Longitudinal Wrinkles Research Articles

A review of the genera Calotelea, Calliscelio, and Oxyscelio (Scelioninae, Scelionidae, Proctotrupoidea) from the Palaearctic fauna

Nine new species of scelionids collected in Japan, Israel, and the Ukraine, Calotelea shimurai Kononova et Fursov, C. japonica Kononova, C. stellae Kononova, Calliscelio recens Kononova, C. floridum Kononova, C. parilis Kononova, C. ordo Kononova, Oxyscelio florum Kononova, and O. perpensum Kononova, are described. A brief morphological characteristics of the mentioned genera and some data on the geographical distribution of these species are given. Calotelea shimurai differs from C. striola Kononova in the sculpture of the metasoma (tergites I–III striate, whereas in C. striola striation present only on tergites I and II), fore-wing venation (stigmal vein of C. shimurai 0.43 times as long as postmarginal vein and 1.75 times as long as marginal one; in C. striola, stigmal vein 0.52 times as long as postmarginal vein and 1.3 times as long as marginal one), and the length of the metasoma (in C. shimurai and C. striola, metasoma 4.0 and 2.3 times as long as wide, respectively). Calotelea shimurai parasitizes in eggs of the dragonflies Aeshna nigroflava Martin, Planaeschna milnei Selys, and Boyeria macachlani (Aeshnidae, Odonata). C. japonica is closely related to C. originalis Kozlov and Kononova, but differs from it in the sculpture of the metasoma (metasomal tergites with longitudinal wrinkles against the bright smooth background; in C. originalis, tergites I and II with longitudinal wrinkles against the alveolate background), in the coloration of fore wing (infuscate in C. japonica and dark, with dark transverse stripes in C. originalis). C. stellae differs from C. artus Kozlov and Kononova in the more flattened mesoscutum (C. artus with protruding mesoscutum) and the sculpture of the metasomal tergites (in C. stellae, only petiolus and tergite II striate, while in C. artus, such striation present on tergites I–IV). C. stellae was reared from eggs of unidentified Orthoptera. C. recens is closely related to C. parilis Kononova. It can be distinguished by the fore-wing venation (C. recens has stigmal vein, which is twice as long as marginal vein and 0.66 times as long as postmarginal one; stigmal vein of C. parilis is 3 times as long as marginal vein and 0.83 times as long as postmarginal one), by the sculpture of the metasoma, and coloration of the coxae (yellow in C. recens and black in C. parilis). C. floridum is similar to C. mediterranea Kieffer, but can be identified by the length of the postmarginal vein, which is 3 times as long as the stigmal vein, whereas C. mediterranea has the postmarginal vein, which is only twice as long as the stigmal one. C. floridum also differs in the sculpture of the metasoma (C. floridum has all the metasomal tergites with longitudinal lines, while C. mediterranea has only metasomal petiolus with the same sculpture and tergites II–IV with alveolate sculpture, tergites V and VI are slightly stippled) and in the coloration of the legs, which are yellow (as coxae), while C. mediterranea has brownish black legs. C. parilis resembles C. recens, but differs from it in the fore-wing venation, sculpture of the metasoma, and coloration of the coxae. C. ordo differs from the closely related C. ruficollis Kozlov et Kononova in the head sculpture, which is finely alveolate in C. ordo and finely granulate in C. ruficollis. Oxyscelio florum is closely related to O. perpensum, but differs from it in the coloration of the body and size of the antennal segments, stigmal and postmarginal veins, and metasomal tergites. O. perpensum is closely related to O. florum. The main distinguishing morphological characters are similar to those in O. florum. O. perpensum was reared from eggs of unidentified Orthoptera.

Early growth‐stages and classification of orthoceridan Cephalopods of the Darriwillian (Middle Ordovician) of Baltoscandia

Five apices of orthoceridan cephalopods from the early Middle Ordovician Holen Limestone of Öland, Sweden that where collected in the late 19th Century by G. Holm provide information on cephalopod evolution in the early Palaeozoic. The apices belong to specimens of the genus Hedstroemoceras Foerste, 1930 and Archigeisonoceras Chen, 1984. The apices are small in comparison with apices of other cephalopods of the Ordovician; the initial chambers of the shells of both genera are hemispherical and approximately 1 mm and 1.5 mm in cross-section diameter, respectively. The apical 2–3 mm of the shell are free from growth-lines and possess no cicatrix, though distinct longitudinal wrinkles are present. There is a slight variability of siphuncle position during early growth in Archigeisonoceras. It can be shown that the structure of the connecting ring of Hedstroemoceras is similar to that of other Orthocerida. Additionally, the hemispherical apex of Lituites perfectus Wahlenberg, 1821 gives evidence for the orthoceridan affinity of lituitidans. The investigation shows that early Middle Ordovician Orthocerida display a characteristic connecting ring structure, a characteristic apex morphology and variable siphuncular positions that differs significantly from other cephalopods of the Ordovician. Based on this evidence it is concluded that a small spherical apex is an autapomorphy of the Orthocerida. Moreover, this evidence supports a splitting of the order Orthocerida in two taxa of different affinities. The Orthocerida sensu stricto comprises orthocones with a tubular siphuncle nearly without endospiphuncular deposits, and a spherical apex. Embryonic shell, orthoceridan ancestry, orthoceridan classification.

膜構造エアロシェルの変形を解析するための多粒子系モデルとその検証

A three-dimensional particle-based membrane model, which is used to predict the shape of the membrane aeroshell with large deformation due to the aerodynamic force acting on the body, is developed. In this model, the elastic forces consisting of the tensile force, shear force, and bending force are considered as well as the aerodynamic force. Thanks to the particle-based formulation, the present model is less complicated and can be solved with small computation time. To check the validity of the model, various problems on the membrane including the Poisson effect, large deformation, buckling and wrinkling are solved and the results are in a good agreement with the analytical solutions. At last, the present method is applied to the re-entry capsule concept with a flare-type membrane aeroshell. Coupled analyses with the Newtonian flow approximation show that the flare-type membrane aeroshell is deformed to concave shape and some longitudinal wrinkles are generated by the aerodynamic force.

Scanning electron microscopy of Clinostomum metacercaria from Oreochromis niloticus from Assiut, Egypt.

The topography of the tegument of Clinostomum metacercaria showed variable features according to the different sites of the surface. At the ventral side, the rims of the oral and ventral suckers had minor differences, while their floor showed great variation in topography: the floor of the oral sucker had longitudinal wrinkles with nodule-like structures and their upper margins had minute sensory papillae, while the ventral sucker had a rugose surface possessing some smooth dome-like papillae. The area between the two suckers had a corrugated surface. The post-acetabular region was highly folded with sponge-like margins, while the inner area was smooth. The rest of the body surface had two forms of polygonal units of villi each surrounding one or two sensory papillae. The dorsal side had plenty of pores and apertures: several crescent slits each had nail-like covers distributed marginally at the anterior region; a narrow aperture with a dentate margin was seen at both postero-lateral sides; behind each lay a large aperture with single operculum; and finally there was the excretory pore at the end of the body. Micropores were distributed in many sites of the dorsal side. The surface was like cobblestones at the anterior region of the body, but flattened, smooth, and polygonal-like on most of the median area, and papillated around the excretory pore. The possible function of each structure was discussed.

Relationship between Flow Characteristics and Surface Quality in Inclined Twin Roll Strip Casting.

Good surface quality is essential for the twin roll cast stainless steel strip to be directly cold-rolled. Thus, surface quality of AISI 304 stainless steel is one of the main problems for the twin roll strip casting process to be put into commercial production. The surface defects commonly appeared in the as-cast strip of twin roll process may include longitudinal and transverse cracks or wrinkles as well as unevenness which is mainly caused by gas trapping and surface vibration of meniscus between the two rolls. In this study, a modeling software was applied to simulate the flow behavior of molten pool at quasi-steady state in inclined twin roll casting and to investigate the relationship between flow characteriatics and surface quality of the produced thin strip. The flow characteristics was drawn from the calculated flow patterns and then correlated to the surface quality of thin strips produced in an experimental caster under the same casting condition as the calculations. Through this procedures, several correlations were then found. First, the surface wrinkles appeared on the thin strip when the pool levels were low. The problem was improbed with a higher pool level due to less flow violence nor meniscus fluctuation. Second, the recirculation with a large vortex occurring around the triple intersection point of the roll/melt/air three phases was the main cause for the slag and/or dross trapping. Third, by using a higher roll angle along with an inclined feeding position nearer to the lower roll, a much table flow on the meniscus surface could be obtained.

A Visual Method of Determining Maturity of Shelled Peanuts1

Abstract To assess maturity distributions of shelled-stock peanut lots, a method was developed to characterize peanut kernels into one of three possible maturity classes based on testa texture and color and kernel shape. Kernels having testa with longitudinal wrinkles, a raisin-like texture, light color and slightly elongated shape were classed Immature and predominately were shelled from pods in the Hull-Scrape categories White, Yellow I, and early-Yellow II. Kernels with a smooth testa, pink to dark pink and with a more rounded appearance were classed Mid-mature and predominately were shelled from pods in the late-Yellow II, Orange, and early-Brown Hull-Scrape classes. Kernels with a waffle-like surface texture, dark pink to brown testa, and a more rounded appearance were classed as Mature, and predominately were shelled from pods in the mid-and late-Brown and the Black Hull-Scrape categories. Attempts to automate the system using color alone were unsuccessful; to be a reliable maturity sorting technique, both testa texture and color pattern had to be considered.

Analysis of orthotropic composite cylinders

Composite materials are being used to solve an ever-increasing variety of engineering problems. One application is to use a filament-wound fiber composite to strengthen cylindrical structures. Research continues today in an attempt to utilize these composite structures in various areas. Depending on lay-up and cure cycle, large localized stresses can be generated during processing which could cause defects such as longitudinal wrinkles, layer separation, and micro-cracking. Tools for understanding the thermo-mechanical behavior need to be available to both the design and manufacturing engineer. This paper describes techniques for calculating the elastic stresses and strains that would be encountered as a result of manufacture and utilization as well as some of the associated problems. Certain assumptions are suggested about the material behavior of the resin during cure. Numerical results are obtained for several cases that show the effects of these assumptions and their relationship to processing defects. The residual stress state due to processing is predicted. The influences of temperature gradient and fiber architecture on the stress fields are examined.

Chemical Divergence of Eastern North American and European Populations of Arctoparmelia centrifuga and Their Sympatric Usnic Acid-Deficient Chemotypes

Chemical Divergence of Eastern North American and European Populations of Arctoparmelia centrifuga and Their Sympatric Usnic Acid-Deficient Chemotypes

Surface Pattern and Size of Spores of Three Species of the Genus Glugea Observed with a Scanning Electron Microscope

Three species of the genus Glugea (Microsporidea : Nosematidae), G. plecoglossi TAKAHASHI et EGUSA, 1977, G. anomala (MONIEZ, 1887) GURLEY, 1893 and G. hertwigi canadensis FANTHAM et al., 1941, were studied on their spore surface construction and dimentions with a scanning electron microscope. Spores of G. plecoglossi were collected from both fresh and the formalin-preserved Plecoglossus altivelis. Fresh spores of G. anomala from Gasterosteus aculeatus were sent by Dr. J. LOM of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and spores of G. hertwigi canadensis were gathered from a frozen Canadian smelt, Osmerus mordax, imported commercially from Canada. These spores were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 for 90 minutes and then in 2% osmium tetraoxide in the same buffer for 60 minutes. After fixation, they were rinsed, dehydrated by passage through a graded series of ethanol, replaced with isoamyl acetate, dried with a critical point dryer, coated with golden ion and examined with the Hitachi MSM-6 at accelrating voltages of 25kV.G. plecoglossi spores have the smooth surface, though an exception with a fine wrinkle-like structure was found in the formalin-preserved specimens. The treated fresh spores of G. plecoglossi measured 3.9-5.1μm long by 1.7-2.1μm wide, being a little smaller than the figures of 5.1-6.2μm long by 2.0-2.5μm wide reported on the basis of optical microscopic observations. The formalin-fixed spores did not shrink through the treatment. Glugea sp. AWAKURA, 1974 from P. altivelis is distinctly different from G. plecoglossi, because, first, the formalin-preserved spores are bigger than those of G. plecoglossi, being 5.9-6.9 μm long by 2.0-2.4 μm wide according to an optical microscopic observation, and secondly, they have dense fine folds on the surface. G. anomala spores were characterized by the highly rugose surface with a winding longitudinal ridge. G. hertwigi canadensis spores had the rough surface with loose folds and distinct or obscure longitudinal wrinkles which was slightly different from that of G. hertwigi reported by LOM and WEISER in 1972.