Longitudinal Wrinkles Research Articles

THE FIRST CENOZOIC OCTOPOD: A LOWER EOCENE RECORD FROM BOLCA, NORTHEASTERN ITALY

To date, soft-tissue remains of extinct incirrate octopods have been described exclusively from UpperCretaceous deposits. Here, three specimens of an incirrate octopodid with well-preserved soft tissue imprints are described for the first time from Paleogene strata. This material originates from the upper Ypresian (lower Eocene) fish-bearing levels of the Bolca Konservat-Lagerstätte in the Pesciara of Bolca in north-eastern Italy. Previously, these specimens had tentatively been interpreted as teuthids. Based on a detailed study of their anatomical structure, a new genus and species of octopodid, Bolcaoctopus pesciaraensis, belonging to the extant family Octopodidae, are here erected. Bolcaoctopus gen. nov. may be distinguished from the Late Cretaceous genus Styletoctopus by the presence of long and thin arms and an elongated body shape with a narrowed apical end and covered by longitudinal wrinkles. Although finds of fossil octopuses in the Bolca Konservat-Lagerstätte remain extremely rare, it is worth noting that Cenozoic marine vertebrate localities constitute an important potential source of additional finds of coleoid cephalopods, the study of which may shed light on a poorly understood period in the evolutionary history of these molluscs.

Pharmacognostic Studies on the Stem Bark of <i>Streblus asper</i> Lour.

The macroscopic and microscopic studies of the stem bark of Streblus asper Lour. are made. Macroscopic characters reveal that the outer surface of the bark has got longitudinal wrinkles with transverse channels. On drying the bark can be easily separated into two layers; the outer hard and the inner fibrous layer. Two types of stone cells, phloem fibres with broad lumen and large prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate are the chief diagnostic characters.

Bendability parameter for twisted ribbons to describe longitudinal wrinkling and delineate the near-threshold regime.

We propose a dimensionless bendability parameter, ε^{-1}=[(h/W)^{2}T^{-1}]^{-1}, for wrinkling of thin, twisted ribbons with thickness h, width W, and tensional strain T. Bendability permits efficient collapse of data for wrinkle onset, wavelength, critical stress, and residual stress, demonstrating longitudinal wrinkling's primary dependence on this parameter. This parameter also allows us to distinguish the highly bendable range (ε^{-1}>20) from moderately bendable samples (ε^{-1}∈(0,20]). We identify scaling relations to describe longitudinal wrinkles that are valid across our entire set of simulated ribbons. When restricted to the highly bendable regime, simulations confirm theoretical near-threshold (NT) predictions for wrinkle onset and wavelength.

Analysis of longitudinal wrinkle formation during calendering of NMC811 cathodes under variation of different process parameters

The requirements for the lithium-ion battery (LIB) are constantly increasing. In the nearer future, batteries need to be even more powerful, safer and cheaper. One lever is the optimization of the production in order to minimize production scrap rates. In electrode manufacturing, calendering is an essential process step to adjust the volumetric energy density. However, this process leads to undesirable defects that result in production scrap. In this paper, the formation of longitudinal wrinkles is analyzed using a statistical experiment design. Electrode density, web tension and temperature are varied in two levels during calendering and are examined for their significance with regard to the geometry of the longitudinal wrinkles. Furthermore, the strain and the deformation of the electrode are analyzed. A complex interaction of material and process is revealed with respect to the formation of longitudinal wrinkles. A better understanding of these interactions contributes to optimize the calendering process and to find a solution to avoid longitudinal wrinkles.

Extraction and Evaluation of Active Ingredients of Saussurea costus Roots and Determination of its Antibacterial Activity

Saussurea costus (Sc) plant belongs to the Asteraceae family. It contains various bioactive compounds used traditionally in treating multiple diseases. This study intends to extract and evaluate the active ingredients of Sc roots (Scrs) and determine their antibacterial activities. S. costus roots were purchased from the herbal market and the chemical compositions, including protein, lipid, carbohydrates, moisture, and ash, were determined according to AOAC procedures 2016 with some modifications. HPLC and amino acids analyzer were used to determine the phenolic compounds and amino acid composition of S. costus roots extract (ScrsE). The antibacterial activities of S. costus roots extract were done according to the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The S. costus roots were revealed a fusiform (or) conical and tapering appearance, collapsing in the centre with longitudinal wrinkles revealing 11-19 cm and 1-2.5 cm for long and wide, respectively. The extraction yield was 9.52% and the weight of the concentrated crude extract was 10 g. According to Proximate analysis, the S. costus roots extract showed 3.88% and 20.12% moisture and ash contents, respectively. The compositions of carbohydrates, protein, and crude fat were 75.25%, 2.51%, and 1.85%, respectively. HPLC analysis showed that the S. costus roots Extract contained two phenolic acids and two flavonoids. Moreover, twelve amino acids were determined for the first time in the S. costus roots extract. Various antibacterial activities were seen with maximum inhibition zone for Streptococcus pyogenes & E.coli; and minimum for Bacillus subtilis & Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In conclusion, this study investigated various contents of S. costus roots extract including amino acids, carbohydrates, protein, and crude fat, in addition to its antibacterial activities. The authors recommend more future studies to investigate the therapeutic activities of S. costus roots extract.

Computational model of twisted elastic ribbons.

We develop an irregular lattice mass-spring model to simulate and study the deformation modes of a thin elastic ribbon as a function of applied end-to-end twist and tension. Our simulations reproduce all reported experimentally observed modes, including transitions from helicoids to longitudinal wrinkles, creased helicoids and loops with self-contact, and transverse wrinkles to accordion self-folds. Our simulations also show that the twist angles at which the primary longitudinal and transverse wrinkles appear are well described by various analyses of the Föppl-von Kármán equations, but the characteristic wavelength of the longitudinal wrinkles has a more complex relationship to applied tension than previously estimated. The clamped edges are shown to suppress longitudinal wrinkling over a distance set by the applied tension and the ribbon width, but otherwise have no apparent effect on measured wavelength. Further, by analyzing the stress profile, we find that longitudinal wrinkling does not completely alleviate compression, but caps the magnitude of the compression. Nonetheless, the width over which wrinkles form is observed to be wider than the near-threshold analysis predictions: the width is more consistent with the predictions of far-from-threshold analysis. However, the end-to-end contraction of the ribbon as a function of twist is found to more closely follow the corresponding near-threshold prediction as tension in the ribbon is increased, in contrast to the expectations of far-from-threshold analysis. These results point to the need for further theoretical analysis of this rich thin elastic system, guided by our physically robust and intuitive simulation model.

A new species of Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Yunnan, China.

Scolytus unicornis, a new species of Scolytus Geoffroy from Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. Three DNA barcoding sequences (COI, 28S, CAD) of this species are provided. The new species is distinguished from other Asian Scolytus species by the longitudinal wrinkles on the frons only in the area below the eyes, a large median spine situated in the middle of the ventrite 2 base, and female frons with a slightly raised blunt tubercle above the epistoma.

Methodology for the characterization and understanding of longitudinal wrinkling during calendering of lithium-ion and sodium-ion battery electrodes

The manufacturing of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells is following a complex process chain in which the individual process steps influence the subsequent ones. Meanwhile, increasing requirements especially concerning the battery performance, sustainability and costs are forcing the development of innovative battery materials, production technologies and battery designs. The calendering process directly affects the volumetric energy density of an electrode and therefore of a battery cell. Calendering is still challenging as it causes high stresses in the electrode that lead to defects and thus increased rejection rates. The interaction between electrode material and process as well as the formation of defects is still not fully understood, especially when new material systems are used. In this context, the sodium-ion battery (SIB) is one post-lithium battery system that is a promising option to overcome the limitations of conventional LIBs. Therefore, this paper presents a first material and machine independent methodology to describe and understand the defect type longitudinal wrinkle, which mostly appears at the uncoated current collector edge of an electrode and in running direction. The aim is to systematically characterize the longitudinal wrinkles according to their geometry. The automatic data acquisition is carried out with a laser triangulation system and a 3D scanning system. The geometry values are calculated from the raw data and correlated to selected process parameters. The methodology is applicable regardless of the material as shown by exemplary results of NMC811 cathodes for LIB and hard carbon anodes for SIB. By using two different pilot calenders it is shown, that the data acquisition can be carried out independently of the machine. The presented methodology contributes to finding solutions for the avoidance of longitudinal wrinkling in any battery electrode and therefore to reducing the rejection rate.

Wrinkling behavior of the ultra-thin components with complex polygonal-sections during tube hydro-pressing process

The wrinkling behavior of the ultra-thin components during the tube hydro-pressing process was investigated by finite element analysis and confirmed by hydro-pressing experiment and the causes of various typical defects were explored. There are three typical wrinkle defects appearing on the part during the tube hydro-pressing process: transverse wrinkles, longitudinal wrinkles and oblique wrinkles. The transverse wrinkles are mainly caused by compressive stress perpendicular to wrinkles. The longitudinal wrinkles are mainly caused by tensile stress parallel to wrinkles. While, the oblique wrinkles are mainly due to shear stress.

Two new hairy Leptogium (Collemataceae) species from western North America

Leptogium bacatum is described as a new species with spherical-celled (moniliform) hairs and Leptogium umpquaense has matted, tangled hairs on the upper surface. Both are in the so-called section Mallotium. The species differ in morphology and DNA sequences from others in this group. We supplement existing GenBank data with new ITS and nuLSU sequences for 12 Leptogium specimens from Arizona, California, Mexico, New Mexico, Oregon, Nova Scotia and Ontario. Leptogium bacatum is distinguished by a medium-sized thallus, lobes to 6 mm wide, with long, distinct longitudinal wrinkles so that lobes look stretched, a lower surface covered with short (to 40 µm), fine, spherical-celled tomentum, numerous laminal and marginal lobules and granular to cylindrical isidia. The known range is northern California and New Mexico. Leptogium umpquaense has matted, tangled white hairs on the upper and lower surfaces and produces prolific coralloid to flattened isidia in dense groups along the margins, giving the thallus the look of a cauliflower. We provide a key to the Leptogium species known from western North America.

Glugea hertwigi . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract This article describes the morphology, morphometrics, and geographical distribution of the freshwater fish parasite Glugea hertwigi infecting fish of the family Osmeridae (smelts) in freshwater of north temperate to boreal Europe and North America and nearby seas and brackish waters. Using a scanning electron microscope, spores of this species have a rough surface with loose folds and longitudinal wrinkles. This distinguishes them from spores of G. anomala . This parasite can be found in Canada, USA, Finland, Germany, and Russia.

Glugea anomala . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract This article describes the morphology, morphometry, and the geographical distribution of the freshwater fish parasite, Glugea anomala . Infections resulted in tumours (also known as xenomas), mainly in the central portion of lateral flank musculature, under the host skin and in the intestines, tumours filled with spores, spores colourless or nearly so. Using a scanning electron microscope, spores of G. anomala species have a highly rugose surface. This distinguishes them from spores of G. plecoglossi which are smooth rugose, and from spores of G. hertwigi which have a rough surface with loose folds and longitudinal wrinkles. This parasite could be found in Canada, USA, Belgium, France, Germany, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and UK.

CONTROLLED MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONS OF SILVER FILMS ON COMPLIANT SUBSTRATES BY TUNING MECHANICAL STRAIN

Controlled surface morphologies of stiff films on compliant substrates possess a variety of applications, ranging from stretchable electronics, surface engineering to biomimics. Here, we report on the morphological evolutions of silver films deposited on prestretched compliant PDMS substrates by tuning the film strain in unloading, reloading and further stretching processes. It is found that the silver films generate transverse (perpendicular to the loading direction) wrinkles and longitudinal (parallel to the loading direction) cracks during the unloading process. On the contrary, longitudinal wrinkles and transverse cracks can be observed during the further stretching process. The morphological characteristics, evolution behaviors and mechanical mechanisms of the crack and wrinkle patterns are investigated in detail. The report in this work could promote a better understanding of the morphological evolutions of stiff films on compliant substrates by tuning the mechanical strain.

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RADIOFREQUENCY FRACTIONAL ACTION IN INVOLUTIONAL SKIN CHANGES

The results of the study of biorevitalization effectiveness of the facial skin in women aged 30 to 40 years are presented. Material and methods. In the 1st group (n = 30) hyaluronic acid (HA) was used along the face oval, in the zone of the cheekbone, along the nasolabial folds, along the longitudinal wrinkles in the forehead area with the use of “micro-puncture” and “short-linear” techniques in the medium-deep layers of the dermis. The distance between injections is 1 cm. Injection schemes are standard, proposed by manufacturing companies - once a week, in total 6 procedures. In group 2 (n = 30), the HA was administered with the Legato apparatus, where two technologies were successively used: radio frequency and ultrasound, once every 2 weeks, with a course of 5-6 procedures. Both groups used HA in a concentration of 2 mg/ml Gialripyer-07M/mesolift. Instrumental studies of the functional properties of the skin included assessment of hydration of the epidermis (corneometry), deformation and elastic properties of the skin (cutometry), assessment of transepidermal loss of moisture (TEVA-metry), assessment of seboregulatory function of the epidermis (sebometry) using Multi Skin Test Center® MC750; dermatoscopy on a digital video camera Aramo SG, providing a computer image of the texture of the skin and its moisture level; ultrasound scanning of the skin using a digital high-definition system DUB (“TPM GmbH”, Germany) and a high-frequency linear 17 MHz sensor in SmParts Superfic scanning mode with a resolution of 78 microns. Results. The study shows the superficial effect of mesotherapy procedures: improving the morphofunctional properties of the skin, they have no effect on the thickness, echogenicity and relief of the dermis. At the same time, the obtained results of instrumental studies of the structural and functional parameters of the skin make it possible to justify the use of modern technology Legato (radio frequency and ultrasound) for intradermal administration of HA preparations, with the help of which it is possible to obtain in a short time a positive dynamics of the indices of structural and functional parameters of not only surface layers of skin, but also at the level of the dermis.

Electrical Properties of Controlled, Longitudinal Wrinkles on Graphene Produced Via Bacterial-Scaffold Shrinkage

Wrinkles directly influence the electronic structure of graphene and thus its optical and chemical properties due to local p-orbital stretching, dipolar doping, and/or carrier puddling. Here, we show that bacteria’s ambiphilic cellwall chemistry (and texture), high surface energy, and transportable aqueous content with shrinkable microstructure makes them great scaffolds to induce controlled and confined wrinkles on interfaced graphene sheets. The relaxation of pre-stretched bacterial cell results in graphene wrinkles to orient in the longitudinal direction to the strepto-bacillus cereus cells with a texture aspect-ratio of 0.125. The wrinkle-wavelength is independent of the size of bacteria and the calculated wrinkle-wavelength of 32.5 nm is consistent with the observed wavelength of 32.4 nm – 34.3 nm. Under vacuum, bacterium covered with graphene dehydrates and shrinks; however, does not rehydrate at atmospheric pressure (like uncovered bacteria). This talk will (a) demonstrate directed electrophoresis of bacterial cells between electrodes for position-controlled 2D-wrinkle placement, and (b) discuss the electron density distribution and transport properties through wrinkled graphene. These graphenic bio-interfaced wrinkles can lead to novel nano/bio microelectromechanical systems with applications in electrical cell actuation, dehydration, sensing, restraining, retention, electro-microfluidics, and controlled delivery.

New endoscopic indicator of esophageal achalasia: "pinstripe pattern".

Background and Study AimsEndoscopic diagnosis of esophageal achalasia lacking typical endoscopic features can be extremely difficult. The aim of this study was to identify simple and reliable early indicator of esophageal achalasia.Patients and MethodsThis single-center retrospective study included 56 cases of esophageal achalasia without previous treatment. As a control, 60 non-achalasia subjects including reflux esophagitis and superficial esophageal cancer were also included in this study. Endoscopic findings were evaluated according to Descriptive Rules for Achalasia of the Esophagus as follows: (1) esophageal dilatation, (2) abnormal retention of liquid and/or food, (3) whitish change of the mucosal surface, (4) functional stenosis of the esophago-gastric junction, and (5) abnormal contraction. Additionally, the presence of the longitudinal superficial wrinkles of esophageal mucosa, “pinstripe pattern (PSP)” was evaluated endoscopically. Then, inter-observer diagnostic agreement was assessed for each finding.ResultsThe prevalence rates of the above-mentioned findings (1–5) were 41.1%, 41.1%, 16.1%, 94.6%, and 43.9%, respectively. PSP was observed in 60.7% of achalasia, while none of the control showed positivity for PSP. PSP was observed in 26 (62.5%) of 35 cases with shorter history < 10 years, which usually lacks typical findings such as severe esophageal dilation and tortuosity. Inter-observer agreement level was substantial for food/liquid remnant (k = 0.6861) and PSP (k = 0.6098), and was fair for abnormal contraction and white change. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for achalasia were 83.8%, 64.7%, and 100%, respectively.Conclusion“Pinstripe pattern” could be a reliable indicator for early discrimination of primary esophageal achalasia.

Cambrian lobopodians: A review of recent progress in our understanding of their morphology and evolution

Lobopodians are an important group of organisms which appeared during the Cambrian Explosion. The underlying morphology is invariably a worm-like body bearing multiple pairs of legs. Yet in detail these animals preserve a range of morphologies and have attracted much paleontological attention; particularly since this assemblage probably includes the ancestors of living velvet worms (Onychophora), water bear (Tardigrada) and arthropods (Arthropoda). In recent years, knowledge of Cambrian lobopodians has increased dramatically based on numerous new records. However, there have been few comprehensive reviews of these animals since Ramsköld & Chen's study in 1998. In the present paper, new insights into Cambrian lobopodians are presented. The legs of Aysheaia pedunculata have a strong attachment with the body, like those of lobopodians in the Chengjiang Fauna. Hallucigenia fortis has a pair of eyes, two pairs of tentacles are observed in the ‘neck’ region while a bivalved head shield is unequivocally lacking. Some new characters for, and the orientation of, Hallucigenia sparsa are discussed. Longitudinal wrinkles on the body of Xenusion auerswalde are regarded here as putative muscles. Cardiodictyon sinicum bears doublure structures at the anterior margin of head and a pair of eye spots; the shape of dorsal plates is also reinterpreted. Onychodictyon has a pair of anterior appendages, but no sclerotized head shield. The affinities of Miraluolishania haikouensis are clarified and the proposal that M. haikouensis is a junior synonym of Luolishania longicruris is refuted. The large lobopodians, Kerygmachela, Jianshanopodia and Megadictyon – all with frontal appendages, gill-like limbs and tree-like or lamellate-like branches – may be swimming predators.

Reptilian coprolites in the Eocene of central Patagonia, Argentina

Biogenic structures, herein interpreted as coprolites, were recorded in the ?upper Paleocene–Eocene Las Flores Formation, southeast Argentina. The coprolite origin is supported by several features, such as recurrent extrusive external morphology, longitudinal wrinkles, flattening of the ventral side, concentric and radial cracks, cryptocrystalline groundmass, and a phosphatic composition. A detailed comparative study with modern fecal masses, based on morphology, surface texture, micromorphology, mineralogical and chemical composition, suggest a crocodylian as the most probable producer, an interpretation also supported by the Patagonian paleontological record. This discovery, the first record on coprolites from Central Patagonia, provides new paleoenvironmental and paleoecological information for the studied successions.

Pharmacognostic study of Lantana camara Linn. root

ObjectiveThe study was carried out to perform the pharmacognostic evaluation of Lantana camara Linn. root. MethodThe pharmacognostic evaluation was done in terms of organoleptic, macro-microscopy, fluorescence analysis and physicochemical parameters. ResultsThe characteristic macroscopic features showed that the root consists of 25–40 cm long, 0.2–4.0 cm thick pieces which are usually branched, shallow, tough, creamish-brown externally, outer surface rough due to longitudinal wrinkles, with hard fracture, characteristic odour and pungent taste. The main microscopic characters of the root shows exfoliating cork, consisting of about 10–15 rows of tangentially elongated, thick-walled cells followed by cortex consisting of polygonal parenchymatous cells, a few containing rhomboidal shaped calcium oxalate crystals. Endodermis consists of 3–4 layers of non-lignified, thick-walled rounded parenchymatous cells followed by a single layer of non-lignified pericycle. Phloem, a wide zone of xylem consisting of lignified pitted vessels and bi-to triseriate medullary rays are also present. Proximate physicochemical analysis of the root power showed loss on drying, total ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash values as 0.52, 4.26, 3.8 and 5.8 % w/w respectively. Successive extraction of the root powder with petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, water yielded 0.19, 0.35, 2.19 and 2.0 % w/w respectively. Fluorescence study imparted characteristic colors to the root powder when observed under visible, short and long wavelength light. ConclusionsVarious pharmacognostic parameters evaluated in this study helps in identification and standardization of Lantana camara L. root in crude form.

A new species of Endasys Förster (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae) from Mexico

A new species of Endasys Förster (Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae), E. gibbosus sp. nov., is described. Material was collected with Malaise traps functioning along one year in a dry forest in southeastern Mexico. The new species is similar to E. julianus Luhman, 1990 and E. subclavatus Say, 1835, but differs by having a strongly raised median lobe of mesonotum, with rugulose sculpturing and coarse dense punctures, metapleuron aerolate-rugose, area superomedia with strongly elevated longitudinal wrinkles, and malar space very reduced. A complement is provided to Luhman’s key to the Nearctic species of Endasys.