Longitudinal Household Survey Research Articles

Sustainability Implications of the Evolution of Rice Farming amid Rural Poverty: The Case of the Chhotanagpur Plateau in Eastern India

This paper analyses longitudinal household surveys from Purulia and Giridih, two adjacent districts on the Chhotanagpur Plateau in Eastern India in 1997 and 2006, to assess the sustainability of the evolving local rice-based agricultural system. Increasing population with little outmigration suggests mounting burden on the already fragile land endowment. The pattern of land sales and purchases suggests land consolidation among fewer farmers is not a concern. Use of high yielding varieties (HYVs) and of chemical inputs increased in both districts. However, rice yields have increased in Purulia but stagnated in Giridih. Socioeconomic progress is more apparent in Purulia in other aspects as well, such as its land reform policy, the Panchayat system and higher rate of HYV adoption. Sustainability of the agricultural system in Purulia may be less than in Giridih due to its pattern of land transactions and the cautious move among farmers toward high-chemical intensity agriculture.

Estimating population prevalence of potential airflow obstruction using different spirometric criteria: a pooled cross-sectional analysis of persons aged 40–95 years in England and Wales

ObjectivesConsistent estimation of the burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been hindered by differences in methods, including different spirometric cut-offs for impaired lung function. The impact of different...

Cohort Profile: The Panel Study of Income Dynamics' Child Development Supplement and Transition into Adulthood Study

The Child Development Supplement (CDS) was started in 1997 to collect information on children and caregivers in families in the USA that participated in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), an ongoing national longitudinal household survey that began in 1968. CDS was launched with the goal of creating a comprehensive, nationally representative, prospective database of young children and their families for studying the dynamic process of children's health and development. The same children and their caregivers were interviewed in up to three waves approximately every 5 years (1997, 2002-03, and 2007-08), with a child-based response rate of 90% in the most recent wave. Upon reaching age 18 years and finishing or leaving high school, the children in the CDS cohort shifted to a six-wave follow-up study launched in 2005 called the PSID Transition into Adulthood (TA) study. The TA data have been collected biennially through 2013, with a final wave planned for 2015. Once these young adults form their own economically independent households, they join the PSID. The main categories of data emphasize the major developmental tasks of childhood and young adulthood, including influences on successful development in the domains of family, schools and neighbourhoods. The majority of data and documentation are freely and publicly available through the PSID Online Data Center.

Social correlates of total cancer in adults and the very old: UK Understanding Society Cohort, 2009–2010

ObjectiveUnderstanding of the social determinants of cancer in adults and the very old is still limited. The aim of this study was to provide recent evidence on the social correlates of adult total cancer in a national and population-based setting. Study designA cross-sectional study in the recent years between 2009 and 2010. MethodData was retrieved and analysed from the UK Longitudinal Household Survey. Information on demographics, living and work conditions, self-reported cancer and age of onset was obtained by household interview. Analyses included Chi-squared test, t-test, and multilevel logistic regression modelling. ResultsOf 50,994 people included in the cohort, 1623 (3.5%) had ever cancer. Of these, 1592 (98.0%) occurred in adulthood (16y+) and only 109 people had their first cancer (incident cancer) at the age when they were interviewed. In the middle-aged and young adults, being female (OR 1.57, 95%CI 1.20–2.06, P = 0.001 and OR 2.04, 95%CI 1.07–3.87, P = 0.03, respectively), not born in the UK (OR 0.54, 95%CI 0.34–0.88, P = 0.01 and OR 0.31, 95%CI 0.09–1.02, P = 0.05, respectively), and being obese/overweight (OR 1.49, 95%CI 1.07–2.07, P = 0.02 and OR 2.34, 95%CI 1.17–4.66, P = 0.02, respectively) were associated with total cancer. However, no associated social factors of cancer in the very old were found. Moreover, prevalence was higher in East Midlands (OR 1.73, 95%CI 1.00–3.00, P = 0.05) but not other regions, compared to London region. ConclusionSocial environment seems to continue playing a role in the aetiology of cancer in adults, although novel and/or pooled investigation for the very old would be warranted.

Role of birthplace in chronic disease in adults and very old individuals: national cohorts in the UK and USA, 2009–2010

ObjectivesTo understand the role of birthplace in chronic disease in adults and very old individuals. Study designTwo national and population-based studies (UK Longitudinal Household Survey and US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys) in 2009–2010 were included. MethodInformation on demographics, lifestyle factors and self-reported chronic diseases was obtained by household interview. Analyses included Chi-squared test, t-test and logistic regression modelling. ResultsIn the UK, there were more cases of heart failure and myocardial infarction in adults (aged 20–79 years) born in Scotland, and more cases of coronary heart disease in adults born in Northern Ireland. There were fewer cases of asthma, depression and hypothyroidism in adults born in Northern Ireland and not born in the UK, and fewer cases of cancer, chronic bronchitis and epilepsy in adults not born in the UK. In USA, there were fewer cases of asthma, cancer, chronic bronchitis, heart failure and heart attack, but more cases of liver disease in adults born in Mexico. Similarly, there were fewer cases of asthma, cancer and chronic bronchitis in adults born in other Spanish or non-Spanish countries, although there were more cases of liver disease in other Spanish-born adults and more cases of diabetes in other non-Spanish-born adults. In very old (≥80 years) individuals, there were more cases of chronic bronchitis in those born in Wales, more cases of myocardial infarction in those born in Northern Ireland, and more cases of diabetes and liver disease in those not born in the UK. Overall, diabetes was more common in foreign-born adults, and respiratory illness and cancer were more common in native-born adults. ConclusionsIt is suggested that future health policy and public health programmes should consider birthplace.

School expansion and uneven modernization. Comparing educational inequality in Northern and Southern Italy

The paper asks whether the patterns of educational expansion and inequality were the same in the two parts of Italy: the North, more industrialized and developed, and the more backwards South. This is a theoretically relevant issue as, despite this major socioeconomic heterogeneity, Italy has a centralized school system, whose main institutional features are the same all over the country.By means of an educational transition analysis of the five waves of the Italian Longitudinal Household Survey we analyze school expansion and long-term trends of educational inequality, both in general and at each specific school transition. The main results indicate that there has been increasing divergence between the two areas in educational expansion and in the effect of social background on years of education attained, favouring the North.The main difference between the two areas is found at two transitions, the one from elementary to lower secondary and the one from lower to upper secondary. While the first difference diminishes over time, the second grows over time and is currently crucial. Its reasons are found in the different propensity of the offspring of the working class to enrol in vocational schools, which is stronger in the North.

Estimates of Annual Consumption Expenditures and Its Major Components in the PSID in Comparison to the CE.

Comprehensive data on consumption expenditures have historically not been collected in US longitudinal household surveys. The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) expanded its expenditure data collection in 1999 and 2005. We examine these new expenditure data, highlighting several unique features of the PSID data. We then compare the PSID expenditure data with those in the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE). We document that the PSID data cover nearly the entire scope of the CE data, and the mean statistics of total expenditures compare favorably between the two surveys. However, significant differences remain for certain expenditure categories.

Sub-Saharan Africa’s HIV pandemic.

Longitudinal studies and household surveys suggest that sub-Saharan Africa's (SSA's) HIV/AIDS crisis is not a pandemic of the poor but rather one of inequalities, where wealthier individuals are more likely to be infected as a result of greater mobility and multiple relationships (Fox, 2012). This is in sharp contrast to the situation in the United States, where HIV infections "are concentrated among the poor with very few people in the middle and upper social strata contracting HIV" (Pellowski, Kalichman, Matthews, & Adler, May-June 2013, p. 199). Yet from a global perspective, wherein SSA is the poorest region in the world, the pandemic is of course one of poverty as well as one with pronounced racial and gender disparities. Both the May-June 2013 special issue of the American Psychologist ("HIV/AIDS: Social Determinants and Health Disparities") and another American Psychologist special issue 25 years earlier ("Psychology and AIDS," November 1988) help shed light on Africa's HIV/AIDS crisis.

Relationship between Age of Marriage, Womens Education and Fertility 1954-93: A Study in the West of Iran

empirical research has compared these trends during the past forty years. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between fertility and women’s education, in the west of Iran. In an historical longitudinal household survey in 2009, 3443 women who had ever-married were interviewed. This study focused on women’s fertility over their lifetime, according to education attainment levels for the period 1954-1993. An inverse relationship was found between age of marriage and the number ofchildren born by 40 years-of-age (P<0.01). Over the last few decades, the number of children born has decreased in all levels of mother’s education, furthermore, the highest level of fertility decline was observed among women with an elementary level of education. The results of the study showed declining fertility convergence among the various education levels. Managers and policy makers in addition to encouraging employed women to have more children should also explore the issues for uneducated women and housewives.

The Egypt labor market panel survey: introducing the 2012 round

This paper introduces the 2012 round of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS), a publicly-available nationally representative longitudinal household survey. We describe the key characteristics of the ELMPS, including the samples and questionnaires for each round. Additionally, we examine the attrition processes observed in the panel and discuss the creation of weights to correct for attrition. We compare our data to other statistical sources for Egypt to evaluate the sample’s representativeness. To demonstrate how the ELMPS allows for an improved understanding of the labor market, we compare unemployment trends using the ELMPS and other data on unemployment in Egypt. J00, C81, C83, J64

Risk Sharing within the Extended Family: Evidence from the Indonesia Family Life Survey

AbstractIn recent years, there has been an increase in the availability of longitudinal household surveys in developing countries that allow the researchers to construct linkages between households with familial ties. This type of data allows researchers to look at whether some household outcomes are influenced by decisions made at the extended-family level. This article utilizes data from two waves of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (1997 and 2000) to construct a panel of extended families in order to focus on one particular example of such outcome: whether consumption risk sharing occurs among households within the extended family. The findings show that after controlling for the extended family fixed effects, changes in the household’s own income still matter for changes in its consumption, rejecting full consumption risk insurance. However, the coefficients on household own income are small, indicating significant degrees of risk sharing. Results from a set of reduced-form estimations suggest that ho...

Did the commodity price spike increase rural poverty? Evidence from a long-run panel in Bangladesh

We assess the effects of the dramatic rise in agricultural commodity prices during 2007–2008 on income dynamics and poverty among rural households in Bangladesh. A unique panel data set allows us to put the effects of recent events in the context of long-run trends in income and poverty. We use data from a nationally representative longitudinal survey of rural households in Bangladesh collected in four waves in 1988, 2000, 2004, and 2008. Nargis and Hossain (Nargis, N., Hossain, M., 2006. Income dynamics and pathways out of rural poverty in Bangladesh, 1988–2004. Agric. Econ. 35, 425–435) analysed income dynamics and poverty incidence for the first three waves, finding a declining trend in both the incidence and severity of poverty, aided in particular by human capital development and off-farm employment opportunities. We update and extend the analysis to include data collected in 2008, at the height of a spike in agricultural prices. We find that the price of a balanced food basket increased by more than 50% during 2000–2008, while household income rose only 15%. As a result the incidence and severity of rural poverty in Bangladesh sunk to pre-2000 levels during 2004–2008. Thus, the price spikes in 2007–2008 helped push an additional 13 million people into poverty in rural Bangladesh. Moreover, we find that the determinants of poverty have not been time-invariant. In particular, agricultural production, which had previously been associated with a higher incidence of poverty, served as a hedge against higher food prices during 2004–2008.

Measuring the Level and Inequality of Wealth: An Application to China.

We construct and compare three distinct measures of household asset wealth that complement traditional income- or expenditure-based measures of socioeconomic status. We apply these measures to longitudinal household survey data from China and demonstrate that household asset wealth has been increasing over time, a theme consistent with many previous studies on the process of development in China. Unlike other studies that have shown rising income inequality over time, however, we show that asset wealth inequality has actually been declining in recent years, indicating widespread participation in the benefits of economic reforms. Furthermore, the evolution in the cumulative distribution of household welfare is such that social welfare has been increasing with the passage of time, despite rising inequality in the early years of the survey.

Associated social factors of hypertension in adults and the very old: UK Understanding Society cohort, 2009–2010

Highbloodpressure (HBP) is themost important risk factorworldwide for the development of cardiovascular disease and beyond [1]. It has been known that inverse associations exist between cardiovascular risk factors and socioeconomic status, whether being measured by occupation, incomeor education. Back in the 1980s, itwas hypothesised that initiating factors for the pathogenesis of essential hypertension could be from social environment, such as weight gain and environmental stress [2,3]. Reductions in health and social inequalities could play an important role in impressive declines in cardiovascular disease-related incidence, biomarkers, and mortality [4]. Since social determinants of hypertension in adults and the very old people have received less attention and measures of them were not addressed comprehensively previously, we aimed to study the role of socioeconomic circumstances in hypertension for adults and the very old in a national, population-based setting. Datawere extracted and analysed in the UK Longitudinal Household Survey (Understanding Society, access available via: http://www.understandingsociety.org.uk/) Wave 1, 2009–2010, being a national, population-based, multi-year study among people above 16 years old. Study design and sampling method were described and published in detail in the working paper series [5]. Information on demographics, living and work conditions, and self-reported HBP (Has as doctor or health professional ever told you that you have any of the condition listed? What age were you when you were first told you had it?) was obtained by household interview. Study variables which aimed to describe potential social determinants of hypertension included age, sex, birthplace, body mass index, education, marital status, salary (proxy of occupation), and willingness to stay in the current neighbourhood (proxy of perception on neighbourhood satisfaction). Likert scale was used for assessing neighbourhood satisfaction [6]. In the subsequent analysis, we also examined regional variance. Analysis involved chi-square test, t-test, and logistic regression modelling. Adjustments weremade to control for covariates mentioned above and age of onset (binary: 0 = ex-hypertension, 1 = new onset hypertension) [6]. Effects were estimated by using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), with p value b0.05 considered statistically significant. Statistical software STATA version 12.0 (STATA, College Station, Texas, USA) was used to perform all the analyses. Since it is a secondary data analysis in the present study, no further ethics approval is required. Of 50,994 people included in the cohort, 8706 (18.3%) had ever HBP and 508 (1.0%) people had their first hypertension (incident hypertension) at the agewhen theywere interviewed. Table 1 shows the demographic and social characteristics of the study cohort. In Table 2a, we have shown that female sex (OR 2.05, 95%CI 1.58–2.66, P b 0.001), born in the North Ireland (OR 0.39, 95%CI 0.20–0.77, P =0.01) and body mass index (OR 2.21, 95%CI 1.51–3.25, P b 0.001 for being overweight and OR 1.56, 95%CI 1.20–2.05, P = 0.001 for being obese) were significantly associated with hypertension in the very old aged 80 and above. In the middle-aged adults (aged 40–79), female sex (OR 0.84, 95%CI 0.75–0.95, P = 0.004), less education (OR 1.14, 95%CI 1.01–1.28, P = 0.04), body mass index (OR 2.26, 95%CI 1.73–2.95, P b 0.001 for underweight, OR 1.95, 95%CI 1.68–2.26, P b 0.001 for being overweight, and OR 3.41, 95%CI 2.92–3.99, P b 0.001 for being obese), and marital status (OR 1.24, 95%CI 1.03–1.48, P = 0.02 for married/registered

Disability transitions among mature adults in Malawi: a cohort modelling analysis

BackgroundThough population growth remains a major issue in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), falling fertility and increasing life expectancy foreshadow a growing elderly population. By 2060, persons aged over 45 years will be 25% of SSA's population, up from 10% in 2010. Ageing in SSA is associated with unique challenges due to poverty and inadequate social support. However, despite its importance for understanding the consequences of population ageing, detailed evidence about disability and health trajectories among adults in SSA is very limited. MethodsParticipants came from the 2006, 2008, and 2010 waves of the Malawi Longitudinal Survey of Families and Households (MLSFH). Our analyses investigate how individual health limits physical activities in domains relevant to this subsistence–agriculture context. Indicators of physical limitation from the 12-item short form questionnaire are used to parameterise limitations on daily living activities. We model age patterns of disability transitions with a discrete time hazard model, and use these rates to estimate the first microdata-based health expectancies calculated in SSA. FindingsThe risks of experiencing an onset of functional limitations due to poor health are high compared with developed contexts, and onset of functional limitations happens earlier in life. Women aged 45 years spend 58% (95% CI 55–64) of their remaining 28 years (25·7–33·5) with limitations; the figures for men are 41% (35–46) of 25·4 years (23·3–28·8) at age 45 years. Limitations have a substantial negative effect on individuals' labour activities, a major concern in this agrarian context. InterpretationThese results represent a substantial addition to knowledge about the ageing process in this least-developed setting. Functional limitations will be increasingly salient as the age composition shifts over the coming years, but the older population is largely left out of health-focused policies implemented in SSA. New strategies are needed to ensure that these ageing individuals are supported and to lessen high rates of physical limitation. FundingCFP is supported by the United States National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (Grant No. DGE-0822). We also gratefully acknowledge the generous support through the National Institute of Child Health and Development (grant numbers R03HD058976, R21HD050652, R01HD044228, R01HD053781), the National Institute on Aging (grant number P30 AG12836), the Boettner Center for Pensions and Retirement Security at the University of Pennsylvania, and the National Institute of Child Health and Development Population Research Infrastructure Program (grant number R24 HD-044964), all at the University of Pennsylvania.

Investigation of Options for a New Longitudinal Household Survey: Issues and Options Paper

We examine arguments for a new Longitudinal Household Survey (LHS) in New Zealand, and design and governance arrangements that would best realise the value of a new LHS. Other instruments such as cohort studies, cross-sectional surveys, the census and longitudinally linked administrative data will only go part way in filling the gap left by the end of SoFIE (Survey of Family Income and Employment Dynamics). There are some key areas of social science and policy focus, such as the dynamics, causes and consequences of poverty spells, that will only ever be clarified by data from an LHS. In addition, a purpose-designed LHS will enable a wide range of phenomena to be investigated in a multidisciplinary and household context using internationally comparable concepts that can be supplemented over time in response to emerging issues. The next step is to define a specific option for a new LHS, and evaluate prospective research and policy benefits against the costs.

Population and Poverty Dynamics in Rural Pakistan: Evidence from the Longitudinal Household Survey

Population Council Book SeriesVolume 1, Issue 1 p. 55-67 Free Access Population and Poverty Dynamics in Rural Pakistan: Evidence from the Longitudinal Household Survey G.M. ARIF, G.M. ARIFSearch for more papers by this author G.M. ARIF, G.M. ARIFSearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 April 2013 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2326-4624.2013.tb00008.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume1, Issue1Special Issue: Capturing the Demographic Dividend in Pakistan, Edited by Zeba A. Sathar, Rabbi Royan, and John BongaartsApril 2013Pages 55-67 RelatedInformation

Pathways into living alone in mid-life: diversity and policy implications.

This paper adopts a life course approach to investigate the pathways into living alone in mid-life in Britain and how these vary by gender and socio-economic status. The rise in the proportion of people living alone over the past three decades has been well documented. However, much of the focus of the existing literature has been on either people living solo in young adulthood or in later life. Mid-life has received surprising little scholarly attention, despite the fact that living arrangements in mid-life are changing rapidly, and that household composition and socio-economic circumstances in the period immediately prior to retirement are strongly associated with living arrangements and associated sources of support in later life. This paper therefore aims to fill this gap. We begin with a review of previous research on living alone and present a conceptual framework of the pathways into living alone in mid-life. Data from the United Kingdom Household Longitudinal Survey (UKHLS) are used to analyse the partnership and parenthood histories and socio-economic characteristics of those currently living alone in mid-life. The findings indicate that the dissolution of a marriage with children is the dominant pathway into mid-life solo-living, but that there is also a substantial group of never partnered men living alone. These never partnered men are split between those with low and high socio-economic status. Distinguishing between different groups of individuals living alone in mid-life is important for policy as these groups of men and women will have different social and financial resources as they enter later life. Mid-life men living alone who have not had children, have no educational qualifications, are not economically active and who live in rented housing are likely to be most at risk of needing a social and economic 'safety net' in old age.

Rural Income Inequality in Mo zambique: National Dynamics and Local Experiences

This study examines the drivers of income inequality in a rural, developing economy. The analysis uses data from a national longitudinal survey of rural households and a case study in Mozambique’s Limpopo River Basin and to investigate how economic integration affects income inequality within environmentally-embedded economies. Decomposition of the Gini coefficient finds increasing inequality of agricultural income at the national level. Qualitative findings suggest that economic change pressures smallholders to abandon traditional agricultural strategies, which increases environmental risk and contributes to higher inequality. Results indicate changing environmental-economic trade-offs are one mechanism behind rising inequality in rural societies integrating into the global economy.

Associated social factors of prevalent asthma in adults and the very old in the UK

Social determinants of asthma in adults and the very old have received little attention. Hence, it was aimed to examine social determinants of asthma in adults and the very old in a national population-based setting. Data were analyzed in the UK Longitudinal Household Survey, 2009-2010. Information on demographics, living and work conditions, self-reported ever asthma and age of onset was obtained by household interview. Regional difference was also examined. Analysis involved t-test and logistic regression modeling. Of 50 994 people included in the cohort, 6269 (12.3%) had ever asthma. In 2977 people, it occurred in the adulthood (16+ years) and only 91 people had their first asthma (incident asthma) at the age when they were interviewed. Education was borderline associated with asthma in the very old. In the young and middle-aged adults, however, birth place had a significant impact. Additionally, there was no regional difference in asthma prevalence across the entire UK.