Longer Walking Research Articles

From 2D Design of Underactuated Bipedal Gaits to 3D Implementation: Walking With Speed Tracking

Analysis and controller design methods abound in the literature for planar (also known as 2-D) bipedal models. This paper takes one of them developed for underactuated bipeds and documents the process of designing a family of controllers on the basis of a planar model and achieving stable walking on a physical 3-D robot, both indoors and outdoors, with walking speed varying smoothly from 0 to 0.8 m/s. The longest walk in a single experiment is 260 m over terrain with ±7° of slope variation. Advantages and disadvantages of the design approach are discussed.

The Impact of a Pet, in This Case a Dog, on Physical Activity, Independence, Social Contacts, Health and Quality of Life of Elderly People

In a rural area near Munich, 52 persons aged 65 years and older were interviewed in person about health and social life circumstances. Findings: Dog owners take significantly longer walks than people who do not own dogs, averaging more than 120 minutes daily (p < 0.0001). On average, people who do not own a dog walked 38 minutes, cat owners 17 minutes. 94% of the dog owners were active daily compared to 14% of those who do not own a dog. Dog owners go to the doctor on average 5.3 times per year, people who do not own a dog 7.8 times. There was no difference between the two groups in regard to the use of medication. 80% would not move to a residential home for the elderly because of the dog, and 87% would want to take the dog along. 50% of the dog owners and 41% of those who do not own a dog had on average more than 3 contacts with other people, 6% of the dog owners and 23% of those who do not own a dog had less than one contact per day. 19% of the dog owners and 36% of those who do not own a dog would describe themselves as reserved in dealings with people. 71% stated that the dog had been very useful to help them overcome the loss of a person close to them. The W-5 [Wellbeing Five score] for dog owners was an average value of 75%, for those who did not own a dog 71%. Depression was uniformly distributed in both groups. The BMIs in both groups were similar. There was no correlation to the length of the daily walk.

Abstract 19720: Jay D. Coffman Early Career Investigator Award: Comparative Efficacy of Initial Endovascular Revascularization vs. Supervised Exercise Training in Patients With Intermittent Claudication: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Introduction: Current guidelines recommend supervised exercise training (SET) as the initial treatment modality for patients with intermittent claudication (IC), in addition to optimal medical therapy. The role of endovascular revascularization (ER) as a primary treatment option has been controversial. We performed a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of initial ER vs. initial SET in patients with IC using data from randomized controlled trials. Methods: The primary outcome was treadmill-measured maximum walking distance (MWD) at the end of follow-up. Secondary outcomes included resting ankle brachial index (ABI) and treadmill-measured ischemic claudication distance (ICD) on follow-up. Risk of adverse limb events (revascularization, amputations) was also compared between the two groups. Random effects models were used for all analyses. Results: We included 1,145 patients from nine trials with a mean follow up duration of 13.7 months (42% aortoiliac lesions; 35% stent use; mean baseline ABI 0.64 vs. 0.67 for ER vs. SET). Follow-up MWD was not significantly different between patients undergoing ER vs. SET [Weighted mean difference (WMD) (95% CI): 19.1 m (-79.6 to 117.8 m); publication bias p=0.86]. Metaregression did not identify significant differences based on stent use or presence of aortoiliac disease. ICD was also similar between the two groups [WMD (95% CI): 36.1 m (-99.4 to 171.5 m)]. In contrast, patients undergoing ER had higher resting ABI on follow-up [WMD (95% CI): 0.14 (0.11 to 0.17), p&lt;0.0001]. Adverse limb event rates were similar [5.4% vs. 8.2%, p=0.21]. Conclusion: Compared with initial SET, initial ER significantly improves resting ABI values. Although longer walking distance and lower rates of adverse limb events also appeared favorable for ER, these differences were not statistically significant in these intermediate term studies. Longer-term studies and those incorporating contemporary revascularization techniques are necessary.

The Case of “Annie Wakefield”

According to the Center for Disease Control there are many variables that can affect exercise program adherence. In this special population case study we follow Annie Wakefield a 62-year-old female that volunteered for an 8-week fitness program, Community Fitness Partners. Annie contracted poliomyelitis at the age of 5 that left her with paraplegia and 30% of function in her right leg. She used crutches for 50 years resulting in a left shoulder injury, which has made her wheelchair dependent for 6 years now. PURPOSE: The client’s goal was to strengthen her upper body (especially her left shoulder) and core muscles to prepare for ski season. The purpose of the program was to improve function and establish regular exercise adherence. METHODS: The initial meeting included a goals assessment, pre-exercise health screening and baseline health and fitness measures.. Annie filled out a Physical Activity questionnaire assessing levels of physical and sedentary activities. Her training program focused on chest, back, biceps, triceps, shoulders, core and relaxation techniques at the end of each one-hour session. Annie worked with her Community Fitness Partner twice per week for 8 weeks. RESULTS: Annie’s vitals included: resting blood pressure 131/79mmHg, resting heart rate 69bpm, weight 61.2kg height 1.3M, and BMI 23.5. Because of Annie’s limitations we started with a low resistance band progressing to medium and high ending with the 3lb weights. Annie was successful in strengthening her left shoulder based on the exercises we gave her using muscular endurance. Annie progressed to moderate physical activity 30 minutes a day for 5 days a week. Her physical activity levels increased (more housework, longer walks) and her sedentary activity decreased; indicating exercise adherence. The greatest accomplishment Annie experienced was the increase in self-confidence in her overall well-being and confidence to complete a program. CONCLUSION: Due to both physical and mental obstacles, Annie’s exercise program focused on improving task-specific self-efficacy. By progressing her exercise program gradually it increased Annie’s ability to improve her strength for activities of daily living. Results support previous studies where physiotherapy improved or stabilized muscle strength and function. Resistance training was effective in improving function and thus adherence in a post-poliomyelitis individual.

Pedestrian archeology in Singapore: experiences from the past

Walking is an important part of the transportation system, as everyone walks. Providing an adequate infrastructure network promotes walking. Additional walking facilities encourage longer walks, especially in the tropical climate of Singapore. This paper provides a good documentation of the historical infrastructural developments to enhance the walking experience in Singapore, from post World War II to present. Lessons learnt from these past experiences are highlighted.

Physical Activity in Daily Life Assessed by an Accelerometer in Kidney Transplant Recipients and Hemodialysis Patients

BackgroundSedentary lifestyle is a problem among hemodialysis (HD) patients, potentially attenuated after kidney transplantation. However, the effect of kidney transplantation on physical activity has not been thoroughly investigated. ObjectiveThis study sought to evaluate the physical activity in daily life in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) compared with HD patients and to explore its relationship with clinical variables. MethodsA cross-sectional study enrolled KTRs who received transplants at least 6 months before the study (N = 23; 48.3 ± 10.3 years) and patients undergoing HD for at least 6 months (N = 20; 47.3 ± 12.6 years). Time spent in different activities (walking, standing, sitting, and lying down) and number of steps taken, measured by a multiaxial accelerometer used for 12 h/d on 2 consecutive days for KTRs and on 4 consecutive days for HD patients, were evaluated. ResultsKTRs engaged in more active time per day (sum of walking and standing time) than HD patients (311 ± 87 vs 196 ± 54 min/d; P = .001), with longer walking (106 ± 53 vs 70 ± 27 min/d; P = .008) and standing time (205 ± 55 vs 126 ± 42 min/d; P < .001). Sixty-five percent of KTRs were classified as active (>7500 steps/d) compared with only 20% of the HD group (P < .05). The multivariate analysis showed that time posttransplantation was significantly associated with walking time and active time. ConclusionsBy using an accelerometer, a precise method, this study showed that KTRs are significantly more active in daily life than HD patients, and that daily physical activity increases with time since transplantation.

Bigtoe Sizing Design of Small Biped Robot by Using Gait Generation Method

The study of biped robot has long history and continuation. One of important moving processes is walking procedure. The walking posture is an important research field that always adapts and implements in the biped robot. The walking research field is very interesting because the walking posture of humans is flexible and stable. Additionally, the force that affect on the humans foot is also investigated. This research addresses the walking simulation of small biped robots that have tiptoe and bigtoe. The study based on the assumption that the bigtoe size affects on the walking posture and walking distance. The gait generation method, for finding the proper size of bigtoe, is utilized by varying the bigtoe size. There are two requirements of robot design: go straight and stay within setting conditions. The simulation results of all small biped robot models which have the different bigtoe sizes can walk within setting conditions. There is only one model its bigtoe width per foot width ratio equals 0.28 (or 28% of foot width) has the longest walking distance. Moreover, this ratio is equal to the ratio of humans foot.

On the application of accelerating moving walkways to support passenger processes in Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

Plans for the expansion of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (AAS) are likely to cause longer walking distances inside the Schiphol Centrum passenger terminal. This can increase the risk in maintaining established time schedules and minimum connecting times for performing passenger processes. However, the currently installed Conventional Moving Walkways (CMWs) are not always capable of providing short travel times. In this paper, we investigate the application of Accelerating Moving Walkways (AMWs) to support passenger processes in AAS, particularly in terms of reducing travel times and walking distances. The current situation in Schiphol Centrum is analysed with regard to walking distances, passenger processing times and the time schedules and connecting times. The application of AMWs in the terminal is evaluated with regard to planning considerations such as location and transport capacity, as well as the expected contribution and benefit from the proposed systems in comparison to the current CMWs.

Periarticular Injection in Knee Arthroplasty Improves Quadriceps Function

The postoperative analgesic potential of periarticular anesthetic infiltration (PAI) after TKA is unclear as are the complications of continuous femoral nerve block on quadriceps function. We asked (1) whether PAI provides equal or improved postoperative pain control in comparison to a femoral nerve block in patients who have undergone TKA; and (2) if so, whether PAI improves early postoperative quadriceps control and facilitates rehabilitation. We randomized 60 patients to receive either PAI or femoral nerve block. During the first 5 days after TKA, we compared narcotic consumption, pain control, quadriceps function, walking distance, knee ROM, capacity to perform a straight leg raise, and active knee extension. Medication-related side effects, complications, operating room time, and hospitalization duration were compared. Opioid consumption was lower in the PAI group during the first 8 postoperative hours (12.5 mg versus 18.7 mg morphine), as was reported pain at rest (1.7 versus 3.5 on a 10-point VAS). Thereafter, narcotic consumption and reported pain were similar up to 120 hours. More subjects in the femoral nerve block group experienced quadriceps motor block (37% versus 0% in the PAI group). On Days 1 to 3, subjects in the PAI group experienced better capacity to perform the straight leg raise, active knee extension, and had longer walking distances. PAI provided pain control equivalent to that of a femoral nerve block while avoiding a motor block and its negative functional impacts. The data suggest it should be considered an alternative to a femoral nerve block. Level I, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Exploring gait-related dual task tests in community-dwelling fallers and non-faller: A pilot study

The best test to assess dual task (DT)-related falls' risk is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate differences between community-dwelling fallers and non-fallers on a variety of simple task combinations. Twenty-seven adults, aged 65 years or older, took part. Forty-eight DT tests and one triple task (TT) test were conducted. Fallers had longer walking time when avoiding a moving obstacle and performing a motor task and longer walking time when triple tasking, as suggested by a measure of proportionate difference between single and DT/TT conditions (p = 0.014 and 0.044, respectively). The absolute difference in accuracy on a visuospatial task suggested that fallers were more accurate than non-fallers when combined with walking with turns and when triple tasking (p = 0.048 and 0.030, respectively). Fallers were less accurate in naming animals than non-fallers when combined with a bending task (p = 0.009). These results indicate that fallers might prioritise tasks based on perceived risk, which highlights the importance of task selection when designing tests. Despite the small sample size, the data suggest that a TT test could be used to assess risk of falling. However, this needs to be confirmed with larger prediction studies.

Comparison of Handheld Video Camera and GAITRite® Measurement of Gait Impairment in People with Early Stage Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study

In this pilot study, we investigated the validity and reliability of low-cost handheld video camera recordings for measuring gait in people with early stage Parkinson's disease (PD). Five participants with PD, Hoehn & Yahr stage I-II, mean age 66.2 years and five healthy age-matched controls were recruited. Participants walked across a GAITRite® electronic walkway at self-selected pace while video was simultaneously recorded. Data from both systems were analyzed and compared. Step time variability, measured from handheld video recordings, revealed significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences between the gait of early stage PD and controls. Concurrent validity between video analyses and GAITRite were good (ICC(2,1) ≥ 0.86) for mean step time and mean dual support duration. However, the inter-assessor reliability for the video analysis was poor for step time variability (ICC(2,1) = 0.18). More reliable measurement of step time variability may require a system to measure extended periods of walking. Further research involving longer walks and more participants with higher stages of PD is required to investigate if step time variability can be measured with acceptable reliability using video recordings. If this could be demonstrated, this simple technology could be adapted to run on a tablet or smart phone, providing low cost gait assessments without the need for specialized equipment and expensive infrastructure.

Ambulatory Function and Perception of Confidence in Persons with Stroke with a Custom-Made Hinged versus a Standard Ankle Foot Orthosis

Objective. The aim was to compare walking with an individually designed dynamic hinged ankle foot orthosis (DAFO) and a standard carbon composite ankle foot orthosis (C-AFO). Methods. Twelve participants, mean age 56 years (range 26–72), with hemiparesis due to stroke were included in the study. During the six-minute walk test (6MW), walking velocity, the Physiological Cost Index (PCI), and the degree of experienced exertion were measured with a DAFO and C-AFO, respectively, followed by a Stairs Test velocity and perceived confidence was rated. Results. The mean differences in favor for the DAFO were in 6MW 24.3 m (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.90, 43.76), PCI −0.09 beats/m (95% CI −0.27, 0.95), velocity 0.04 m/s (95% CI −0.01, 0.097), and in the Stairs Test −11.8 s (95% CI −19.05, −4.48). All participants except one perceived the degree of experienced exertion lower and felt more confident when walking with the DAFO. Conclusions. Wearing a DAFO resulted in longer walking distance and faster stair climbing compared to walking with a C-AFO. Eleven of twelve participants felt more confident with the DAFO, which may be more important than speed and distance and the most important reason for prescribing an AFO.

Human and Ecological Risk Factors for Unprovoked Lion Attacks on Humans in Southeastern Tanzania

Lions (Panthera leo) have attacked over 1,000 people in Tanzania since 1990. We worked in the two districts with the highest number of attacks, Rufiji and Lindi, and conducted interviews in two villages with high attack numbers and two neighboring villages with no attacks. Logistic regression analysis of 128 questionnaires revealed the following risk factors: ownership of fewer assets, poorly constructed houses/huts, longer walking distances to resources, more nights sleeping outdoors, increased sightings of bush pigs (Potamochoerus porcus), and lower wild prey diversity. A comparative analysis revealed significant differences between the two districts: while high bush pig and low prey numbers affected both districts, hut construction was only significant in Rufiji, and walking distances, asset ownership, sleeping outdoors, and house construction were only significant in Lindi. Such information will help relevant authorities develop site-specific methods to prevent lion attacks and can inform similar research to help prevent human–carnivore conflict worldwide.

The missing link - om vandrebevægelse og mangel på samme i Danmark

I artiklen sættes med afsæt i fjernvandreruten fokus på, hvad det er der gør, at vi i Danmark ikke har samme vandrekultur som i vores nabolande.The Missing LinkA long-distance footpath runs from Kilpisjärvi in northern Finland to Alexandroupolis in Greece. However the track does not cross intact but is interrupted on the island of Funen in Denmark. It is no coincidence that the rupture is in Denmark, nor that it is on Funen. In this article this ‘missing link’ provides the starting point to discuss a walking culture, which in Denmark is notable by its absence.At the beginning of 20th century, thanks to the influence of neighbouring countries, the culture of walking did increasingly make itself felt in Denmark. Longer walks became popular and many Danes embarked on hiking tours, walking for several days and spending the night at special ‘vandrehjem’ (or ‘youth hostels’). Since the Second World War this culture has more or less disappeared, and the question asked here is why?The article is divided in two parts. In the first there is a historical review of the development of the Danish culture of walking from the beginning of 20th century until the late 1930’s. This is followed by a discussion of the circumstances that led to the disappearance of this walking culture, focusing on the long distance footpath. This centres on a jostling for supremacy among sporting factions and on the struggle between various outdoor interests, between different management concerns, and between farmers, the state and local authorities about who should have the right to develop and exploit the landscape in southern Funen area. In this struggle organisations representing outdoor activities have been poorly organized and until now the landscape has primary been developed on the premises of agriculture, industry and urbanism.Today the position and status of outdoor life (friluftsliv) and the culture of hiking are improving. Councils in particular are focusing on health, tourism and attracting new residents´, and there is both a political and a popular will to establish hiking trails. For the long-distance footpath these changes mean that the missing link on Funen now disappears and that the hiking trail across Europe is established.

Native activism in Cold War America: the struggle for sovereignty

The heyday of American Indian activism is generally seen as bracketed by the occupation of Alcatraz in 1969 and the Longest Walk in 1978; yet Native Americans had long struggled against federal policies that threatened to undermine tribal sovereignty and self-determination. This is the first book-length study of American Indian political activism during its seminal years, focusing on the movement's largely neglected early efforts before Alcatraz or Wounded Knee captured national attention. Ranging from the end of World War II to the late 1960s, Daniel Cobb uncovers the groundwork laid by earlier activists. He draws on dozens of interviews with key players to relate untold stories of both seemingly well-known events such as the American Indian Chicago Conference and little-known ones such as Native participation in the Poor People's Campaign of 1968. Along the way, he introduces readers to a host of previously neglected but critically important activists: Mel Thom, Tillie Walker, Forrest Gerard, Dr. Jim Wilson, Martha Grass, and many others. Cobb takes readers inside the early movement from D'Arcy McNickle's founding of American Indian Development, Inc. and Vine Deloria Jr.'s tenure as executive director of the National Congress of American Indians to Clyde Warrior's leadership in the National Indian Youth Council and describes how early activists forged connections between their struggle and anticolonialist movements in the developing world. He also describes how the War on Poverty's Community Action Programs transformed Indian Country by training bureaucrats and tribal leaders alike in new political skills and providing activists with the leverage they needed to advance the movement toward self-determination. This book shows how Native people who never embraced militancy-and others who did-made vital contributions as activists well before the American Indian Movement burst onto the scene. By highlighting the role of early intellectuals and activists like Sol Tax, Nancy Lurie, Robert K. Thomas, Helen Peterson, and Robert V. Dumont, Cobb situates AIM's efforts within a much broader context and reveals how Native people translated the politics of Cold War civil rights into the language of tribal sovereignty. Filled with fascinating portraits, Cobb's groundbreaking study expands our understanding of American Indian political activism and contributes significantly to scholarship on the War on Poverty, the 1960s, and postwar politics and social movements.

Reduced Diabetic, Hypertensive, and Cholesterol Medication Use with Walking

To assess the relationships of walking distance, frequency, and intensity to the prevalence of antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and LDL cholesterol-lowering medications use. Cross-sectional analyses of 32,683 female and 8112 male participants of the National Walkers' Health Study, of whom 2.8% and 7.4% reported antidiabetic, 14.3% and 29.0% reported antihypertensive, and 7.3% and 21.5% reported LDL cholesterol-lowering medication use, respectively. Weekly walking distance, longest walk, and walking intensity were inversely related to the prevalence of antidiabetic (males: P < 0.001, females: P < 0.0001), antihypertensive (males: P < 0.01, females: P < 0.0001), and LDL cholesterol-lowering medications (males: P < 0.01, females: P < 0.0001). Each medication remained significantly related to both walking intensity and longest weekly walk when adjusted for total weekly distance. Compared with men and women who walked at a speed of < 1.2 m.s, those who walked > 2.1 m.s had 48% and 52% lower odds for antihypertensive, 68% and 59% lower odds for antidiabetic, and 53% and 40% lower odds for LDL cholesterol-lowering medications, respectively, when adjusted for age, smoking, and diet. The longest usual weekly walk was a better discriminator of medication status than the total cumulative distance per week, particularly in men. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and LDL cholesterol-lowering medication use may be reduced substantially by walking more intensely and farther each week, and by including longer walks.

Walking performance, medical outcomes and patient training in FES of innervated muscles for ambulation by thoracic-level complete paraplegics

Objective: To discuss functional electric stimulation (FES) gait training of upper motoneuron spinal cord injured complete paraplegics considering ambulation performance, physiologic and metabolic responses as well as psychologic outcome, while providing myologic insight into ambulation via FES when training starts many years post-injury.Methods: Transcutaneous FES using the Parastep stimulation system, gait training methods with and without major emphasis on muscle reinforcement, cardiovascular and respiratory conditioning. Examination of myofiber tissues and correlation of normal muscles histology versus innervated muscles of upper motor neuron and of denervated muscles of lower motor neuron paraplegics.Results: Published works in literature reviewed in this paper report average walking distance of 440 m/walk when major muscle reinforcement and preconditioning cardiovascular and respiratory systems precedes gait training, versus average 115 m/walk when undergoing direct gait training. Medical, metabolic and psychologic outcomes, as reported in several works, point to benefits of FES walking, including 60% increase in blood flow to lower extremities. Myofiber tissues of patients with upper motor neuron paralysis compare well with those of normal tissue even many years post-injury, while adipose tissue substitute muscle fibers in patients with lower motor neuron lesions.Discussion: Transcutaneous FES allows considerably longer walking distances and speed at the end of training when training involves an extensive pre-conditioning program than with direct gait training. Medical and psychologic benefits are observed, especially concerning blood flow to the lower extremities. Myofiber examinations provide myologic understanding of effectiveness of FES many years post-injury.

Determinants of Uptake of Surgical Treatment for Trachomatous Trichiasis in North Ethiopia

Background: Surgery for trachomatous trichiasis prevents blindness. However people still decline surgery despite the availability of services in nearby health facilities. Objectives: To assess what proportion of cases of trichiasis had surgical treatment and to investigate the determinants of uptake of surgery. Methods: Eight villages in Enebse Sarmidir district of Amhara Region-Ethiopia were randomly selected and all self-reported cases of trichiasis were approached. Both operated and un-operated trichiasis cases were interviewed using structured questionnaires. Result: The study employed a case control study design with patients with untreated trichiasis being cases (135) and those operated, controls (141). The main reasons given for not having surgery were burden of household tasks, indirect cost of surgery, lack of companion and fear of surgery. Uptake of surgery was found to rise with duration of illness (Chi Square for trend = 26.62, P < 0.05). Longer walking distance (more than one hour) to the nearby health facility was a negative predictor of uptake of surgical treatment (adjusted odd ratio 0.31, 95% confidence interval 0.15–0.67). Conclusion: Behavior change communication interventions targeted on early uptake of surgery are very important. Village-based surgical service provision may be worthwhile in settings of high blinding trachoma burden.

The Nonmotorized Core of Tianjin

ABSTRACT Tianjin is a large, northern Chinese city well-known for high levels of nonmotorized transport. Although successful pedestrian areas are often associated with mass transit, the largest pedestrian zone in China is now found at the geographic and historic center of a city with a metro system not yet in operation in 2005. This successful pedestrian environment has acted as a magnet for commercial ventures since its 1999 opening. In this article, we argue that nonmotorized transport in Tianjin supports core area vitality. How such a large pedestrian environment is sustained internally is examined by considering walking distance, trips between shopping centers, the relationship between pedestrian volume and economic activity, as well as the role of pedestrian generators. The data were obtained through 1326 questionnaires, cordon counts, and 141 observed itineraries. It was found that the majority of visitors arrived by bicycle and then walked a mean distance of 780 m before making a final stop or leaving the pedestrian street. Pedestrians made 1.1 stops at stores fronting the street and entered 2.2 shopping centers. Pedestrian generators and large shopping facilities at the street ends were significant contributors to longer walking trips and overall street vitality. The results support the suggestion that very large pedestrian environments are feasible and can operate as single, integrated systems in a larger nonmotorized environment.

Associations Among Walking Performance, Physical Activity, and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease

An objective measure of walking performance could have several potential applications in clinical settings. The cross-sectional relationships among long distance corridor walk (LDCW) time, physical activity, and subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) measures were examined before group randomization in 492 participants (mean age, 57.0+/-2.9 years) from the Women On the Move Through Activity and Nutrition (WOMAN) study, a randomized clinical trial involving postmenopausal women. Longer walk times were significantly associated with higher body mass index (P<0001), average waist circumference (P<0001), and lower levels of physical activity (P<002). The proportion of detectable coronary artery calcification and median aortic pulse wave velocity levels were significantly higher among those with slower walk times (P<002 and P<.001, respectively). Findings from the current report support the utility of the LDCW to identify women at higher risk for CVD who may be candidates for further cardiovascular testing or intensive lifestyle intervention.