Longitudinal Fibers Research Articles

Fabrication, Characterization and Release Profile of Aloe Vera Extracts/PVA Composite Electrospun Nanofiber

Aloe vera is a well-known remedy that carries many beneficial health effects such as painkiller, anti-inflammatory, promote skin growth and repair. The combination of bioactive natural product of aloe vera as a drug model and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the base material or carrier in the electrospinning process were studied. Smooth straight and continues electrospun fibers were collected with the Field Effect Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) images show no formation of bead (defect signed) in the electrospun membrane when the concentration was set at 10% w/w of PVA nanofibre. The morphological structure of the electrospun membranes shows a smooth and longitudinal fiber when aloe vera is mixed with the PVA polymer with percentage ratio of aloe vera over PVA is less than 25%. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) shows no reaction between PVA and aloe vera by not showing peaks other than the initial materials. The Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) proves the presence of aloin indicating the presence of aloe vera in nanofiber. The release profile of the electrospun aloe vera in PVA shows a higher initial burst release at the 50% and 70% concentration levels indicating very little control of the release or none at all. These results show the potential of aloe vera – PVA electrospun nanofibers membrane as a promising material for wound dressing and topical drug delivery.

Gross Anatomical, Histological, Histochemical and Scanning Electron Microscopic Examination of Glandular Stomach of Chinese Goose (Anser cygnoides)

Background: The digestive system is responsible for the intake, conversion and absorption of nutrients and the elimination of wastes from the body in order to provide the necessary energy for the continuation of vitality and functions. The aim of this study was to examine the glandular stomach of the Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) by histological, histochemical and scanning electron microscopic methods. Methods: The glandular stomachs of 12 (6 males and 6 females) healthy adult Chinese geese (Anser cygnoides) were used in the study. The tissues taken were subjected to routine histological procedures. Result: Gross anatomically, it was seen that the Proventriculus was a fusiform or spindle-shaped organ, extending along the median plane between the esophagus and the muscular stomach. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations revealed that the glandular stomach surface of Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) contained many mucosal folds. Parallel grooves and proventricular gland openings were observed between these folds. Histologically, it was observed that the glandular stomach wall of Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) consisted of four layers: tunica mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The tunica mucosa was observed to have lamina epithelialis, lamina propria and lamina muscularis sublayers. Single layer prismatic cells secreting mucus were found in the lamina epithelialis layer. These cells showed local Alcian Blue (AB) pH:2,5 positive reaction. Lamina muscularis consisted of longitudinal smooth muscle fiber bundles. Compound, branched tubular glands were observed in the submucosal layer. Again, a regional AB positive reaction was observed in the lumen-facing parts of the tubular glands. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive reaction was noted in the basal parts of the tubular glands. In Gordon-Sweet (GS) staining method, reticular threads easily distinguished in all areas where connective tissue present.

Differential neuromotor control of the vertical and longitudinal genioglossus muscle fibers: An overlooked tongue retractor

IntroductionThe genioglossus (GG) is known to be the main tongue protrusor, and therefore plays a major role in breathing. However, due to the fan shape of the GG fibers, it could be assumed that contraction of the anterior fibers of the GG do not cause tongue protrusion. In this study, we examined the effect of contraction of the anterior-vertical fibers of the GG (GGV) on the tongue and their EMG activity during wakefulness and sleep. The findings were compared to those of the longitudinal fibers (GGL), which, based on their orientation, are responsible for tongue protrusion. MethodsFine-wire electrode pairs were placed into the GGV and GGL in 11 patients with untreated OSA. Movement of the tongue during electrical stimulation at each site was videoed. The same electrodes were used to record EMG from both sites during respiratory stimulation by inspiratory loading and CO2 rebreathing during wakefulness. During sleep, repetitive flow limitation events were induced with low-level CPAP to augment GG activity. ResultsIn all participants, electrical stimulation of GGL and GGV protruded and retracted the tongue, respectively. Respiratory stimulation increased GG activity, but GGV reached only 39 % and 23 % of peak GGL activity during high resistive loading and PCO2 of 65 mmHg, respectively. Flow limitation during sleep increased GGL to levels that were considerably higher than awake baseline, but GGV activity remained tonic or with minimal phasic activity, reaching on average 15 % of GGL peak activity. ConclusionsOur electrical stimulation findings indicate that GGV is a tongue retractor and depressor. Tongue stimulation for OSA should avoid this area. The EMG results demonstrate that the anterior part of the GG is controlled very differently from the longitudinal protrusive fibers. The GGV responses are similar to those previously found in tongue retractors and peri-pharyngeal muscles other than the GG, in which diminished activation during sleep is likely to be involved in the failure of increasing GGL activity to alleviate flow limitation.

The Effect of Ratio of Fiber Bundles in the Textile Composite Layer

Abstract The article shows how the orthotropic material properties of the textile composite layer change if the ratio of longitudinal and transversal fiber bundles in the textile is modified in the case of a composite reinforced with plain weave textile. I determine the material properties using model-cell and finite element simulation. The density of the longitudinal fiber bundles is the same in each of the five examined layer models. I change the ratio of the fiber bundles of the textile by varying the distance of the transversal roving’s in each model.

Environmental Cues Facilitate Maturation and Patterning of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes.

Advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology allow for reprogramming of adult somatic cells into stem cells from which patient- and disease-specific cardiomyocytes (CMs) can be derived. Yet, the potential of iPSC technology to revolutionize cardiovascular research is limited, in part, by the embryonic nature of these cells. Here, we test the hypothesis that decellularized porcine left ventricular extracellular cardiac matrix (ECM) provides environmental cues that promote transcriptional maturation and patterning of iPSC-CMs in culture. Cardiac progenitor cells were plated on ECM or standard tissue plates (2D monolayer) for 30 days, after which CM orientation and single cell transcriptomics were evaluated using confocal imaging and singe cell RNA-sequencing, respectively. Cardiac progenitors differentiated on left ventricular ECM formed longitudinal fibers that differed quantitatively from progenitors differentiated in standard 2D conditions. Unsupervised clustering of single cell transcriptomics identified a CM cluster expressing a higher level of genes related to CM maturation. CMs differentiated on ECM were overrepresented in this cluster, indicating a bias toward CM maturation, compared to cells differentiated in standard 2D monolayer conditions. Our data suggest that environmental cues related to the left ventricular ECM may promote differentiation to a more mature CM state compared to cells differentiated on a standard 2D monolayer, while facilitating organization into longitudinal micro-fibers. Our study highlights the utility of ECM as a differentiation substrate to promote CM maturation and fiber orientation in vitro .

Material removal and damage formation mechanisms induced by periodic indentation during ultrasonic vibration-assisted scratching of SiCf/SiC composites

Fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) exhibit high hardness, brittleness, heterogeneity, and anisotropy. This study explores the material removal and damage formation mechanisms during ultrasonic vibration-assisted scratching of SiCf/SiC composites through experimental and micro-finite element simulations. The research reveals that high-frequency periodic indentation-separation of abrasive grain influences stress transfer and crack propagation, which are affected by the interfacial layer and fiber orientation. Crack deflection plays a crucial role in material removal and determines the amplitude of normal scratching force. Stress transfer interference primarily governs damage formation, with more severe damage occurring along the longitudinal and transverse fiber directions due to secondary stress concentration and crack deflection. In contrast, scratching along the perpendicular fiber direction requires higher normal forces due to residual adjacent phase materials, but results in more controlled material removal and less damage. The study provides insights into optimizing the ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining of CMCs to minimize damage.

Atomic force microscopy-based nanoindentation technique for characterizing the transverse and shear moduli of flax fibers

Experimentally evaluating the elastic properties of flax fibers is challenging due to their complex hierarchical structure, and a standard test procedure for measuring their transverse and shear moduli is currently not reported in the literature. Hence, this study presents an atomic force microscopy (AFM) based nanoindentation technique to evaluate the transverse and shear moduli of flax fiber. A high-precision focused ion beam (FIB)-milling process was used to fabricate a flat surface for indentation along the longitudinal fiber cross-section of the fiber and transverse fiber cross-section by polishing the unidirectional (UD) lamina in order to evaluate the indentation modulus. Further, Swanson's numerical contour approach was adopted to evaluate the elastic properties of the fiber from the measured indentation modulus. The accuracy of the experimentally obtained fiber properties is verified by using it in a micromechanics model for predicting the elastic properties of the UD lamina and comparing it with experimental results reported in the literature.

The Study of the Mechanical Strength of Polypropylene Filter Material for the Production of Disposable Respirators

Atmospheric air, which is a natural resource, significantly affects the health and disease level of the population [1, 2], as well as the quality of the environment [3, 4]. However, as a result of anthropogenic activity, the environmental condition of the air has a tendency of constant deterioration [5, 6]. The main anthropogenic source of atmospheric pollution is large industrial conglomerates, which include motor vehicles [7, 8]. Chemical pollution of the air on a global scale leads to the greenhouse effect, the appearance of acid rain [9, 10] and pollution of aquifers [11, 12], and as a result, an increase in diseases [13], pandemics [14]. The goal of the study is to investigate the relationship between the mechanical characteristics of polypropylene filter material and their deformation under external forces for stretching and determine the safe period of use of disposable respirators. Four types of samples have been used for experimental research. Operational properties were determined by three indicators: elongation from applied force, penetration coefficient by a test aerosol of paraffin oil, and air flow resistance in accordance with the requirements of the DSTU EN 149:2017 standard. The dependence of relative elongation on tensile force has been established for samples of Eleflen and Meltblown materials with an additional layer of coarse fiber material and without an additional layer. It has been shown that the presence of an additional layer increases the tensile force of the filter material sample by 1.5 times. It has been found that the longitudinal fibers of the filter material samples withstand 15 % more external force applied for stretching, allowing manufacturers to ensure the proper fit of respirator structural elements, which ensures a longer service life. Research results show that an additional layer of material increases the strength indicators of the main filter layer by 3 times. Scientific novelty lies in determining the relationship between the mechanical characteristics of polypropylene filter material for the production of disposable protective respirators and their protective properties and deformation under external forces by stretching. The practical value involves in determining the penetration coefficient, which ensures the appropriate protective efficiency of the respirator within the range of 0 to 10% elongation. The presence of an additional layer of coarse fiber material allows increasing this value based on the properties of the filter material (fiber thickness, packing density).

Radial compression performance of glass fiber reinforced polyurethane composite tube with open-hole

Glass fiber reinforced polyurethane matrix composite (GFRP) is a novel composite material. GFRP circular tubes are widely used in engineering because of its excellent mechanical properties. It is inevitable to open holes on GFRP circular tubes when connecting with other components due to the use requirements and structural needs. The radial compression test, theoretical analysis, and finite element calculation of GFRP circular tubes produced by the braiding-winding-pultrusion process are carried out, to study the influence of holes on the compression performance of tubes. The GFRP circular tube has four layers with different fiber angles. From the inner to the outer structure layer, they are the inner woven layer, winding layer, longitudinal fiber layer, and outer woven layer. The mechanical properties of a 0° unidirectional plate are better than those of a 90° unidirectional plate according to the mechanical properties test. The radial compression tests are carried out on GFRP circular tubes with a length of 300 mm, an outer diameter of 140 mm, and a wall thickness of 6 mm. The theoretical calculation of the bearing capacity of the GFRP circular tube under the radial compression load in the elastic stage and the failure stage is well matched with the bearing capacity obtained from the test. The theoretical calculation can effectively predict the bearing capacity of the GFRP circular tube. The radial compression test of GFRP tubes is simulated by ABAQUS, which is a finite element software. The good agreement between the finite element calculation results and the test results verifies the feasibility of the finite element. Based on the above research, finite element models are established for different types of GFRP circular tubes to study the influence of opening ratio on the load borne by GFRP circular tubes. The results show that the hole with the opening rate less than or equal to 1/10 has little effect on the load of the GFRP circular tube. This paper studies the influence of opening on the radial compression properties of GFRP tubes, which has certain reference value for the opening of composite tubes in engineering.

Investigation on 2D SiCf/SiC composite scribing mechanism by single- and double-grit

To validate the proposed removal mechanism of 2D SiCf/SiC composite, single- and double-grit scribing experiments were conducted on the fiber woven surface (WS) and stacking surface (SS) along the 0°, 45°, and 90°. The results indicate that transverse fibers mainly undergo shear, tensile, and bending fractures. The removal modes of normal fibers are shear and bending fractures. The longitudinal fibers are damaged by tensile (cut-in side) and bending (cut-off side) fractures, accompanied by fiber peel-off. The removal forms of the matrix include crack propagation, ductile scratch, powdery removal, and brittle peel-off. The order of scribing force is FSS0 > FWS45 > FSS90 > FWS0. The maximum and minimum scribing force occur on SS0 and WS0, respectively, due to the powdery removal of matrix and fibers + matrix peel-off. The 2nd grit scribes the matrix layer and fiber tip in a very low depth to cause powdery and ductile removal, which exhibit the different material removal mechanism with the 1st grit. The scribing damage formed by 1st grit greatly reduces the force required by the 2nd grit for the same material removal volume. The coupling effect among grits in multi-grit scribing and grinding cannot be ignored.

Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete One-way Slabs with Longitudinal Hollows

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete one-way slabs with longitudinal hollows. Hollow ratios (weight reductions) used in this work are 11.43% and 22.86%. Two longitudinal reinforcement ratios (ρ = 0.58 % and 1.03 %) and four steel fibers volumetric ratios (Vf = 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8%), were used. Results show that slabs with longitudinal hollows having weight reduction up to 22.86%, show reductions in strength (ultimate load) up to 32% and toughness (energy absorption) up to 45% and higher deflections compared to corresponding solid slabs. However, these reductions lowered to 27.5% and 24.5%, respectively using 0.8% steel fibers or 6.3% and 25.5%, respectively by increasing longitudinal reinforcement from 0.58% to 1.03%. Furthermore, increasing longitudinal reinforcement from 0.58% to 1.03% along with using 0.4% steel fibers in a hollow slab gives a strength gain of 17.5% with a reduction in toughness of only 9.8% compared to reference solid slab with 0.58% longitudinal reinforcement and 0% steel fibers. Results also showed that hollow slabs offer stiffer load-deflection behavior (lower deflections) and less maximum crack width as longitudinal reinforcement and/or steel fibers.

2D and 3D microstructural analysis of the iliotibial tract.

The fascial system has gained recognition for its integral role in connecting skin, superficial and deep fasciae, and underlying muscles. However, consensus on its microstructure depending on its topography remains elusive as well as its implications in clinical practices, such as reconstructive surgery and physiotherapy techniques. This study focuses on the iliotibial tract (ITT) implicated in the iliotibial band syndrome. The goal is to describe microstructural characteristics using classical 2D histology and cryogenic contrast-enhanced microcomputed tomography (cryo-CECT) such as the total thickness, number of layers, layer thickness, fibre orientation and tortuosity, according to the specific topography. The total thickness of the ITT varied across topographic regions, with the superior part being on average thicker but non-significantly different from the other regions. The inferior part showed heterogeneity, with the anterior region (AI) being the thinnest and the posterior one (PI) the thickest. The ITT exhibited 1-3 layers, with no significant differences among regions. Most commonly, it consisted of two layers, except for the antero-superior (AS) and antero-middle (AM) regions, which sometimes had only one layer. The posterior regions frequently had 2 or 3 layers, with the PI region having the highest mean (2.7 layers). The intermediate layer was the thickest one, varying from the AI region (0.368 mm ± 0.114) to the PI region (0.640 mm ± 0.305). The superficial layer showed regional variability, with the AS region being the thinnest. The deep layer appeared thinner than the superficial one. Fibre orientation analysis indicated that the intermediate layer mainly consisted of oblique longitudinal fibres, orientated downward and forward, while the superficial and deep layers had transversal or oblique transversal fibres. Cryo-CECT 3D observations confirmed these findings, revealing distinct orientations for different layers. Fibre tortuosity exhibited differences based on orientation. Transversal fibres (>65°) were significantly less tortuous than longitudinal fibres (<25°) and oblique intermediate fibres (25°-65°), aligning with 3D plot observations. This quantitative study highlights various microstructural characteristics of the ITT, offering insights into its regional variations. The analysis accuracy is increased due to the novel technology of cryo-CECT which emerges as a valuable tool for precise assessment of 3D fibre orientation and tortuosity. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the ITT structure, useful in clinical practices, such as reconstructive surgery and physiotherapy, and future research endeavours.

Biomimetic multi-channel nerve conduits with micro/nanostructures for rapid nerve repair

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) injuries often lead to significant sensory and motor impairments. Traditional artificial nerve conduits, lacking anisotropic structures, have been associated with prolonged repair time and failures in nerve regeneration. This study aimed to address these challenges by developing a novel approach for rapid repair of peripheral nerve injuries (PNI). A 3D oriented fibers scaffold featuring distinct radial (RFs) and longitudinal (LFs) fibers orientations was engineered using coaxial electrospinning and gas directional foaming techniques. This scaffold was then integrated with a shape memory conduit to form a directional multi-channel nerve conduit with micro/nanostructures. The results revealed that the grooved surface of the fibers significantly improved cellular directional guidance, effectively facilitating the migration of SCs from the periphery towards the center and from the base to the apex of the scaffold. In a rat model with a 10 mm nerve defect, the ND-PLATMC/LF ND-PCL scaffold significantly enhanced nerve regeneration and motor function recovery within 4 weeks. These results suggest the potential of this innovative scaffold for efficient repair of the nerve injuries.

Unveiling the mechanical role of radial fibers in meniscal tissue: Toward structural biomimetics

The meniscus tissue is crucial for knee joint biomechanics and is frequently susceptible to injuries resulting in early-onset osteoarthritis. Consequently, the need for meniscal substitutes spurs ongoing development. The meniscus is a composite tissue reinforced with circumferential and radial collagenous fibers; the mechanical role of the latter has yet to be fully unveiled.Here, we investigated the role of radial fibers using a synergistic methodology combining meniscal tissue structure imaging, a computational knee joint model, and the fabrication of simple biomimetic composite laminates. These laminates mimic the basic structural units of the meniscus, utilizing longitudinal and transverse fibers equivalent to the circumferential and radial fibers in meniscal tissue.In the computational model, the absence of radial fibers resulted in stress concentration within the meniscus matrix and up to 800 % greater area at the same stress level. Furthermore, the contact pressure on the tibial cartilage increased drastically, affecting up to 322 % larger areas. Conversely, in models with radial fibers, we observed up to 25 % lower peak contact pressures and width changes of less than 0.1 %. Correspondingly, biomimetic composite laminates containing transverse fibers exhibited minor transverse deformations and smaller Poisson's ratios. They demonstrated structural shielding ability, maintaining their mechanical performance with the reduced amount of fibers in the loading direction, similar to the ability of the torn meniscus to carry and transfer loads to some extent. These results indicate that radial fibers are essential to distribute contact pressure and tensile stresses and prevent excessive deformations, suggesting the importance of incorporating them in novel designs of meniscal substitutes. Statement of significanceThe organization of the collagen fibers in the meniscus tissue is crucial to its biomechanical function. Radially oriented fibers are an important structural element of the meniscus and greatly affect its mechanical behavior. However, despite their importance to the meniscus mechanical function, radially oriented fibers receive minor attention in meniscal substitute designs. Here, we used a synergistic methodology that combines imaging of the meniscal tissue structure, a structural computational model of the knee joint, and the fabrication of simplistic biomimetic composite laminates that mimic the basic structural units of the meniscus. Our findings highlight the importance of the radially oriented fibers, their mechanical role in the meniscus tissue, and their importance as a crucial element in engineering novel meniscal substitutes.

A phosphate glass reinforced composite acrylamide gradient scaffold for osteochondral interface regeneration

The bone-cartilage interface is defined by a unique arrangement of cells and tissue matrix. Injury to the interface can contribute to the development of arthritic joint disease. Attempts to repair osteochondral damage through clinical trials have generated mixed outcomes. Tissue engineering offers the potential of integrated scaffold design with multiregional architecture to assist in tissue regeneration, such as the bone-cartilage interface. Challenges remain in joining distinct materials in a single scaffold mass while maintaining integrity and avoiding delamination. The aim of the current work is to examine the possibility of joining two closely related acrylamide derivatives such as, poly n-isopropyl acrylamide (pNIPAM) and poly n‑tert‑butyl acrylamide (pNTBAM). The target is to produce a single scaffold unit with distinct architectural regions in the favour of regenerating the osteochondral interface. Longitudinal phosphate glass fibres (PGFs) with the formula 50P2O5.30CaO.20Na2O were incorporated to provide additional bioactivity by degradation to release ions such as calcium and phosphate which are considered valuable to assist the mineralization process. Polymers were prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and solutions cast to ensure the integration of polymers chains. Scaffold was characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) techniques. The PGF mass degradation pattern was inspected using micro computed tomography (µCT). Biological assessment of primary human osteoblasts (hOBs) and primary human chondrocytes (hCHs) upon scaffolds was performed using alizarin red and colorimetric calcium assay for mineralization assessment; alcian blue staining and dimethyl-methylene blue (DMMB) assay for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs); immunostaining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect functional proteins expression by cells such as collagen I, II, and annexin A2. FTIR analysis revealed an intact unit with gradual transformation from pNIPAM to pNTBAM. SEM images showed three distinct architectural regions with mean pore diameter of 54.5 µm (pNIPAM), 16.5 µm (pNTBAM) and 118 µm at the mixed interface. Osteogenic and mineralization potential by cells was observed upon the entire scaffold's regions. Chondrogenic activity was relevant on the pNTBAM side of the scaffold only with minimal evidence in the pNIPAM region. PGFs increased mineralization potential of both hOBs and hCHs, evidenced by elevated collagens I, X, and annexin A2 with reduction of collagen II in PGFs scaffolds. In conclusion, pNIPAM and pNTBAM integration created a multiregional scaffold with distinct architectural regions. Differential chondrogenic, osteogenic, and mineralized cell performance, in addition to the impact of PGF, suggests a potential role for phosphate glass-incorporated, acrylamide-derivative scaffolds in osteochondral interface regeneration.

Biological conduits based on spider silk for reconstruction of extended nerve defects.

The availability of appropriate conduits remains an obstacle for successful reconstruction of long-distance nerve defects. In previous sheep trials, we were able to bridge 6 cm nerve gaps with nerve conduits based on spider silk fibers with full functional outcomes. Here, we describe the first application of spider silk for nerve repair inhumans. Four patients with extended nerve defects (>20 cm) underwent nerve reconstruction by interposition of conduits that were composed of spider silk fibers contained in autologous veins. The longitudinal luminal fibers (approx.2500 fibers per graft) consisted of drag line silkfrom Trichonephila spiders. All patients were evaluated between 2and 10 years postreconstruction, clinically, and byneurography. In all patients, primary wound healing and no adverse reactions to the implanted spider silk material wereobserved. Patients regained the following relevant functions: protective sensibility, full flexor function with near-normal grasp and powerful function after microvascular gracilis muscle transfer, and key grip function and gross finger flexion after additional tenodesis. One patient with sciatic nerve reconstruction developed protective sensibility of the lower leg, foot, and gait, enabling normal walking and jogging. No neuroma formation or neuropathic or chronic pain occurred in any of the patients. For patients with extended peripheral nerve defects in the extremities, use of conduits based on spider silk fibers offers the possibility of restoring sensory function and protection from neuroma. This kind of nerve bridges provides new perspectives for the reconstruction of complex and long-distance nerve defects.

Effect of Consumption of Caffeinated Energy Drinks on the Myocardium of the Adult Male Albino Rat (A Histological and Morphometric Study)

Abstract Background Energy drinks are non-alcoholic beverages containing mainly caffeine. Chronic consumption of energy drinks may be associated with increased blood pressure, and cardiac work load, as well as, increased heart rate. Energy drinks consumption has been related to myocardial infarction in healthy young adult. Aim of the Work The aim of the present work was to study the harmful effect of energy drinks histologically and morphometrically, on the myocardium of the adult male albino rats. Material and Methods 20 Adult male albino rats aging 4-6 moths were divided randomly into two groups; Group I (Control group) which consisted of 10 male albino rats with free access to food (rat chew) and water and Group II (Experimental group): 10 male albino rats which received 3.75 ml/kg body weight red bull through oral gavage daily for 4 weeks with free access to food (rat chew) and water. At the end of experiment, rats werescarificed, and cardiac muscle was extracted and processed into paraffin blocks for light microscopic examination. Morphometric study and statistical analysis were done. Results The present work demonstrated that Red Bull induced several histopathological changes of the cardiac muscle. The results showed the cardiac muscle of rats with irregularities in the arrangement of fibers and wide spaces in between. Some cardiomyocytes showed areas of pale stained sarcoplasm, partial loss of the cross striations and ill-defined intercalated discs. Localized areas of hyaline degeneration and areas of tissue disruption were also noticed with less frequently localized coalesced cytoplasmic vacuoles. The nuclei of the cardiomyocytes appeared small, darkly stained, and pyknotic. Others were flattened and deeply stained. Congested, and thick walled blood vessels were also observed, with mononuclear cellular infiltrations. In Masson’s Trichrome sections, relative increase in collagen deposition between the cardiac muscle fibers was observed which was associated with focal fibrous degeneration. Examination of the semithin sections showed partial disruption of the cardiomyocytes. The nuclei of the cardiomyocytes were small, darkly stained with perinuclear degeneration. Some nuclei were eccentric, or with an irregular outline, and peripheral chromatin condensation. The characteristic finding was the presence of longitudinal wavy cardiac muscle fibers with relatively wide spaces in between and localized areas of partially lost cross striations and intercalated discs. Dilated, thick walled blood vessels was noticed between the bundles of cardiac muscle. Mononuclear inflammatory cellular infiltrations were also detected. Conclusion The present study demonstrated the degenerative and cardiotoxic effects of Red Bull as an example of energy drinks on the histological structure of the cardiac muscle.

Force model of ultrasonic empowered minimum quantity lubrication grinding CFRP

As a weight-reducing material in aerospace applications, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) requires precision grinding to ensure the accuracy and assembly of mating positioning surfaces. However, achieving low-damage machining of CFRPs remains challenging. Flood cooling reduces the mechanical properties, while dry grinding deteriorates the surface integrity, making minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) a viable alternative. However, nanolubricants struggle to penetrate the grinding area due to gas barrier obstruction. Consequently, a new CFRP grinding approach using multiangle 2D ultrasonic vibration-empowered nanolubricant MQL was proposed. An analytical force model is crucial for optimizing machining strategies and adjusting parameters. The aim is to reveal grinding mechanics and develop a force model under different ultrasonic and lubrication-cooling conditions. First, a uniform random fiber distribution model and a grinding wheel model were established, and the mechanical properties of the interface were predicted. Then, the intermittent grinding behavior and dynamic stiffnesses of the multiangle 2D ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding (UVAG) system were investigated based on the geometric kinematics of the grains' trajectory. Furthermore, based on the deformation deflection curve, bending fracture force models for 45°, 90°, and 135° fibers were established with different contact and boundary conditions. The material removal mechanisms of shear and tension-compression buckling in 0° CFRP grinding were revealed, and an elliptical contact normal force model was established. The interlayer shear in 45° CFRPs was analyzed. The longitudinal compressive matrix cracking and fiber shear fracture in the 90° CFRPs were elucidated. Fiber microbuckling and fiber bundle removal of 135° CFRPs were investigated. Finally, grinding force models with different fiber orientation angles (FOAs) were interconnected and experimentally assessed. Experimental assessments demonstrated that the grinding force model has acceptable estimation error and effectively captures the mechanics of CFRPs with different FOAs.

Biochemical and Histological Differences between Longitudinal and Vertical Fibres of Dupuytren's Palmar Aponeurosis and Innovative Clinical Implications.

Dupuytren's disease, a chronic and progressive fibroproliferative lesion of the hand, which affects the palmar fascia, has a recurrence rate after selective aponeurotomy of 20-40% at 5 years. This study focused, for the first time, on the microanatomical and histopathological characteristics of the longitudinal and vertical fibres (usually spared during surgery) in the aponeurosis with Dupuytren's disease, in different stages of the Tubiana's classification. Twelve human samples were collected and analysed by immunostaining, Total Collagen Assay, ELISA Immunoassay, and immunoblotting for the Von Willebrand factor, α-Sma, D2-40, CD-68, Total Collagen, Collagen-I and III, IL1β, TNF-α to analyse the blood and lymphatic vascularization, the amount and distribution of collagen, and the inflammation. The results show a progressive increase in the arterial vascularization in the vertical fibres (from 8.8/mm2 in the early stage to 21.4/mm2 in stage 3/4), and a parallel progressive decrease in the lymphatic drainage (from 6.2/mm2 to 2.8/mm2), correlated with a local inflammatory context (increase in IL-1β and TNF-α until the stage 2) in both the longitudinal and vertical fibres. The acute inflammation after stage 2 decreased, in favour of a fibrotic action, with the clear synthesis of new collagen (up to ~83 µg/mg), especially Collagen-I. These results clearly demonstrate the involvement of the septa of Legueu and Juvara in the disease pathology and the modifications with the disease's progression. A greater understanding of the pathology becomes fundamental for staging and the adequate therapeutic timing, to obtain the best morpho-functional result and the lowest risk of complications.

Geometrically exact 3D arbitrarily curved rod theory for dynamic analysis: Application to predicting the motion of hard-magnetic soft robotic arm

Magnetorheological elastomers are active materials which can be actuated by the applied magnetic field. Hard magnetic soft (HMS) materials, a type of magnetorheological elastomers, show great potential in the fields of biomedical engineering and soft robotics, due to their short response time, remote operation, and shape programmability. To exploit its potential, a series of theoretical frameworks of HMS rods have been developed, but they are mainly limited to the static rod models or classical curved rod models that fail to consider the effect of the “initial curvature” on the distribution of the stress. In this work, we develop a curved rod theory to predict the 3D dynamic motion of the rod-like HMS robotics under large deformation. Based on the geometrically exact rod theory, we include the heterogeneous initial length of the longitudinal fiber caused by “initial curvature” into our model and obtain the reduced balance equations of the HMS robotics. As a result, the “tension-bending” and “shear-torsion” coupling effects of curved rods emerge in the present model. A numerical implementation of our model based on the classical Newmark algorithm is presented. To validate our model, three numerical examples, including the dynamic snap-through behavior of a bistable arch, are performed and compared with the simulation or experiment results reported in literatures, which show a good agreement. Finally, we experimentally study the 2D and 3D static and dynamic motion of a quarter arc HMS robotic arm under an applied magnetic field of 10 mT, and our model gives a satisfactory prediction, especially for static deformation.