle to the pitch and the torque control loops, respectively. To validate the control performance of the improved RBC algorithm, hardware in the loop simulator (HILS) was conducted using a commercial programmable logic controller (PLC). The performance of a conventional PI control algorithm and the proposed RBC algorithm were compared for the target wind turbine model in terms of both the transition region and the rated power region. In the transition region, the proposed RBC algorithm improved the sudden dips in the generator torque and power, which often occur when using a control algorithm with a switching logic. As a result, the damage equivalent load (DEL) of the main shaft was reduced by 15%. In the rated power region, the rotor speed deviation was reduced by 22% and the power deviation was reduced by 21%. To experimentally validate the control performance and applicability of the RBC algorithm, wind tunnel testing using a wind turbine scaled model was additionally performed. Similarly to the HILS testing result, it was confirmed that the DEL of the main shaft and fluctuation of the rotor speed and power decreased with the proposed RBC algorithm.

Single current sensor based fault tolerant control of interior permanent magnet synchronous machine for drive applications

This paper presents an integrated method for current sensor fault detection and fault tolerant control (FTC) for traction interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). The proposed current sensor fault detection method is based on detecting changes in the d-q axis current. The FTC is based on d-q axis current estimation from the reference d-q axis current and the phase current measured by the surviving current sensor. The current estimation process is independent of machine parameters. Hence the estimation is robust and requires less computational cost. The effectiveness of the FTC method is verified by the transient analysis. Such FTC is suitable for electric vehicle traction applications to ensure non-stop control operation of the drive in the entire range of speed. The efficacy of the proposed FTC method is tested through extensive simulations in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The real-time applicability of the proposed FTC method using the cost-effective digital signal processor (DSP) is verified on Texas Instruments© TMSF28379D through the processor in loop (PIL) simulation model.

HILS based Waypoint Simulation for Fixed Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

Hardware in loop simulation HILS-based waypoint simulation for fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicles is proposed in this paper. It uses an open-source arducopter as a flight controller, mission planner, and X-plane simulator. Waypoint simulation is carried out in the flight controller and executed in an X-plane simulator through a mission planner. A fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicle with an inverted T tail configuration has been chosen to study and validate waypoint flight control algorithms. The data transmission between mission planner and flight controller is done by serial protocol, whereas data exchange between X-plane and mission planner is done by User Datagram Protocol (UDP). APM mission planner is used as a machine interface to exchange data between the flight controller and the user. User inputs and flight gain parameters, both inner loop and outer loop, can be modified with the help of a mission planner. In addition to that, the mission planner provides a visual output representation of flight data and navigation algorithm.

Simulation of three cylinders synchronous circuit based on RBF neural network optimized PID controller

RamRig hosting system is a common system for offshore and onshore drilling rigs, which uses ram cylinders to lift and lower the top drive on the drilling rig. In order to ensure the accuracy, stability and robustness of synchronous control of RamRig hosting system, RBF neural network is used to adjust PID parameters online, and a three cylinders synchronous loop simulation model based on RBF optimized PID controller is built in AMESim and Simulink. The simulation results show that the three cylinders synchronous hydraulic circuit based on RBF neural network optimized PID controller has higher accuracy and stability, and is fully capable of realizing the three cylinders synchronous output action of RamRig hosting system.

Transmission distribution coordination for DER fault ride through support

Rapid renewable energy sources (RESs) deployments in transmission and distribution networks have changed power systems’ operation and control mechanisms. This fundamental shift makes the interaction between transmission and distribution systems more sensitive and requires robust TSO–DSO coordination to ensure system stability and ancillary services for the entire network. This paper uses an electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation tool using a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) to investigate the dynamic transmission–distribution coordination with a high share of RESs in fault ride-through (FRT) capability of distributed energy resources (DERs). Then, the paper implements fault current injection (FCI), incorporating inverter-based resources (IBRs) in the transmission system to support dynamic voltage responses for the distribution system. Different reactive current control schemes are examined to evaluate the FRT performance of DERs under different fault locations. Additionally, hardware in the loop simulation for the under-voltage protection relay is implemented to validate the low-voltage ride-through capability of DERs. The comparison results show that the transmission system can provide dynamic voltage support for the distribution system through FCI from IBRs to help DER ride through. The FCI from the transmission system also significantly enhances fault-induced delayed voltage recovery of voltage-sensitive load in the distribution system.

Research on flight control system hardware in the loop simulation system based on NI hardware platform for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

HIL(Hardware in the loop) simulation of UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) plays an important role in flight control sysrtem development and algorithm verification. Taking the open source flight control system Pixhawk as the research object, this paper establishes a HIL system based on NI(National Instrument) hardware platform. The dynamic model and kinematic model are modeled through Simulink, the online management of simulation model is realized through Veristand, and the online display of model parameters and fault injection are realized through Labview. The simulation system can test the functional performance, reliability and safety of flight control system. The simulation results show that the simulation platform works reliably and has good real-time performance. It can effectively and reliably carry out the HIL of flight control system for UAV.

Physical Modeling, Simulation and Validation of Small Fixed-Wing UAV

The flight dynamics of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) exhibits substantial nonlinear features which should not be ignored in simulation or analysis. In this work, a complete six degrees of freedom (6DOF) and high-fidelity simulation model of a case study of a small fixed-wing UAV is developed. To accurately estimate the nonlinear UAV’s mathematical model, the mass-inertia properties are investigated through experiments. Moreover, the aerodynamic model characteristics are estimated using a semi-empirical technique to estimate the aerodynamic coefficients and derivatives. The propulsion system’s physical characteristics are estimated and analyzed through experimental measurements. The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) tables are used to develop the atmospheric model. Furthermore, the actuation model is estimated and validated experimentally through system identification techniques. These estimated sub-model data are integrated to complete the nonlinear flight dynamics model in MATLAB® (Simulink). The UAV trim calculations are graphically derived and then the developed model is tested and verified. The open loop simulation results have proved the superiority of the utilized model techniques to describe the UAV motion. Moreover, it gives very optimistic results to test the flight dynamics of the UAV and design a consistent flight control and guidance system.