Longitudinal Contact Research Articles

The Longitudinal Effects of Intergroup Contact on Youth Attitudes Towards Ethnic Minorities and Constructive Societal Engagement

ABSTRACTGrowing empirical evidence demonstrates that intergroup contact has the potential to reap effects that go beyond prejudice reduction. Much of this evidence, however, is based on findings from cross‐sectional surveys. Building on the relatively smaller body of longitudinal intergroup contact research, we conduct a three‐time point survey amongst youth in Northern Ireland to determine whether frequent and good‐quality interactions with ethnic minority groups are associated with later reports on: (1) attitudes towards ethnic minorities, (2) prosocial behaviour towards ethnic minorities, and (3) civic engagement. Data were collected over the period of a school year amongst youth living in Belfast (n = 420, Mage; T1 = 14.9 years) and analysed using longitudinal path analyses and structural equation models in Mplus. Results demonstrate a lagged effect of higher‐quality contact on more positive attitudes towards ethnic minorities over the school year. There was also a lagged effect of more frequent contact on self‐reported prosocial behaviour in support of ethnic minorities. No lagged effects were observed of intergroup contact on civic engagement. Findings highlight the potential longitudinal effects of intergroup contact on attitudes and behaviours towards ethnic minorities.

Circular Spline Tooth Longitudinal Modification Design and Contact Analysis for Harmonic Drives with Short Flexspline

Harmonic drives (HDs) with short flexspline (FS) always suffer from small meshing areas and severe stress concentration caused by large cone angles when a short FS is assembled and loaded. To address this issue, a tooth longitudinal modification method for the circular spline (CS) with a double circular arc common-tangent tooth profile (DCTP) is proposed. Using neutral layer and envelope conjugation theories, a mathematical model of the conventional straight CS tooth was developed. A shaping cutter for this tooth profile was then designed through coordinate transformation and meshing principles. The proposed longitudinal modification for the CS was achieved by adjusting the cutter’s trajectory. A precise finite element model of the HD was developed, revealing that tooth longitudinal modification can reduce the maximum contact pressure by 69.6% and significantly increase the contact area for HDs with short FS. This work provides valuable technical references for improving the contact state of HDs with short FS.

Analysis of Scraper Conveyor Chain Dynamics under Falling Coal Impact Conditions

The scraper conveyor, essential for mechanized mining, operates in harsh underground environments and is subjected to severe impact loads from coal and rock falls. Such conditions can cause chain jamming, breakage, and other malfunctions, necessitating a detailed study of the system’s dynamic behavior under impact conditions. This study investigates the dynamic characteristics of a scraper conveyor’s chain drive system using a coupled ADAMS-EDEM simulation model. The model analyzes the effects of loaded coal piles on the conveyor’s dynamics during normal and impact conditions. Simulations show that loaded coal piles excite the scraper’s acceleration and sprocket rotation, with the greatest impact in the scraper’s running direction. Longitudinal impact and contact forces on the chain ring are more significant than in other directions under both no-load and loaded conditions. A strong linear relationship exists between the falling coal mass and longitudinal impact force. The coal pile causes prominent longitudinal vibration excitation while inhibiting the overall vibration of the chain drive system to some extent. The findings provide insights for identifying failure-prone areas under impact conditions and offer theoretical guidance for optimizing scraper conveyor design. This enhances mining efficiency and safety in coal operations.

Factors Associated with Medical Students' Attitudes About Cost-Conscious Care: A Mixed-Methods Multi-school Study.

Because physician practices contribute to national healthcare expenditures, initiatives aimed at educating physicians about high-value cost-conscious care (HVCCC) are important. Prior studies suggest that the training environment influences physician attitudes and behaviors towards HVCCC. To explore the relationship between medical student experiences and HVCCC attitudes. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of a multi-institutional survey. Medical students from nine US medical schools. A 44-item survey that included the Maastricht HVCCC Attitudes Questionnaire, a validated tool for assessing HVCCC attitudes, was administered electronically. Attitudinal domains of high-value care (HVC), cost incorporation (CI), and perceived drawbacks (PD) were compared using one-way ANOVA among students with a range of exposures. Open text responses inviting participants to reflect on their attitudes were analyzed using classical content analysis. A total of 740 students completed the survey (response rate 15%). Students pursuing a "continuity-oriented" specialty held more favorable attitudes towards HVCCC than those pursuing "technique-oriented" specialties (HVC sub-score = 3.20 vs. 3.06; p = 0.005, CI sub-score = 2.83 vs. 2.74; p < 0.001). Qualitative analyses revealed personal, educational, and professional experiences shape students' HVCCC attitudes, with similar experiences interpreted differently leading to both more and less favorable attitudes. Students pursuing specialties with longitudinal patient contact may be more enthusiastic about practicing high-value care. Life experiences before and during medical school shape these attitudes, and complex interactions between these forces drive student perceptions of HVCCC.

Longitudinal structural behavior of shield tunnel with large diameter and small curvature

The structural mechanism of a large-diameter curved tunnel is introduced in detail because no relevant calculation method is available. A longitudinal discontinuous contact model is established based on the newly built North Highway Tunnel in Shanghai, China. First, the load-spreading mechanism of circumferential joints was considered. Second, the distribution laws of the longitudinal internal force, settlement, and joint deformation of curved and straight tunnels under the same load were analyzed and compared. Finally, a model test is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the discontinuous contact model. The results indicated that with an increase in the radius of curvature, the maximum internal force and deformation decreased. The internal forces and deformations of straight and curved tunnels are quite different; therefore, the design method for a straight tunnel cannot be used in the design of curved tunnels. The overall and local deformations of the curved tunnel were affected by end displacement.

P146: How to introduce EDI principles to multigenerational programs?

Objective:The Time for Dementia (TFD) is an educational programme for healthcare students to learn from ‘experts by experience’ through longitudinal contact with a family affected by dementia. Since 2014, over 1,900 families have taken part. In December 2021, as a result of a student complaint about racism, expectations of inclusivity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) were examined and an anti-discriminatory practice plan for TFD was developed.One of the proposed outputs of this plan was the creation of a communique to outline the expectations on EDI for circulation to participant families and students in TFD. Several considerations were acknowledged to be important: i) Generational differences and expectations about anti-discrimination; specifically, the use of language; ii) The complexity of addressing this issue with people with dementia; who may have difficulties with recall or disinhibition due to their condition; iv) The need to enhance understanding of different perspectives and needs between families and students.Methods:The iterative development (January-September 2022) of the final communique included; 1.The formation of a working group including student inclusivity representatives and TfD families to develop the communique.2.A draft set of ‘inclusivity principles’ was created and feedback was sort from a sample of TFD participants independent of the working group (n=15).3.As a result of feedback, these principles were amended by the working group.4.The circulation of these inclusivity principles to the families taking part in TFD from July 2022.5.A qualitative research study was conducted on the reception of these principles (n=14).Results:This poster will present the communique that was developed, the results of the thematic analysis on its reception, and key reflections on its development.Conclusions:Universities have a responsibility to prevent and effectively deal with discrimination on placements and this includes educational programs with ‘experts by experience’. Educational programs with people with dementia and their carers, who are volunteers, not patients, need special consideration. While this marks the start of TFD engagement with EDI issues, we hope by sharing our experiences will offer inspiration and confidence to other educators in psychogeriatrics to engage with these issues.

Numerical modeling and design sensitivity of seismic behavior of UHPC-NSC bridge piers with the longitudinal grooved contact surface

Normal strength concrete (NSC) has low structural and durability resistance to meet the comprehensive performance requirements of modern construction. The reinforced concrete bridge column quickly degrades, particularly when exposed to environmental compartments, causing the concrete to deteriorate and the reinforcement to corrode. The phenomenon significantly reduced the durability and load-bearing capacity of the column, which impacted the functionality of the bridge and threatened its recovery operation. The superior behavior of advanced cementitious ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) has drawn increasing benefits among the construction industries. However, the high cost of UHPC has developed a concern that resulted in its small-scale application. Therefore, incorporating UHPC with NSC has the potential to balance the low performance of NSC and the economic cost of UHPC. Therefore. This study incorporates UHPC and NSC in a large-scale two-column bridge pier and investigates its seismic performance. The study aims to understand the general behavior, failure modes, and effect of design parameters of developed UHPC-NSC bridge columns with longitudinally grooved contact surfaces through finite element analysis. The pushover response of the UHPC-NSC two-column with a typical geometry and gravity load of a representative bridge was investigated. A comprehensive parametric study was carried out to evaluate the effect of interface groove geometry, longitudinal reinforcement ratios, core NSC compressive strength, and reinforcement grade on the characteristic behavior of the columns. The study shows that the capacity of the composite UHPC-NSC bridge column under gravity load is 11 % higher than the conventional NSC concrete. The UHPC-NSC column with 300 × 300 mm interface groove, reinforced with 4 % HRB500 longitudinal rebars, can sustain over 80 % of the peak capacity up to 5 % drift. A higher axial load ratio of up to 14 % can increase the capacity of the UHPC-NSC two-column by 75 %, which has a more significant impact than what is often observed on NSC piers.

Schleswig – a region of longitudinal language contact

The topic of this article is the structural similarity of neighbouring language varieties belonging to two different branches of the Germanic languages. The German-Danish border region (Schleswig/Sønderjylland) is characterized by longitudinal language contact between West and North Germanic varieties, which have developed common features not to be found in other varieties of these languages spoken outside the contact area. These shared features are the results of regional multilingualism, language contact, and/or of language shift(s). This paper focuses on syntactical convergences. Examples of different aspects of convergences are presented, covering mainly convergences from the North Germanic regional language of South Jutish to West Germanic varieties (Low German, North Frisian, and Standard German regiolect), and from Standard German to the Standard Danish variety spoken by members of the Danish minority on the German side of the border since 1920.

Research on vibratory & oscillatory coexistence nonlinear dynamics based on drum-subgrade coupling model

In order to provide theoretical basis for subgrade continuous compaction monitoring technology and intelligent compaction technology, it is urgent to study the nonlinear coupling dynamics of drum and subgrade in the process of vibratory and oscillatory compaction. In this study, a nonlinear coupling dynamic model of 6-degree-of-freedom vibratory drum-subgrade is proposed, which considers the elastoplastic characteristics of the subgrade during compaction. According to the geometric and physical relationship between the drum and the subgrade in the contact area, the longitudinal dynamic contact force coefficient is derived, which establishes the coupling relationship between the drum-subgrade vertical vibration and longitudinal oscillation. Combined with the evolution law of material properties of subgrade in actual compaction operation, the nonlinear dynamic behavior of coupling system in the whole compaction period is analyzed. The results show that the chaotic compaction state in the vertical direction of the drum may occur during the full compaction cycle, which is related to the excitation parameters of the drum. Furthermore, the excitation parameters are more sensitive to the longitudinal one-cycle vibration response of the system than the vertical vibration response. Through the response characteristics of the drum and the subgrade and the bifurcation diagram of the drum, it is proved that the proposed model can effectively simulate the longitudinal-vertical nonlinear coupling characteristics of the drum and subgrade, and can provide a premise for theoretical exploration for the vibratory & oscillation compaction mode.

Numerical Simulation of Ship-Pack Ice-Water Interaction and Motion of Pack Ice Based on CFD-DEM Method

When a ship sails in pack ice area, it not only collides with the ice but also interacts with the water, generating ship-generated waves. The role and influence of ship-generated waves on the ship-ice-water interaction have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, a numerical model with ship-generated waves is established using a coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Discrete Element Method (DEM), and an appropriate contact model is selected for numerical simulations. Meanwhile, a simplified numerical model without ship-generated waves is proposed. By comparing the simulation results under the same simulation conditions with and without ship-generated waves, the effects of ship-generated waves on the phenomena of ship-ice-water interaction, longitudinal and lateral contact forces between the ship and pack ice, and ice resistance are analysed, along with the underlying mechanisms. The results indicate that the ship-generated waves can mitigate and reduce the collision intensity and contact frequency between the ship and pack ice, resulting in a decrease in the contact forces and ultimately achieving a significant reduction in ice resistance. Furthermore, this mitigation effect becomes more pronounced with increasing ship speed.

Suspicion of child maltreatment: Knowledge and experiences with mandatory reports to social services among general practitioners in Denmark in 2019–20

BackgroundChild maltreatment has many consequences through the lifespan. The general practitioners (GPs) are in longitudinal contact with the family and can play an important role in identifying children in danger and reporting to the social services. ObjectiveTo explore how GPs manage suspicions of child maltreatment and to investigate potential demographic and geographic differences in reporting practices among Danish GPs. Participants and settingAll registered GPs in Denmark retrieved from Medcom, a state-financed non-profit organization. MethodsWe mailed a questionnaire to all registered GPs with demographics, experiences, knowledge, and attitudes in the context of child maltreatment. ResultsWe received 1252 completed questionnaires (response rate: 38 %). Most of the participants had suspected child maltreatment during their professional life (90 %) and had made a mandatory report (85 %). More than half had received feedback after the report (56 %) and said that their report led to action (56 %). Most GPs reported feeling confident in dealing with child maltreatment (79 %) and being willing to get involved in case of suspicion (8.9 on a 0–10 scale). We observed no geographical differences in reporting neither across the Danish regions nor among rural and urban practices, but GPs working in single practices made fewer reports to the social services. ConclusionsParticipant GPs in this study are aware of their role in child protection, have experiences with mandatory reports, and are willing to get involved. Possible areas for attention include collaboration and support between different settings, especially between GP practice, hospitals, justice sector, and social services.

The influence of AAR coupler features on estimation of in-train forces

Inadequate management of large in-train forces transferred through coupler systems of a railway train leads to running and structural failures of vehicles. Understanding these phenomena and their mitigation requires accurate estimation of relative motions and in-train forces between vehicle bodies. Previous numerical studies have ignored inertia of coupling elements and the impacts between couplers. Thus, existing models underestimate the additional dynamic variations in in-train forces. Detailed multi-body dynamic models of two AAR (Association of American Railroads) coupler systems used in passenger and freight trains are developed, incorporating coupler inertia and various slacks. Due to the modeling and simulation complexities involved in a full train model, with such details of coupler system, actual longitudinal train dynamics is not studied. A system comprising only two coupling units, inter-connecting two consecutive vehicles, is modeled. Considered system has been fixed at one end and an excitation force is applied at the other end, to mimic a relative force transmission through combined coupler system. Simulation results obtained from this representative system show that, noticeable influence in in-train forces are expected due to the combined effect of inertia of couplers and intermittent impacts between couplers in the slack regime. Maximum amplitude of longitudinal reaction force, transferred from draft gear housing to vehicle body, is expected to be significantly higher than that predicted using existing models of coupler system. It is also observed that the couplers and knuckles are subjected to significant longitudinal and lateral contact forces, due to the intermittent impacts between couplers. Thus, accurate estimation of draft gear reaction force and impact forces between couplers are essential to design vehicle and coupler components, respectively.

The Between-Person and Within-Person Effects of Intergroup Contact on Outgroup Attitudes: A Multi-Context Examination

The extensive literature on the contact hypothesis reports a positive association between intergroup contact and outgroup attitudes, yet it remains unknown whether this association reflects within-person (i.e., situational changes within individuals) or between-person (i.e., stable differences between individuals) effects. To investigate this question, we applied (random-intercept) cross-lagged panel models in two studies featuring different samples, measurements, and contexts. We found longitudinal contact–attitude associations in cross-lagged panel models, which cannot differentiate within-person and between-person effects. In random-intercept cross-lagged panel models, we identified between-person effects but not within-person effects. These results conflict with the contact hypothesis, which assumes that contact leads to intra-individual attitude change. We further investigated whether between-person effects represent spurious correlations caused by potential confounders (demographic characteristics, personality, and intergroup ideologies), but found that this was not the case. Our findings highlight the need to further investigate within-person effects and potential explanations of between-person differences in contact and attitudes.

Compressive behavior of ultra-high-performance-normal strength concrete (UHPC-NSC) column with the longitudinal grooved contact surface

This study presents the experimental investigation of the axial compressive behavior of the 23 circular base composite column specimens. The columns consist of core normal strength concrete (NSC) and outer surface ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). The parameters studied in the investigation are contact surface longitudinal groove thickness, hoop reinforcement spacing (volumetric ratio of shear reinforcement), and core NSC compressive strength. The influence of these parameters on the compressive behavior of the UHPC-NSC composite columns was reported and discussed. The test results indicated that increasing groove thickness and NSC compressive strength improved the compressive resistance of the composite columns. However, increasing the hoop reinforcement spacing shows no effect on the compressive resistance. An analytical model was proposed based on the experimental data to predict the compressive stress-strain relation of the novel UHPC-NSC composite column. Finally, the behavior of the composite columns was simulated using a 3-dimensional finite element model (FEM). Validations against the provided test results demonstrated that the FEM accurately predicted the compressive behavior of the UHPC-NSC composite columns.

Applying a homogeneous pressure distribution to the upper vertebral endplate: Validation of a new loading system, pilot application to human vertebral bodies, and finite element predictions of DIC measured displacements and strains

Image-based personalized Finite Element Models (pFEM) could detect alterations in physiological deformation of human vertebral bodies, but their accuracy has been seldom reported. Meaningful validation experiments should allow vertebral endplate deformability and ensure well-controlled boundary conditions. This study aimed to (i) validate a new loading system to apply a homogeneous pressure on the vertebral endplate during vertebral body compression regardless of endplate deformation; (ii) perform a pilot study on human vertebral bodies measuring surface displacements and strains with Digital Image Correlation (DIC); (iii) determine the accuracy of pFEM of the vertebral bodies.Homogeneous pressure application was achieved by pressurizing a fluid silicone encased in a rubber silicone film acting on the cranial endplate. The loading system was validated by comparing DIC-measured longitudinal strains and lower-end contact pressures, measured on three homogeneous pseudovertebrae of constant transversal section at 2.0 kN, against theoretically calculated values. Longitudinal strains and contact pressures were rather homogeneous, and their mean values close to theoretical calculations (5% underestimation).DIC measurements of surface longitudinal and circumferential displacements and strains were obtained on three human vertebral bodies at 2.0 kN. Complete displacement and strain maps were achieved for anterolateral aspects with random errors ≤0.2 μm and ≤30 μstrain, respectively. Venous plexus and double curvatures limited the completeness and accuracy of DIC data in posterior aspects.pFEM of vertebral bodies, including cortical bone mapping, were built from computed tomography images. In anterolateral aspects, pFEM accuracy of the three vertebrae was: (i) comparable to literature in terms of longitudinal displacements (R2>0.8); (ii) extended to circumferential displacements (pooled data: R2>0.9) and longitudinal strains (zero median error, 95% error: <27%). Circumferential strains were overestimated (median error: 39%).The new methods presented may permit to study how physiological and pathologic conditions influence the ability of vertebral endplates/bodies to sustain loads.

Tire-road friction coefficient estimation method design for intelligent tires equipped with PVDF piezoelectric film sensors

Intelligent tires, as an emerging technology, have great potential in real-time monitoring of tire-road contact information and new automotive active safety design. In this paper, a tire-road friction coefficient estimation method is proposed based on intelligent tire technology. First, an intelligent tire finite element model with the use of five PVDF piezoelectric film sensors attached to the inner liner of the tire is built using ABAQUS software, and the validity of the finite element model is verified by a piezoelectric intelligent tire test platform. Then, through the finite element analysis method and control variable method, the influence of sideslip angle on the voltage signal of each piezoelectric film under the rolling state of tire is analyzed, and when the sideslip angle is 4°, the influence of load, tire pressure, vehicle speed and slip ratio on the voltage signal of each piezoelectric film under the rolling state of tire is analyzed. Finally, based on the signal response analysis of the piezoelectric film sensors, the response mechanism of the predicted object and the linear correlation analysis, the input eigenvalues of each prediction model are extracted. The longitudinal contact patch length estimation model based on the numerical method and the sideslip angle, vertical force, lateral force and aligning moment estimation model based on the neural network algorithm are built, and the predicted parameters are input into the brush tire model to solve the tire-road friction coefficient. The result shows that the estimation error percentage of the friction coefficient estimation method without genetic algorithm optimization is 16.98%, and the estimation error percentage of the friction coefficient estimation method with genetic algorithm optimization is 5.14%, indicating that the genetic algorithm optimization effect is ideal, and the friction coefficient estimation method is practical. ● Developing an intelligent tire finite element model equipped with PVDF sensors ● Real vehicle test verifies the validity of the intelligent tire finite element model ● Analyzing the signal response of PVDF sensors under different working conditions ● Estimating the tire-road friction coefficient using intelligent tire system and brush tire model

Short pitch corrugation mitigation by rail constraint design

Short pitch corrugation is a quasi-periodic rail defect that induces a high level of noise and accelerates track degradation. This paper proposes a methodology to mitigate short pitch corrugation by rail constraint design, including four steps. In Step 1, corrugation is numerically reproduced by employing a three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) vehicle-track model with degraded fastenings. In Step 2, the corrugation initiation mechanism is identified by the operating deflection shapes (ODSs) approach. In Step 3, different types of rail constraints are designed and their effects on rail vibration modes are analysed. Then FE models of these rail constraints are built up and validated. In Step 4, rail constraint models from Step 3 are applied to the 3D FE vehicle-track interaction model and their effectiveness on corrugation mitigation is evaluated. The results indicate rail longitudinal compression modes and the induced longitudinal dynamic contact force dominate the initial differential wear and corrugation initiation. Based on this mechanism, a new rail constraint is designed in this work that can completely suppress longitudinal compression modes and significantly reduce the fluctuation amplitude of the longitudinal contact force so that corrugation can hardly initiate. This paper first points out a direction for field corrugation mitigation by strengthening the rail longitudinal constraint.

A novel local ellipse method for ellipse-based tangential contact model applied to wheel-rail contact

ABSTRACT In order to simplify wheel-rail rolling contact for engineering computation, it usually applies an ellipse-based tangential contact model to non-elliptical contact patch. This paper proposes a novel local ellipse method to reach this transition due to contact stiffness difference in elliptic and non-elliptical contact. The method is similar to STRIPES that regards the contact patch as some strips along the rolling direction and locating at the center of their respective virtual ellipses. However, it provides an alternative way for the determination of the local virtual ellipse using elliptic integral, normal contact pressure and longitudinal contact boundary. One novel aspect is the lateral curvature at each strip is solely determined and needs no additional modification. This method is combined with FaStrip and evaluated by CONTACT. It thus provides an efficient pre-process of simplified tangential contact model to be applied to non-elliptical contact in vehicle-track dynamics modelling and wheel-rail damage prediction.

Positive social factors prospectively predict younger epigenetic age: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study

ObjectivesPositive social factors may slow biological aging, but this has yet to be rigorously tested. This study investigated whether baseline levels or changes over time in social support and contact frequency prospectively predicted epigenetic age. MethodHealth and Retirement Study participants (N = 1912, 46.3 % male, aged 42–87 at baseline) reported longitudinal social support and contact frequency data up to 3 times between 2006 and 2016 and provided blood in 2016. Baseline levels (intercepts) and changes over time (slopes) in social support from and contact frequency with spouses, children, friends, and other family were outputted from multilevel models and used to predict epigenetic age, estimated from Horvath, Hannum, GrimAge, PhenoAge, and Dunedin Pace of Aging. ResultsIn models adjusted for demographic and health characteristics, higher baseline levels of support from and contact frequency with friends were prospectively associated with a slower Pace of Aging (support: p = .002; contact: p = 0.009) and a lower GrimAge (contact: p = .001). In addition, higher contact frequency with children at baseline was prospectively associated with a lower GrimAge (p < .001), and higher contact frequency with family at baseline and an increase in family contact over time was associated with a lower Hannum age (baseline: p = .005; slope: p = .015). ConclusionsPerceived support from and contact with close others, particularly friends, may have implications for healthy biological aging. Notably, the effect sizes for friends were comparable to the effect of body mass index on epigenetic age. Positive social factors were generally associated with second- and third-generation clocks, which may be more sensitive to psychosocial factors than first-generation clocks.

Development of ownership of patient care during clerkship.

Ownership of patient care is a concept that embodies a number of professionalism attributes and involves a feeling of strong commitment and responsibility towards patient care. Little is known about how the embodiment of this concept develops in the earliest stages of clinical training. The goal of this qualitative study is to explore the development of ownership of patient care in clerkship. Using qualitative descriptive methodology, we conducted twelve one-on-one in-depth semi-structured interviews with final-year medical students at one university. Each participant was asked to describe their understanding and beliefs with regards to ownership of patient care and discuss how they acquired these mental models during clerkship, with emphasis on enabling factors. Data were inductively analyzed using qualitative descriptive methodology and with professional identity formation as the sensitizing theoretical framework. Ownership of patient care develops in students through a process of professional socialization that includes enabling factors such as role modelling, student self-assessment, learning environment, healthcare and curriculum structures, attitudes of and treatment by others, and growing competence. The resulting ownership of patient care is manifested as understanding patients' needs and values, engaging patients in their care, and maintaining a strong sense of accountability for patients' outcome. An understanding of how ownership of patient care develops in early medical training and the associated enabling factors can inform strategies aimed at optimizing this process, such as designing curricula with more opportunities for longitudinal patient contact and fostering a supportive learning environment with positive role modelling, clear attribution of responsibilities, and purposefully granted autonomy.