Longevity Of Cells Research Articles

Telomerase inhibiting phytochemicals derived from Blumea eriantha for cancer treatment: A comprehensive computational analysis

BackgroundOne potential treatment target for cancer cells is telomerase, an essential enzyme involved in the longevity of cancer cells. Current cancer treatments targeting telomerase often involve synthetic drugs with significant side effects, necessitating alternative approaches such as plant-based therapeutics. This study investigates the anti-telomerase activity of twelve phytochemicals derived from Blumea eriantha for cancer treatment. MethodsWe examined the binding relationships between telomerase and the phytochemicals by performing molecular docking using Glide – Schrödinger, CB-Dock2 (Covalent Blind Docking 2), and Achilles Blind Docking. To further assess the interaction and stability of these phytochemicals and predict their behavior in a biological environment when targeting telomerase, we conducted molecular dynamic simulations using Desmond–Schrödinger. A comprehensive pharmacokinetic analysis using SwissADME and pkCSM (Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity by Computational Structure-based Models) supported these results by determining the drug-like qualities of these phytochemicals. The study further went on to identify synergistic treatment combinations using the Handy Recommendation Algorithm for Cancer Synergy (HRACS), where certain pairs of phytochemicals demonstrated enhanced anti-cancer efficacy against telomerase protein in A549 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, suggesting that combinatorial therapy techniques may have potential. ResultsAmong the phytochemicals evaluated, Tyrphostin AG494 demonstrated the highest binding affinity to telomerase, as evidenced by its lowest interaction energy, with a Glide – Schrödinger Docking Score of -8.802 kcal/mol and a CB-Dock2 and Achilles Blind Docking Score of -8.5 kcal/mol. The phytochemical also exhibited a robust binding affinity mediated by consistent magnesium metal ion interactions involving key residues such as Asp251, Asp252, Ile252, and Asp343, along with additional hydrogen bonding and water-mediated contacts that enhance its stability and selectivity. Furthermore, all the phytochemicals, except Quassimarin, demonstrated various drug-like ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) parameters and validated Lipinski's rule of five, Veber, and Egan drug-likeness rules. ConclusionTyrphostin AG494 is the most effective natural phytochemical for inhibiting telomerase, exhibiting excellent binding affinity and stability, strong ADMET properties, and a safe toxicity profile. Therefore, following experimental validation, Tyrphostin AG494 is the most suitable and prospective candidate for telomerase inhibition and cancer therapy.

Ferroptosis exacerbates the clonal deletion of virus-specific exhausted CD8+ T cells.

During chronic infection or tumorigenesis, persistent antigen stimulation contributes to the exhaustion of CD8+ T cells. Nevertheless, exhausted CD8+ T (TEX) cells still preserve certain effector function, and maintaining a reservoir of exhausted cells is of vital importance for virus elimination and tumor eradiation. Despite considerable work interrogating the rejuvenation of TEX cells, mechanisms underpinning the clonal deletion of TEX cells remain largely unexplored over the past decade. In this study, we employed mouse models of LCMV infection to demonstrate that excessive accumulation of lipid peroxidation rendered virus-specific TEX cells to ferroptosis, which may correlate with enhanced mitochondria-derived oxidative stress and compromised activity of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). In addition, either incomplete or complete ablation of GPX4 resulted in exacerbated ferroptosis and aggravated shrunken population of virus-specific TEX cells. On the other hand, inhibiting ferroptosis via administration of a ferroptosis inhibitor or overexpression of GPX4 greatly rectified the cell loss of virus-specific TEX cells. Collectively, we disclosed ferroptosis as a crucial player in the clonal deletion of virus-specific TEX cells and stressed the intervention of ferroptosis as a promising approach to optimize the longevity of virus-specific TEX cells.

A novel approach to enhance performance, stability and longevity of the solar cells by mitigating UV-induced degradation with monolayer − Boosted nano-TiO2 coatings

This study investigates the potential of 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane (FOTS) coated titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (FOTS + TiO2) to protect silicon solar cells from UV radiation damage. UV induced damages significantly reduces efficiency and lifespan, and causes environmental issues such as corrosion and water ingress. FOTS + TiO2 layers were applied onto sheets of ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) using a cost-effective dip-coating process. We prepared PV mini-devices with single, double, and triple coatings by dipping the EVA sheets multiple times in a solution of isooctane and FOTS + TiO2, with intervals of a few minutes between dips. The characteristics and integrity of the FOTS + TiO2 nanoparticles and their coatings on EVA substrates were analyzed using advanced microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. Our investigation revealed that a single dip coating of FOTS + TiO2 effectively covered the surface, while double and triple coatings led to agglomeration. The presence of TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced UV radiation absorption, reducing the transmission of UV radiation to the solar cells. The PV mini-devices were tested using both standard and accelerated solar simulators. The application of FOTS + TiO2 coatings demonstrated promising stability improvements, with single and double-coated PV mini-devices showing stability increases of 34 % and 29 %, respectively. Notably, the use of FOTS + TiO2 coatings extended the durability of the solar cells from 4.1 years to 5.6 years (minimum). These findings suggest that FOTS + TiO2 coatings offer a cost-effective and efficient method for enhancing the stability, fill factor, and longevity of silicon solar cells.

Accelerating sulfur redox kinetics by rare earth single-atom electrocatalysts toward efficient lithium–sulfur batteries

Toward practical lithium−sulfur (Li−S) batteries, there is a pressing need to improve the rate performance and longevity of cells. Herein, we report developing a cathode electrocatalyst Lu SA/NC, capable of accelerating sulfur redox kinetics with a high specific capacity of 1391.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, and a low-capacity fading rate of 0.049 % per cycle over 1000 cycles even with a high sulfur loading (5.96 mg cm−2). The unparalleled cathodes are built upon the unique structure in which single-atoms of rare earth metals are doped in nitrogen-doped porous carbon (RM SAs/NC). The theoretical and experimental studies reveal that the rare earth Lu atom has an unrivaled adsorption capacity for polysulfides and can promote facile deposition and dissolution reactions in charge-discharge processes. The in-situ Raman experiments provide direct evidence for its promotion of polysulfide transformation to eliminate the shuttle effect. The theoretical calculations suggest that the presence of f-d-p hybridization enables accelerating sulfur reduction kinetics and enhancing lithium−sulfur battery performance. The strategic paradigm introduced in this study underscores significant practical potential in the exploration of rare earth single-atom catalysts for high performance Li−S batteries.

Shear-thinning hydrogel for allograft cell transplantation and externally controlled transgene expression

This work establishes the design of a fully synthetic, shear-thinning hydrogel platform that is injectable and can isolate engineered, allogeneic cell therapies from the host. We utilized RAFT to generate a library of linear random copolymers of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and 2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl azlactone (VDMA) with variable mol% VDMA and degree of polymerization. Poly(DMA-co-VDMA) copolymers were subsequently modified with either adamantane (Ad) or β-cyclodextrin (Cd) through amine-reactive VDMA to prepare hydrogel precursor macromers containing complementary guest-host pairing pendant groups that, when mixed, form shear-thinning hydrogels. Rheometric evaluation of the hydrogel library enabled identification of lead macromer structures comprising 15 mol% pendants (Ad or Cd) and a degree of polymerization of 1000; mixing of these Ad and Cd functionalized precursors yielded hydrogels possessing storage modulus above 1000 Pa, tan(δ) values below 1 and high yield strain, which are target characteristics of robust but injectable shear-thinning gels. This modular system proved amenable to nanoparticle integration with surface-modified nanoparticles displaying Ad. The addition of the Ad-functionalized nanoparticles simultaneously improved mechanical properties of the hydrogels and enabled extended hydrogel retention of a model small molecule in vivo. In studies benchmarking against alginate, a material traditionally used for cell encapsulation, the lead hydrogel showed significantly less fibrous encapsulation in a subcutaneous implant site. Finally, this platform was utilized to encapsulate and extend in vivo longevity of inducible transgene-engineered mesenchymal stem cells in an allogeneic transplant model. The hydrogels remained intact and blocked infiltration by host cells, consequently extending the longevity of grafted cell function relative to a benchmark, shear-thinning hyaluronic acid-based gel. In sum, the new synthetic, shear-thinning hydrogel system presented here shows potential for further development as an injectable platform for delivery and in situ drug modulation of allograft and engineered cell therapies.

Mapping Spatial Strain Distribution and Its Effects on Optoelectronic Properties in Wrinkled Perovskite Films.

Organic-inorganic halide perovskite films, fabricated by using the antisolvent method, have garnered intense attention for their application in high-efficiency and stable solar cells. These films characteristically develop periodic wrinkled microstructures. Previous research has indicated that macroscopic residual strain significantly influences the optoelectronic behaviors of these films. However, the detailed interplay between the wrinkled morphology, strain distribution, and local photophysical properties at the micro- and nanoscale has not been fully elucidated. Here, we explore the microscopic morphology-strain-property relationship within wrinkled perovskite films employing correlative micro-optical and nanoelectrical microscopy techniques. Microphotoluminescence (PL) mapping supplemented by in situ strain PL measurements identifies a heterogeneous spatial strain distribution across the microstructural hills and valleys. Additionally, light-intensity-dependent photoconductive atomic force microscopy reveals that valleys experiencing less compressive strain exhibit a lower conductivity and a higher propensity for ion migration. The findings underscore the potential of targeted strain engineering to optimize the performance and longevity of perovskite solar cells.

Effect of Electrolyte Concentration on the Efficiency of Electrochemical Cells in India

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of electrolyte concentration on the efficiency of electrochemical cells in India. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study found that higher electrolyte concentrations generally enhance the conductivity of the cell, which improves the overall cell efficiency by facilitating the movement of ions between the electrodes. This results in a reduction in internal resistance, leading to a more efficient electrochemical reaction. Conversely, low electrolyte concentrations can hinder ion transport, increasing resistance and decreasing the efficiency of the cell. Additionally, optimal electrolyte concentration ensures a stable electrochemical environment, minimizing side reactions and enhancing the durability and performance of the cell. Therefore, maintaining an appropriate electrolyte concentration is crucial for maximizing the efficiency and longevity of electrochemical cells used in various applications, including energy storage and conversion technologies. Implications to Theory, practice and policy: Nernst equation, butler- Volmer equation and grotthuss mechanism may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the effect of electrolyte concentration on the efficiency of electrochemical cells in India. Based on empirical findings, manufacturers should focus on developing and commercializing electrolyte formulations that are optimized for specific cell types and applications. Policymakers should develop and enforce standards and guidelines for the optimal electrolyte concentrations in different types of electrochemical cells.

Unraveling the Degradation Mechanisms of Perovskite Solar Cells under Mechanical Tensile Loads.

The short longevity of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the major hurdle toward their commercialization. In recent years, mechanical stability has emerged as a pivotal aspect in enhancing the overall durability of PSCs, prompting a myriad of strategies devoted to this issue. However, the mechanical degradation mechanisms of PSCs remain largely unexplored, with corresponding studies mainly limited to perovskite single crystals, neglecting the complexity and nuances present in PSC devices based on polycrystalline perovskite thin films. Herein, we reveal the underlying mechanisms of the mechanical degradation of formamidinium-based PSCs, which are the most prevalent high-performance PSC candidates. Under uniaxial tensile loads, we found that the degradation is mainly attributed to the sequential increase in the density of micropores and halide defects within the perovskite films. This phenomenon is consistent across various perovskite compositions and environmental conditions. Our findings elucidate mechanistic insights for more targeted mitigation strategies aimed at addressing the mechanical degradation of PSC devices.

Confocal Raman Microscopy – Shedding Light on the Ionomer Properties of PFSA Membranes

Perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) polymers are the state-of-the-art material for the proton exchange membrane (PEM) in various electrochemical energy conversion devices, e.g., PEM fuel cells, PEM water electrolyzers, or redox flow batteries, combining chemical and mechanical durability with high proton conductivity.The most prominent example of a PFSA material is NafionTM, which is a so-called long side chain (LSC) ionomer due to its comparably long side chain between the polymer backbone and the charged sulfonyl end group. On the other hand, short side chain (SSC) ionomers like Aquivion® and 3M Ionomer or composite membranes are promising approaches to improve performance in harsh conditions, such as low humidity or high operating temperatures.1 SSC PEMs feature increased water uptake, proton conductivity,2 and crystallinity3 compared to LSC PEMs. Composite PEMs can be specifically tailored to the required operating conditions by carefully designing the interlayers or additives. As the performance and longevity of electrochemical cells are a delicate convolution of various (composite) membrane properties and parameters, a method for evaluating ionomer membrane properties is crucial for rationally engineering optimized PEMs.Here, we use confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) to investigate application-relevant properties of PFSA PEMs and for high-resolution imaging of composite membranes.4 Thus, the high spatial resolution of confocal optical microscopy and the chemical sensitivity of Raman scattering are combined in a single measurement approach. NafionTM, 3M Ionomer, and Aquivion® at varying equivalent weights (EW) feature distinctive Raman spectra (Fig. 1) that show characteristic spectral changes depending on the ionomer’s side chain structure and EW. We show that the EW of these PFSA types can be reliably measured using Raman spectroscopy. Further, parameters such as swelling, ionizable group content, and water uptake can be quantified by CRM non-destructively and contact-free. The diffraction-limited resolution of CRM of less than 2 µm enables a view of the local distribution of these properties and, therefore, allows to image and analyze composite membranes. In summary, we comprehensively study ionomer properties of (composite) membranes and establish CRM as a powerful platform for characterizing advanced PEMs for electrochemical energy deviceReferences A. S. Aricò, A. Di Blasi, G. Brunaccini, F. Sergi, G. Dispenza, L. Andaloro, M. Ferraro, V. Antonucci, P. Asher, S. Buche, D. Fongalland, G. A. Hards, J. D. B. Sharman, A. Bayer, G. Heinz, N. Zandonà, R. Zuber, M. Gebert, M. Corasaniti, A. Ghielmi and D. J. Jones, Fuel Cells, 10(6), 1013–1023 (2010).Y.-C. Park, K. Kakinuma, H. Uchida, M. Watanabe and M. Uchida, Journal of Power Sources, 275, 384–391 (2015).K. D. Kreuer, M. Schuster, B. Obliers, O. Diat, U. Traub, A. Fuchs, U. Klock, S. J. Paddison and J. Maier, Journal of Power Sources, 178(2), 499–509 (2008).M. Maier, D. Abbas, M. Komma, M. S. Mu'min, S. Thiele and T. Böhm, Journal of Membrane Science, 669, 121244 (2023). Figure 1

Investigating the properties of nanoparticles from heveabrasiliensis shell for coolant application in PEMFCs

Extensive consumption of petroleum-based products, which has resulted in energy depletion, prompted a need to seek alternative and renewable means of transportation. PEMFCs can achieve high power density, low operating temperatures, rapid start-up, and clean energy, making them ideal for transportation. Several studies have demonstrated that conventional cooling agents, such as water or water with ethylene glycol, do not dissipate heat efficiently in PEMFCs, resulting in deteriorating performance and a shortened operational lifespan over time. The incorporation of bio-sourced nanofluids as an alternative coolant for Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells is the newest venture to take over PEM fuel cell development. Utilizing bio-sourced nanofluids is being evaluated for elevating the heat conduction and decreasing the electrical conductivity of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The objective of this article is to investigate Hevea brasiliensis Shell (HBS)-based nanofluids dispersed in water and Ethylene glycol (EG) at varying concentrations of 0.1 vol%, 0.3 vol%, and 0.5 vol% by paying attention to improving heat transfer, extracting high electrical output, reducing pump loss, and increasing the longevity of cells. As an adverse effect, incorporating HBS at a 0.5 % volume concentration within an 80:20 mixture of water and ethylene glycol (W:EG) resulted in an 8 % improvement in heat transfer and a 77 % increase in electrical conductivity when compared to W:EG (80:20), which is promising as a pertinent cooling technique for PEMFC stacks.

Residual Stress Mitigation in Perovskite Solar Cells via Butterfly-Inspired Hierarchical PbI2 Scaffold.

Residual stress in metal halide perovskite films intimately affects the photovoltaic figure of merit and longevity of perovskite solar cells. A delicate management of the crystallization kinetics is critical to the preparation of high-quality perovskite films. Only very limited methods, however, are available to regulate the residual stress of a perovskite film in a controllable manner, particularly for a perovskite film fabricated by a two-step method. Here, we demonstrate the construction of a hierarchical PbI2 scaffold inspired by Archaeoprepona demophon butterfly by combining an interlayer guided growth of porous structure and nanoimprinting. The hierarchically structured PbI2 that emulates the physical structure of the butterfly wing scale permits unimpeded permeation of organic amine salts and sufficient space for volume expansion during the crystallization process, accompanied by preferential perovskite growth of a defectless (001) crystal plane. The optimized perovskite film outperforms the control with reduced residual stress and defect density. Consequently, perovskite solar cells with a respectable power conversion efficiency reaching 23.4% (certified 23%) and an impressive open-circuit voltage of 1.184 V can be achieved. The target device can maintain 80% of initial efficiency after maximum power point tracking under illumination for 700 h. This work expands the range of engineering toward PbI2 by exploring a simultaneously tailored morphology and crystallinity and highlights the significance of a hierarchical PbI2 scaffold as an alternative choice to mitigate residual stress in a two-step processed perovskite active layer and boost the longevity of perovskite solar cells.

Multi‐Functional Interface Passivation via Guanidinium Iodide Enables Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

AbstractPerovskite solar cells have become a leading contender in next‐generation photovoltaic technologies due to their high efficiency and low‐cost potential. Managing the deep defects present effectively in the crystal lattice and at the interfaces is essential for enhancing the performance and longevity of perovskite solar cells. Here, perovskite's crystallization modulation and interfacial defect passivation are achieved by developing a guanidinium iodide (GAI)‐based surface passivation strategy. The integration of GAI passivates the grain boundaries, leading to a perovskite thin film with a smoother and more uniform grain distribution, facilitating charge carrier transport. Notably, the ammonium group, unsaturated nitrogen atoms, and iodide ions in GAI can collectively repair the surface defects of perovskite through various pathways, effectively suppressing non‐radiative recombination, thereby enhancing the photovoltaic performance of the device. Ultimately, the champion device treated with GAI achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.02% and demonstrates similar ambient stability under unencapsulated conditions. These findings underscore the effectiveness of GAI passivation as a strategy to balance the improvement of the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells.

Highly Stretchable Polyurethane Porous Membranes with Adjustable Morphology for Advanced Lithium Metal Batteries.

A highly flexible, tunable morphology membrane with excellent thermal stability and ionic conductivity can endow lithium metal batteries with high power density and reduced dendrite growth. Herein, a porous Polyurethane (PU) membrane with an adjustable morphology was prepared by a simple nonsolvent-induced phase separation technique. The precise control of the final morphology of PU membranes can be achieved through appropriate selection of a nonsolvent, resulting a range of pore structures that vary from finger-like voids to sponge-like pores. The implementation of combinatorial DFT and experimental analysis has revealed that spongy PU porous membranes, especially PU-EtOH, show superior electrolyte wettability (472%), high porosity (75%), good mechanical flexibility, robust thermal dimensional stability (above 170 °C), and elevated ionic conductivity (1.38 mS cm-1) in comparison to the polypropylene (PP) separator. The use of PU-EtOH in Li//Li symmetric cell results in a prolonged lifespan of 800 h, surpasing the longevity of PU or PP cells. Moreover, when subjected to a high rate of 5 C, the LiFePO4/Li half-cell with a PU-EtOH porous membrane displayed better cycling performance (115.4 mAh g-1) compared to the PP separator (104.4 mAh g-1). Finally, the prepared PU porous membrane exhibits significant potential for improving the efficiency and safety of LMBs.

Sodium caseinate as a strategy for remote equine semen cryopreservation

The objective of this study was to determine whether the addition of sodium caseinate in different concentrations to the freezing extender medium favors sperm viability after a long period of refrigeration. For this, three concentrations of sodium caseinate were used, 0, 1 and 2%, in the cryopreservation medium, and the ejaculates were divided into nine groups 0H/0%, 0H/1%, 0H/2%, 12H/0%, 12H/1%, 12H/2%, 24H/0%, 24H/1% and 24H/2%. The stallions underwent reproductive evaluation, being included only those with sperm motility ≥ 70%. Fluorescent probes, hypoosmotic (HOST) and thermoresistance (TTR) tests were used to evaluate the functionality of the plasma membrane and the longevity of sperm cells, respectively. There was no difference (p>0.05) between groups for membrane integrity. However, for the TTR, it was possible to observe a difference (p<0.05) for the 24H/2% group, with a lower response. The integrity of the plasma membrane, compared to the refrigeration time and the concentration of sodium caseinate, did not change. Therefore, it was concluded that sperm longevity was impaired with the use of a 2% concentration of sodium caseinate, and its use is not recommended for sending refrigerated semen, for insemination or freezing, that exceeds 12 hours.

Bandgap-universal passivation enables stable perovskite solar cells with low photovoltage loss.

The efficiency and longevity of metal-halide perovskite solar cells are typically dictated by nonradiative defect-mediated charge recombination. In this work, we demonstrate a vapor-based amino-silane passivation that reduces photovoltage deficits to around 100 millivolts (>90% of the thermodynamic limit) in perovskite solar cells of bandgaps between 1.6 and 1.8 electron volts, which is crucial for tandem applications. A primary-, secondary-, or tertiary-amino-silane alone negatively or barely affected perovskite crystallinity and charge transport, but amino-silanes that incorporate primary and secondary amines yield up to a 60-fold increase in photoluminescence quantum yield and preserve long-range conduction. Amino-silane-treated devices retained 95% power conversion efficiency for more than 1500 hours under full-spectrum sunlight at 85°C and open-circuit conditions in ambient air with a relative humidity of 50 to 60%.

Design and Optimization of Accumulator Pack

For an electric scooter, a lithium-ion battery with a Acro Butyl-nitrate (ABS) temperature management system was developed. Without the use of active cooling components like a fan, a blower, or a pump used in air/liquid-cooling systems, passive thermal management systems employing ABS can regulate the temperature excursions and maintain temperature uniformity in Li-ion batteries. Therefore, this new type of thermal management system can provide the benefits of a small, light, and energy-efficient system. The simulation results for a Li-ion battery sub-module with twenty 18650 Li-ion cells encased in ABS and a melting point of 114 to 120 °C are displayed. There are many important advantages to using aluminium fins manufactured from 0.7mm thick aluminium sheet between the battery cells in an accumulator pack. The relevance of them is explained in the following ways: Accumulator packs, particularly those used in high-power applications like scooters, can produce large amount of heat when in use. The performance, longevity, and safety of battery cells are all significantly impacted by heat. Aluminium fins serve as heat sinks and enhance heat dissipation by boosting the amount of heat-transfer surface area. Heat can be effectively transferred from the cells to the fins thanks to the thin aluminium sheet. Temperature Control: Battery cell efficiency and longevity depend on maintaining their temperature within a favorable range. By releasing more heat, aluminium fins assist in controlling the temperature. The fins aid in preventing overheating and preserving a more constant operating temperature by efficiently draining heat from the cells. Thermal Uniformity: The accumulator pack's thermal uniformity is enhanced by the inclusion of aluminium fins between the battery cells. Variations in cell temperature can cause performance imbalances and lower pack efficiency because uneven heat distribution can cause temperature differences among the cells. The fins aid in the even distribution of heat throughout the cells, reducing temperature variations and fostering consistent performance. Reduced Hotspots: Hotspots are small, high-temperature regions inside a battery pack that can hasten degradation and pose safety issues. Aluminium fins aid in heat dissipation, which reduces the development of hotspots. The fins' increased surface area enables more effective heat transport, which lowers the possibility of localized temperature accumulation. Improved Safety: Effective heat dissipation with aluminium fins can aid in accumulator packs' increased safety. Battery cells may experience thermal runaway or other dangerous situations as a result of high temperatures. The risk of thermal incidents is decreased by maintaining lower cell temperatures, improving operational safety in general. It's crucial to remember that parameters like spacing, size, and overall pack should be taken into account while designing and using aluminium fins. Additionally, by lowering the amount of heat that is released into the environment, liquid cooled heatsinks can be utilised to lessen the environmental effect of electronic equipment. The following are some benefits of employing liquid-cooled heatsinks: ● more efficient at cooling than heatsinks that use air cooling ● can be used to enhance the functionality and dependability of electronic equipment ● can be used to lessen how harmful electrical devices are to the environment. The following are some drawbacks of employing liquid-cooled heatsinks: ● more expensive than heatsinks that are air-cooled. ● more difficult to install and keep up ● Tend to leak more frequently. Keywords — CFD, 18650,ABS ,ALUMINUM FINS ,DRIVE CYCLE MODELS,EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL.

Transient modeling of a solid oxide fuel cell using an efficient deep learning HY-CNN-NARX paradigm

Control and monitoring systems are crucial for ensuring optimal performance, efficiency, and longevity of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). Developing a model to accurately capture the transient behavior of the SOFC under dynamic operation is essential for these applications. As electrochemical, mass-transfer, and thermal equations are involved in SOFCs’ dynamic, physics-based approaches to capture all the complexity of SOFC systems are often too computationally expensive for real-time implementation. In this paper, an innovative multi-input neural network is developed to build an accurate model of SOFC that is computationally efficient. The proposed algorithm uses experimental data and is a modified nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) network. An optimal sequence of the most recent observations (output voltages) that characterize the SOFC dynamics is passed through stacked 1D convolutional layers (CNN) to extract latent spatial/temporal information. Then the output is concatenated with current and past exogenous inputs. The fusion of learned features, representing the internal dynamics and the effect of exogenous inputs, is then fed to a fully connected network for one-step ahead performance prediction. This hybrid structure, called HY-CNN-NARX, is capable of identifying the transient dynamics of the SOFCs by unrolling information from historical outputs and inputs within a feedforward framework. To evaluate the model performance, lab-scale tubular SOFCs are experimentally tested at 650–750 °C under various dynamic operations and initial conditions, and the transient and steady-state responses of the SOFC are collected. Once the model is validated using a wide operating range of data, the generalization and prediction performance of the proposed network is compared with a conventional NARX and a recurrent stacked Long short-term memory (LSTM) model. The comparative results demonstrate that the proposed HY-CNN-NARX model outperforms the NARX model on unseen data with an accuracy improvement of 59.2% for root mean square error and 53.7% for mean absolute percentage error. In addition, the prediction performance of the HY-CNN-NARX is comparable to its recurrent counterpart, the LSTM model, but with a 39.3% faster execution time.

CPE-Na-Based Hole Transport Layers for Improving the Stability in Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells: A Comprehensive Study.

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells have experienced significant development in the last decades after the introduction of nonfullerene acceptor molecules with top power conversion efficiencies reported over 19% and considerable versatility, for example, with application in transparent/semitransparent and flexible photovoltaics. Yet, the optimization of the operational stability continues to be a challenge. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the use of a conjugated polyelectrolyte polymer (CPE-Na) as a hole layer (HTL) to improve the performance and longevity of OPV cells. Two different fabrication approaches were adopted: integrating CPE-Na with PEDOT:PSS to create a composite HTL and using CPE-Na as a stand-alone bilayer deposited beneath PEDOT:PSS on the ITO substrate. These configurations were compared against a reference device employing PEDOT:PSS alone, as the HTL increased efficiency and fill factor. The instruments with CPE-Na also demonstrated increased stability in the dark and under simulated operational conditions. Device-based PEDOT:PSS as an HTL reached T80 after 2500 h while involving CPE-Na in the device kept at T90 in the same period, evidenced by a reduced degradation rate. Furthermore, the impedance spectroscopy and photoinduced transient methods suggest optimized charge transfer and reduced charge carrier recombination. These findings collectively highlight the potential of CPE-Na as a HTL optimizer material for nonfluorine OPV cells.

Emerging Strategies for Beta Cell Encapsulation for Type 1 Diabetes Therapy.

Diabetes is a prevalent chronic disease affecting millions of people globally. To address this health challenge, advanced beta cell therapy using biomaterials-based macroscale, microscale, and nanoscale encapsulation devices must tackle various obstacles. First, overcoming foreign body responses is a major focus of research. Strategies such as immunomodulatory materials and physical immunoshielding are investigated to reduce the immune response and improve the longevity of the encapsulated cells. Furthermore, oxygenating strategies, such as the use of oxygen-releasing biomaterials, are developed to improve oxygen diffusion and promote cell survival. Finally, yet importantly, promoting vascularization through the use of angiogenic growth factors and the incorporation of pre-vascularized materials are also explored to enhance nutrient and oxygen supply to the encapsulated cells. This review seeks to specifically highlight the emerging research strategies developed to overcome these challenges using micro and nanoscale biomaterial encapsulation devices. Continuously improving and refining these strategies make an advance toward realizing the improved therapeutic potential of the encapsulated beta cells.

Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds. and Salvia officinalis L. hydrosols mitigate aging related comorbidities in rats.

Aging is often linked to oxidative stress, where the body experiences increased damage from free radicals. Plants are rich sources of antioxidants, playing a role in slowing down aging and supporting the proper functioning and longevity of cells. Our study focuses on exploring the impact of Mentha rotundifolia (MR) and Salvia officinalis (SO) hydrosols on aging-related comorbidities. The chemical composition of MR and SO hydrosols was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. 2,2-Diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,20-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radicals scavenging assays were used to assess their in vitro antioxidant activity, and heat induced albumin denaturation test was used to evaluate their anti-inflammatory activity. Subsequently, we administered 5% of each plant hydrosol in the drinking water of 18-month-old rats for six months. We then conducted behavioral tests, including open field, dark/light box, rotarod, and Y-maze assessments, and measured biochemical parameters in plasma, liver and brain tissues. At two years old, animals treated with MR and SO hydrosols displayed fewer physical and behavioral impairments, along with well-preserved redox homeostasis in comparison with animals in the control group. These results highlighted the significance of MR and SO hydrosols in addressing various aspects of age-related comorbidities. The study suggests that these plant-derived hydrosols may have potential applications in promoting healthy aging and mitigating associated health challenges.