S INCE virgin stands of longleaf pine in Louisiana and East Texas were cut, the pine has not reproduced successfully on most of the area. Clear cutting, indiscriminate woods burning, hog-rooting, and brown-spot needle disease teamed up or worked separately to prevent a new crop of pine trees. Grasses, predominately bluest ems (Andropogon spp.) , quickly increased to dense stands on the open forest land. Though the area has an 8-month growing season and averages about 45 to 55 inches of annual rainfall, crop farming has not been successful in most of the cut-over piney woods territory, because the topsoils are shallow and the subsoils are poorly drained. The cut-over land, largely unfenced is grazed as free range by cattle, hogs, sheep, and goats. Beef cattle are more numerous and valuable than all other kinds of stock. Many of the herds belong to farmers or woodland residents who own less than 100 acres of land and less than 50 cows. The average herd grazes yearlong on the range and is not fed adequate protein or mineral supplements during fall and winter. Calf crops average between 35 and 60 percent and calves weigh about 300 pounds in fall unless fall-winter care is good and herd management is practiced (Campbell and Rhodes, 1944). There is great opportunity in this area for increased production of both timber and meat. What is needed is reforestation, pasture development, range improvement, and better management of timber, forage, and livestock. CHARACTERISTICS OF PINEY WOODS RANGES