Longitudinal Perspective Research Articles

A gymnastics coaches’ professional development program: exploring a needs-focused social learning space

ABSTRACT Background: Learning is a social, situational process. Effective coaches consistently apply situationally appropriate coaching knowledge to improve athletes’ developmental outcomes. Learning experiences should be cognizant of coaches’ learning needs and capacity to apply knowledge to facilitate athletes’ holistic development. This involves meaningful learning experiences tailored to coaches’ contextual learning needs. The use of social learning theory in supporting coach learning and development has been recommended in providing meaningful learning environments closer to coaches’ realities. Purpose: This study explored the impact of a professional development program designed to create a social learning space (SLS) for competitive youth artistic gymnastics coaches and evaluate the value created therein. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to explore the extent to which coaches generated a SLS and the value the coaches created through their participation in the program. Methods: Six coaches joined a weekly gathering over five weeks. Data comprised transcribed video records of the gatherings, a focus group with the coaches, a semi-structured interview with the facilitator of the gatherings, and the researcher’s notes. Thematic analysis was employed to inductively analyze the creation of the SLS and deductively analyze the value created using the value creation framework (the VCF). Findings: The findings revealed that facilitating a learning opportunity based on SLS elements can result in coaches creating a SLS. Through building productive relationships to learn to make a difference in their practices, the coaches created value. Specifically, the coaches broadened their perspectives on athlete development, deepened their understanding of gymnasts’ developmental needs, and began to transform some of their current coaching practices. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the promotion of a professional development program focusing on coaches’ learning needs using the elements of SLS and the tenets of the constructivist view of learning. The SLS structure of this study has implications for the development and implementation of professional development programs for coaches. Future studies on designing professional development opportunities for coaches should expand on the different uses of the SLS approach as a more pervasive structure of social learning, drawing on complementary principles with theories and adopting a longitudinal perspective.

A longitudinal perspective on the nature, predictors, and outcomes of work recovery profiles

ABSTRACT This person-centred investigation seeks to understand the main configurations taken by four critical dimensions of work recovery experiences (i.e., relaxation, control, mastery, and psychological detachment) among distinct profiles of workers. Capitalizing on a sample of 442 employees who completed the same set of measures two times across a time interval of three months, we further investigate the longitudinal stability of these profiles and of their relations with a series of work-related predictors and well-being indicators. Our results revealed four profiles identical at both time points: Plugged In, Moderately Unplugged, Moderately Plugged In, and Unplugged. These profiles displayed a moderate to high level of within-person stability over time. Workaholism, personal life orientation, and colleagues’ norms about the need to rapidly follow up on work-related messages were all found to be associated with profile membership. Levels of emotional exhaustion and somatization also differed across profiles.

Economic Threats, Political and National Identification Predict Affective Polarization: Longitudinal Evidence From Spain

Economic threats, along with political identities and ideologies, are associated with affective polarization. However, there is still a need to learn more about the consequences of different economic threats and identities fueling polarization. We take a longitudinal perspective in testing the influence of these phenomena on affective polarization. Specifically, we tested the effect of subjective personal and collective economic threats and political, national, regional, and European identities on affective polarization towards politicians and partisans in Spain. We use four waves of the E-DEM panel study from Spain (N = 2,501) collected between 2018 and 2019. We conducted longitudinal multilevel analyses to determine the growth in affective polarization and included predictors at the between- and within-person levels. Consistent with our hypotheses, we found that collective economic threats, such as perceiving more unfairness in the distribution of wealth and being dissatisfied with the Spanish economy, positively predict affective polarization. Contrary to our expectations, personal economic threats did not predict affective polarization. Furthermore, political and national identities positively predicted affective polarization towards politicians and partisans. Interestingly, exploratory analyses suggested that the associations between economic threats, identities, and affective polarization are moderated by political ideology. We discuss how economic threats and identities may exacerbate animosities toward political actors.

The change of psychosocial stress factors in families with infants and toddlers during the COVID-19 pandemic. A longitudinal perspective on the CoronabaBY study from Germany.

Over nearly three years, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a lasting impact on people's lives and mental health worldwide with its far-reaching restrictions and concerns about infections and other personal consequences. Families were particularly affected and showed increased stress and psychological problems. Long-term effects cannot be ruled out. So far, data on young families are sparse. The present longitudinal analysis (n = 932) of the CoronabaBY study investigated the development of parenting stress, parental affective symptoms, and child's mental health in young families with children aged 0-3 years in Germany as well as potential influencing factors. The observational study includes two measurement points over the course of the pandemic (baseline and follow-up). Data was collected by app using standardized questionnaires. N = 932 participants, mainly mothers (94.7%) born in Germany (93.1%) with higher education (61.3% with at least high school diploma) and a comfortable financial situation participated in the longitudinal study. Children were on average 14.7 months old at baseline (SD: 12, range: 1-39 months). While the proportion of parents who perceived the pandemic as stressful decreased significantly from baseline (60%) to follow-up (52.3%), the proportion with parenting stress increased significantly (from 40.1% to 45.4%). Both parental and child mental health problems remained constant over time, with infants crying/feeding/sleeping problems ranging above pre-pandemic comparative data. Most predictive for high parenting stress at follow-up was high parenting stress at baseline. This was also true for parental affective symptoms (depression/anxiety) and child mental health problems. Despite faded pandemic restrictions, parents remained burdened. Support services do not appear to have been sufficient to help families out of their stressful situation. Our results indicate a need for action regarding low-threshold services that effectively reach affected families. The study was pre-registered in OSF (https://osf.io/search/?q=tksh5&page=1).

International migration and shifts in subjective well-being: A longitudinal study using German panel data

Abstract In many economically advanced countries, a relevant proportion of the population migrates across national boundaries every year. For these individuals, migrating abroad brings benefits (e.g. monetary returns) but also potential pitfalls, as migration is accompanied by profound changes in everyday life. However, there are mainly cross-sectional studies of individuals’ migration experiences that analyse the effects of migration on these individuals’ quality of life. This study fills this gap by examining shifts in the subjective well-being (SWB) of internationally mobile German citizens from a longitudinal perspective using data from the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study and fixed effects panel regressions. To observe SWB over the course of actual migration events, we drew on a sample of repeat migrants: Germans who returned to Germany shortly before the panel and emigrated again during the panel. Consistent with methodologically comparable studies on internal migration, the analyses show a happiness dip before migration and an increase in SWB with the migration event. The increase is consistent, tends to be more pronounced than that observed in internal migration studies, and to some extent persists after the first few years of migration. Moreover, the results suggest that the increase in SWB systematically depends on the influence that individuals can exert on their migration decisions. Individuals without a partner show the highest increases in SWB, followed by so-called leading partners, partners of couples with a mutual migration decision, and trailing partners.

Online Hosts’ Storytelling Strategies: A Narrative Analysis of Mindfulness-Themed Airbnb Online Experiences

Although virtual tours and online tourism experiences have been developed with technological advancement and COVID-19 lockdowns, knowledge gaps exist to systematically conceptualize online tourism experiences and clarify online hosts’ storytelling strategies. Drawing upon theatrical theory, this study aims to conceptualize the online tourism experience and online hosts’ storytelling strategies. Our research setting is mindfulness-themed online experiences via Airbnb Online Experiences. A total of 186 online hosts were analyzed with narrative analysis. This study proposed three frameworks: (1) a performer-stage-audience model for online tourism experiences, (2) a longitudinal perspective on hosts’ storytelling strategies on the stage, and (3) a systematic view of online hosts’ storytelling strategies. The conceptual work offers important insights for the academy and relevant industries.

Measurement error prediction-based reliability assessment framework for electric metering devices under harsh natural environments

Reliability assessment for electric metering devices (EMDs), which includes environmental stress analysis, measurement error (ME) prediction, and reliability estimation, can be utilized for predictive instrument maintenance, especially under harsh environmental stresses. Nevertheless, the actual evaluation process is limited by data noise and the unavailability of future environmental inputs for the degradation model. To this end, we first extract the main environmental factors affecting ME and then fuse them using the weighted principal component analysis (WPCA) method to provide future environmental input values for the prediction model. Next, a bi-directional (BD) outlier detection method based on MCD robust analysis and the Thompson tau method is proposed to detect outliers from horizontal and longitudinal perspectives. Then, an ME prediction method called multi-stress fusion nonlinear degradation (MFND) is put forward, which considers the cyclic variation of ME over time and the effect of environmental stresses on ME. Real-world datasets from a high-dry-hot area manifest that our proposed BD-based MFND reliability assessment framework enjoys pleasurable prediction performance. Compared to some well- known methods, our framework excels in outlier detection and ME prediction.

Exploring Gaze Dynamics in Virtual Reality through Multiscale Entropy Analysis.

This study employs Multiscale Entropy (MSE) to analyze 5020 binocular eye movement recordings from 407 college-aged participants, as part of the GazeBaseVR dataset, across various virtual reality (VR) tasks to understand the complexity of user interactions. By evaluating the vertical and horizontal components of eye movements across tasks such as vergence, smooth pursuit, video viewing, reading, and random saccade, collected at 250 Hz using an ET-enabled VR headset, this research provides insights into the predictability and complexity of gaze patterns. Participants were recorded up to six times over a 26-month period, offering a longitudinal perspective on eye movement behavior in VR. MSE's application in this context aims to offer a deeper understanding of user behavior in VR, highlighting potential avenues for interface optimization and user experience enhancement. The results suggest that MSE can be a valuable tool in creating more intuitive and immersive VR environments by adapting to users' gaze behaviors. This paper discusses the implications of these findings for the future of VR technology development, emphasizing the need for intuitive design and the potential for MSE to contribute to more personalized and comfortable VR experiences.

Travel behaviour of shared mobility users: a review of empirical evidence

ABSTRACT In recent decades, shared mobility has gained prominence as a sustainable alternative in transport, yet a comprehensive understanding of its effects on travel behaviour remains limited. This paper provides a narrative review of quantitative empirical studies, focusing on car-sharing and bike-sharing, and revisits the magnitude of the effects on four indicators: public transport use, active transport use, auto dependence, and auto ownership. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives are considered, examining variances in trip characteristics. Shared mobility users tend to rely less on private vehicles and increase cycling, with varying effects on transit use and walking. Car-sharing typically replaces private vehicles for non-commuting trips, while bike-sharing mainly competes with rather than complements public transport, especially for shorter commutes. The longitudinal effects of shared mobility appear more limited than those observed in cross-sectional analyses, indicating that shared mobility can potentially lead to a positive trend in travel mode shifts over time, albeit slowly. Additionally, this study highlights differences in shared mobility outcomes between Australia and other global contexts, exploring potential reasons for these discrepancies. Integrating shared mobility and other transport paradigms requires long-term strategies to shape travel behaviour towards multimodality, offering a continuum of choices covering most daily trips without private vehicles.

Language and autobiographical memory development from 5 to 12 years: A longitudinal perspective

The main aim of this study, with two repeated measurements, was to analyze the development of autobiographical memory in a sample of 78 Spanish participants at ages 5 (Time 1; M = 62.43 months, range: 50–74 months) and 12 (Time 2; M = 142.71 months, range: 132–155 months). Data were collected on autobiographical memory and verbal functions. We analyzed the relation between language and autobiographical memory specificity from a longitudinal perspective and assessed the indirect effect of vocabulary in the relationship between age and specific memory at both temporal moments. The results showed that language skills were positively related with autobiographical memory specificity at preschool age, but not at the second measurement. Furthermore, vocabulary scores appear to mediate the relationship between age and autobiographical specificity when children are in the preschool years, but not later. These findings agree with previous research that consider preschool age to be a crucial period for the development of autobiographical memory and its relations with language, but once basic command of language is acquired, linguistic differences impact much less on individual differences in autobiographical specificity.

Adolescent gaming and parent–child emotional closeness: bivariate relationships in a longitudinal perspective

The aim of this study was to add knowledge of the longitudinal associations between gaming and emotional closeness between parents and their children. We hypothesized that parent–child emotional closeness was linked to less gaming activity over time and that more gaming activity was linked to less parent–child emotional closeness over time. We also tested the moderating effect of child gender on these anticipated links. This study involved a sample of Swedish adolescents, spanning the developmental years from age 12.5 to 17, and included data from two time points (T1; year 2013 and T2; years 2017/2018) with N = 782 participants (T1 Mage = 12.10, SD = 0.40; 49.6% girls). Utilizing a series of Cross-Lagged Panel Models, we found that emotional closeness to both mother and father predicted less time spent on gaming over time. More time spent on gaming predicted less emotional closeness to mother over time. Additionally, gaming activity among girls was specifically related to less emotional closeness to their father over time. Strengthening parent–child relationships and emotional bonds may be crucial in safeguarding adolescents from developing habits of excessive gaming that could potentially pose problems for their psychosocial development.

Evaluation of methods measuring medication adherence in patients with polypharmacy: a longitudinal and patient perspective.

To explore patients' willingness to have medication adherence measured using different methods and evaluate the feasibility and validity of their combination (i.e., pill counts, a medication diary and a questionnaire assessing adherence two months post-discharge). (1) A cross-sectional evaluation of the willingness of patients with polypharmacy to have their medication adherence measured post-discharge. (2) Medication adherence was monitored during two months using pill counts based on preserved medication packages and a diary in which patients registered their adherence-related problems. During a home visit, the Probabilistic Medication Adherence Scale (ProMAS) and a questionnaire on feasibility were administered. A total of 144 participants completed the questionnaire at discharge. The majority was willing to communicate truthfully about their adherence (97%) and to share adherence-related information with healthcare providers (99%). More participants were willing to preserve medication packages (76%) than to complete a medication diary (67%) during two months. Most participants reported that preserving medication packages (91%), completing the diary (99%) and the ProMAS (99%) were no effort to them. According to the majority of participants (60%), pill counts most accurately reflected medication adherence, followed by the diary (39%) and ProMAS (1%). Medication adherence measured by pill counts correlated significantly with ProMAS scores, but not with the number of diary-reported problems. However, adherence measured by the medication diary and ProMAS correlated significantly. Combining tools for measuring adherence seems feasible and can provide insight into the accordance of patients' actual medication use with their prescribed regimen, but also into problems contributing to non-adherence.

Second thoughts on digital first: Exploring the development of election campaigning among Swedish political parties, 2010–2022

Abstract This article offers a longitudinal perspective on communications during election campaigns from a political-party perspective, where strategic considerations about digital media are compared across time. Our analysis is grounded on the concepts of hybridisation and data-driven campaigning, where digital technology tends to play a central role without replacing all traditional campaign features. Empirically, the study is based on a longitudinal analysis of four election campaigns in Sweden during 2010–2022. The analysis shows that Swedish political parties have gradually integrated digital campaign features in their structure and strategy. The process is not linear, but rather back and forth, as party perceptions of the importance of communication channels vary across time. The results imply a development where all parties, regardless of size and ideology, are increasingly making rational judgments of which combinations of old and new campaign methods and communication channels are most effective.

School Effectiveness Factors and Student Achievement: A Longitudinal Study in an Urban School District

In this study we explore the longitudinal impact of effective school factors on student achievement over a five-year period in an urban school district. By collecting teacher survey data from urban schools in a Midwest school district and analyzing the survey data alongside student achievement, we identified several factors associated with student achievement growth. Our findings reveal that Shared Vision and Goals is positively associated with student achievement growth in math and reading. Furthermore, Student Behavior Expectations and Behavior Management Practices are positively associated with growth in reading achievement. Our research contributes to the understanding of effective school factors from a longitudinal perspective, particularly in an urban school setting.

Suivi longitudinal des patients psychiatriques médico-légaux : focus sur les taux de récidive et les scores de risque

Research concerning the follow-up of forensic patients after their release from a high-security facility into the community is scarce. However, results available indicate that revocation rates are rather high. Our research aimed to answer three aspects based on an analysis of court records of 168 patients discharged from a Belgian secure forensic psychiatric hospital between 2014 and 2018: (1) the revocation and recidivism rates during a 3-year follow-up period; (2) the prevalence and motives for revocations of probationary released; (3) the comparison of scores of the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide-Revised (VRAG-R) between three release measures. To our knowledge, our study is the first to compare violent recidivism risk scores between release types. The mean VRAG-R scores were higher among revoked than conditioned released patients. The latter presented higher mean score than definitively released patients. The overall results are congruent with the “good practice” of the risk principle, hence supporting the importance of basing release decisions on risk assessment principles such as the VRAG-R in a longitudinal perspective.

Impact of cluster farming on smallholder farmers teff commercialization in Ethiopia

BackgroundCluster farming is an agricultural practice that involves organizing and grouping together farmers within a specific geographic area based on proximity of their farm plots to create synergies and economies of scale. In developing countries including Ethiopia cluster farming has gained prominence as a strategic initiative to foster commercialized agriculture and enhance the livelihoods of smallholder farmers by integrating their production within the broader value chain. In light of this, the government of Ethiopia plans to promote cluster farming throughout the country based on the best practices of the four cluster farming priority regions and 10 high-value commodities. Teff is one of the high-value commodities in the cluster farming priority regions. However, the impact of cluster farming on teff commercialization was not studied before.MethodsWe conducted this study to examine the impact of cluster farming on teff commercialization using nationally representative data collected by Agricultural Transformation Institute of Ethiopia. Then, we analyzed the data using descriptive and inferential statistics, commercialization index, and endogenous switching regression model.ResultsThe result revealed that the mean teff commercialization of cluster farming participants was higher than non-participants in all the cluster farming priority regions of Ethiopia. Similarly, the model result indicated that cluster farming had a positive and significant impact on teff commercialization at p < 0.01.ConclusionThe findings suggest that the promotion of cluster farming facilitates teff commercialization in Ethiopia. However, we recommend further studies using panel data collected from large samples to provide a longitudinal perspective on the impact of cluster farming on teff commercialization over time. The findings of these studies can offer comprehensive insights and concrete information that can inform policymakers to support and promote teff cluster farming in Ethiopia.

Building digital patient pathways for the management and treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Recent advances in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) could yield new insights into the potential causes of multiple sclerosis (MS) and factors influencing its course as the use of AI opens new possibilities regarding the interpretation and use of big data from not only a cross-sectional, but also a longitudinal perspective. For each patient with MS, there is a vast amount of multimodal data being accumulated over time. But for the application of AI and related technologies, these data need to be available in a machine-readable format and need to be collected in a standardized and structured manner. Through the use of mobile electronic devices and the internet it has also become possible to provide healthcare services from remote and collect information on a patient's state of health outside of regular check-ups on site. Against this background, we argue that the concept of pathways in healthcare now could be applied to structure the collection of information across multiple devices and stakeholders in the virtual sphere, enabling us to exploit the full potential of AI technology by e.g., building digital twins. By going digital and using pathways, we can virtually link patients and their caregivers. Stakeholders then could rely on digital pathways for evidence-based guidance in the sequence of procedures and selection of therapy options based on advanced analytics supported by AI as well as for communication and education purposes. As far as we aware of, however, pathway modelling with respect to MS management and treatment has not been thoroughly investigated yet and still needs to be discussed. In this paper, we thus present our ideas for a modular-integrative framework for the development of digital patient pathways for MS treatment.

A longitudinal perspective of climate adaptation from the UK water sector, 2013–2023

Yorkshire Water provides clean water and waste water treatment for over 5 million customers in the north of England, UK. Weather and climate determine water supply, and extreme weather, particularly flooding, can severely alter their operations and ability to process waste water. This paper provides a unique longitudinal (2013–2023) perspective of how an infrastructure owner and operator has responded to changing policy contexts and embedded climate adaptation within operational processes. The uptake in adaptation measures was driven by a combination of factors, including the Adaptation Reporting Power mandated by the Climate Change Act 2008 ; increased availability of climate data; the need to recover from extreme weather events, particularly flooding; and changes to water-management policies. The latter have instigated greater partnership working to reduce risk associated with flood events and placed more emphasis on managing water through landscape-led natural processes such as natural flood management, with actions delivered through partnership working. This paper describes Yorkshire Water’s leadership in the early days of adaptation within the UK, and discusses the changing policy frameworks, business needs, climate knowledge and societal context that have led to more holistic and sustainable water resource management.

Technological evolution in tourism: a Horizon 2050 perspective

Purpose This study aims to chart the impact of technological advancements on tourism from the post–Second World War era to the present and forecast their influence until 2050. It assesses how technologies have reshaped travel experiences and operations, with a focus on upcoming innovations such as the metaverse, Web 3.0 and AI, and their implications for sustainable and ethical tourism. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a hybrid approach, combining historical analysis and future projections. It analyzes archival data, industry reports and academic literature. Findings This study identifies crucial technological milestones that have significantly impacted tourism, including the rise of commercial aviation, the internet and AI. Future trends suggest emerging technologies will further transform the sector. Challenges in sustainability, ethics and inclusivity are highlighted as critical considerations for future development. Originality/value This paper offers a unique longitudinal perspective on technology’s influence on tourism, bridging past trends with future projections.

Predicting the Occurrence of New Vertebral Fractures Using the Vertebral Bone Quality Score: A Prospective Cohort Study Using 11-Year MRI Follow-up Data from the Minami-Aizu Study.

Previous studies have recognized the potential of the Vertebral Bone Quality (VBQ) score for predicting fractures. However, these studies often have lacked longitudinal perspectives and have not focused on community populations. Our study aimed to enhance the predictive capacity of the VBQ score by investigating its correlation with new vertebral fractures (NVFs) that were detected 11 years later in a community-based cohort and by developing a comprehensive prediction model. This study was a population-based study conducted in the Minami-Aizu area in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. One hundred and thirty participants voluntarily underwent T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine in 2004 and 2015. VBQ scores were ascertained from the 2004 scans. NVFs that occurred between 2004 and 2015 were detected based on a ≥20% reduction in vertebral height on the midsagittal sections of the MRI. Other predictors that were considered included age, sex, body mass index, smoking history, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and existing vertebral fractures (EVFs). A logistic regression analysis was conducted. The logistic regression analysis indicated that the VBQ score, age, sex, and EVFs were significant predictors of NVFs. The prediction model showed an area under the curve of 0.84, suggesting excellent discriminatory power. The calibration capacity was confirmed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. The VBQ score was significantly correlated with the long-term incidence of NVFs in a community population. The prediction model exhibited satisfactory discrimination and calibration capacities, highlighting the use of the VBQ score as a potential tool for long-term prediction of NVFs. Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.