Longest-held Occupation Research Articles

노인의 성별에 따른 최장기 근무 직종 및 종사상 지위와 주관적 건강 상태의 관련성: 2020 노인실태조사 자료를 중심으로

노인의 성별에 따른 최장기 근무 직종 및 종사상 지위와 주관적 건강 상태의 관련성: 2020 노인실태조사 자료를 중심으로

Neighborhood Deprivation and Changes in Oral Health in Older Age: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study

The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which neighborhood-level socioeconomic factors (objective and perceived) are associated with poor oral health in older adults over time, independent of individual socioeconomic position. Data for this cross-sectional and longitudinal observation study came from a socially and geographically representative cohort of men aged 71 to 92 y in 2010–12 (n = 1,622), drawn from British general practices, which was followed up in 2018–19 (aged 78–98 y; N = 667). Dental measures at both times included number of teeth, periodontal pocket depth, self-rated oral health, and dry mouth. Neighborhood deprivation was based on Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) and a cumulative index measuring perceptions about local environment. Individual-level socioeconomic position was based on longest-held occupation. Multilevel and multivariate logistic regressions, adjusted for relevant sociodemographic, behavioral, and health-related factors, were performed to examine the relationships of dental measures with IMD and perceived neighborhood quality index, respectively. Cross-sectionally, risks of tooth loss, periodontal pockets, and dry mouth increased from IMD quintiles 1 to 5 (least to most deprived); odds ratios (ORs) for quintile 5 were 2.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41–3.51), 2.82 (95% CI, 1.72–4.64), and 1.51 (95% CI, 1.08–2.09), respectively, after adjusting for sociodemographic, behavioral, and health-related factors. Risks of increased pocket depth and dry mouth were significantly greater in quintile 5 (highest problems) of perceived neighborhood quality index compared to quintile 1. Over the 8-y follow-up, deterioration of dentition (tooth loss) was significantly higher in the most deprived IMD quintiles after full adjustment (OR for quintile 5 = 2.32; 95% CI, 1.09–4.89). Deterioration of dentition and dry mouth were significantly greater in quintile 5 of perceived neighborhood quality index. Neighborhood-level factors were associated with poor oral health in older age, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, particularly with tooth loss, and dry mouth, independent of individual-level socioeconomic position.

Association between psychosocial working conditions and well-being before retirement: a community-based study

ABSTRACT Psychosocial working conditions have been linked to mental health outcomes, but their association with well-being is poorly studied. We aimed to investigate the association between psychosocial working conditions and well-being before retirement, and to explore the role of gender and leisure activities in the association. From the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen, 598 community dwellers aged 60–65 years were included in the cross-sectional study. Lifelong occupational history was obtained through an interview. Job demands and job control in the longest-held occupation were graded with job exposure matrices. Psychosocial working conditions were classified into high strain (high demands, low control), low strain (low demands, high control), passive job (low demands, low control), and active job (high demands, high control). Well-being was assessed with the 10-item version of positive and negative affect schedule, and scored using confirmatory factor analysis. Engagement in leisure activities was categorized as low, moderate, and high. Data were analyzed using linear regression. Both high job control and high job demands were dose-dependently associated with higher well-being. Overall, compared to active jobs, passive jobs were associated with lower well-being (β −0.19, 95% CI −0.35 to −0.02, P = 0.028). Passive (β −0.28, 95% CI −0.51 to −0.04, P = 0.020) and high strain (β −0.31, 95% CI −0.52 to −0.10, P = 0.004) jobs were associated with lower well-being in men, but not in women. The association between passive jobs and well-being was attenuated by high leisure activities, while the association between high strain and well-being was magnified by low leisure activities. In conclusion, negative psychosocial working conditions are associated with poor well-being, especially in men. Leisure activities may modulate the association. Our study highlights that promoting favorable working conditions can be a target to improve well-being among employees and active participation in leisure activities is encouraged to cope with work-related stress for better well-being.

Influence of neighborhood-level socioeconomic deprivation and individual socioeconomic position on risk of developing type 2 diabetes in older men: a longitudinal analysis in the British Regional Heart Study cohort

IntroductionEvidence from longitudinal studies on the influence of neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation in older age on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is limited. This study investigates the prospective...

Early- to late-life environmental factors and late-life global cognition in septuagenarian and octogenarians: The SONIC study

This study aimed to evaluate cognitively stimulating environments throughout life and to examine direct and indirect associations between these environments and late-life cognition. Early-life education, three domains of work complexity (data, people, and things) based on the longest-held occupation, and engagement in late-life leisure activities (LAs) were assessed. A structural equation model was developed using cross-sectional data of 1721 Japanese older adults in 70 ± 1 and 80 ± 1 years. The model confirmed significant direct effects of work complexity with data and late-life LAs on late-life cognitive performance. The associations of education and work complexity with late-life cognition were mediated through the subsequent environment(s). However, the total effects of work complexity with people and things on late-life cognition were insignificant. The findings suggest that cognitively stimulating activities in adulthood and beyond may lead to individual differences in late-life global cognition. In addition, antecedent complex environments might make subsequent life environments more cognitively stimulating. The results are discussed from the perspectives of cognitive plasticity and environmental complexity.

RURAL/URBAN DIFFERENCES IN LIFETIME OCCUPATION AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY AMONG MEXICAN ADULTS

Abstract Mortality is affected by occupation dimensions, such as physical and mental demands, environmental exposures, and access to resources. Few studies have examined the relationship between occupation and mortality in countries with shifting occupation profiles, such as Mexico. We used 2001–2018 data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study to investigate the association between lifetime occupation type and all-cause mortality among participants aged 50 and older. We grouped participants’ longest-held occupations into five categories: (1) no main job; (2) agriculture; (3) domestic, service; (4) administrative, professionals, sales; and (5) production, industrial, transportation. We used Cox Proportional Hazard regression to study death risk associated with occupation, adjusting models for baseline demographic, health, and job characteristics. We stratified analysis by rural and urban to account for differences in occupation composition. Our sample included 10,482 participants, with 4,147 deaths occurring during follow-up. The percentage of participants in administrative, professional or sales was higher in urban areas than rural areas (60.7% vs. 20.5%). The percentage of participants in agriculture was higher in rural areas than urban areas (81.8% vs. 18.2%). Compared to professionals, participants in agriculture, industry, or transportation had a slightly higher risk of death (HR=1.65, 95% CI 1.59 to 1.77). Agriculture workers in rural areas had a higher risk of death than non-agriculture workers in rural areas. Considering rural/urban differences in occupations and their effect on mortality can inform policy aimed at improving the working environment for Mexican adults. Understanding rural/urban differences in mortality associated with occupation can elucidate socioeconomic inequalities in mortality.

Organochlorine pesticides and late life cognitive function: does race/ethnicity and sex matter?

AbstractBackgroundOrganochlorines (OCs) pesticides persist in the environment and body for extended periods. Little is known about their long‐term impact on cognition in later life. Some studies, have shown higher levels of selected OCs associated with lower cognitive function (CF). It remains unclear if the association differs among racial/ethnic groups or by sex.MethodUsing weighted linear generalized estimating equations, we explored whether the association between seven log‐transformed lipid‐adjusted OCs (ng/g) and CF is modified by race/ethnicity and sex in 985 adults, age 60+ from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2011‐2014). Sample included: 57% females; 78.8% Non‐Hispanic (NH) White; 9.2% NH‐Black; 3.6% Mexican‐American; 4.1% Other‐Hispanic; 3.7% NH‐Asian; 0.5% Other Race/Ethnicity. A composite CF score was created using the mean of the z‐scores for word‐list memory test (CERAD W‐L) which included delayed recall and word list learning, animal fluency, and the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST). Covariates included age, education, marital status, sex, race/ethnicity. Sensitivity analysis included: BMI, Ratio of Income‐to‐Poverty (IPR) categorized in tertiles, and longest occupation held.ResultAdjusting for covariates, lower composite‐CF was associated with higher levels of p,p’‐DDT (p = 0.040). This remained significant after adjusting for BMI (p = 0.045), but not when accounting for IPR (p = 0.117) or longest held occupation (p = 0.083). For specific CF tests, beta‐hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, oxychlordane, p’p‐DDE, p’p‐DDT, and trans‐nonachlor were all associated with lower scores on DSST (p‐range = 0.03‐0.001). None of the associations differed by race/ethnicity. But a few differed by sex. After sex‐stratification, lower DSST scores were associated with higher levels of hexachlorobenzene in women (p = 0.032], but not men (p = 0.242). In sensitivity analyses, hexachlorobenzene lost all statistical significance after adjusting for each additional variable. The association between mirex and DSST disappeared after adjusting for longest occupation (p = 0.068). All other specific‐OC associations remained significant after BMI, IPR and occupation adjustment (p<0.05).ConclusionHigher blood levels of some OCs were associated with lower CF among older adults, some particularly affecting women, suggesting there may be long term negative effects of these chemicals. Future exposure studies should focus on sex‐differences. These associations did not differ between races; thus future analyses should consider examining within race/ethnic differences.

The influence of neighbourhood-level socioeconomic deprivation on developing type 2 diabetes in older men: a longitudinal analysis of the British Regional Heart Study cohort data

BackgroundEvidence from the British longitudinal studies on the influence of neighbourhood-level socioeconomic deprivation in older men on developing type 2 diabetes mellitus is scarce. This study investigates the prospective associations of neighbourhood-level deprivation and individual socioeconomic position with type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence in older men. MethodsThe British Regional Heart Study comprises a cohort of 4252 men aged 60–79 years in 1998–2000 from 24 towns across the UK. Neighbourhood-level deprivation was based on the country specific 2004–05 Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) quintiles for participants' postcode of residence at baseline. Individual socioeconomic position was defined as occupational social class based on longest-held occupation at recruitment. Participants with prevalent diabetes were excluded. The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was ascertained from biannual reviews of primary care records over 18 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazard models were undertaken to examine associations. FindingsThe incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus cases observed was 368 (9·9%), amongst the 3706 male participants. Age-adjusted rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus increased from IMD quintile 1 (least deprived) to quintile 4 (second most deprived), before decreasing in quintile 5. Compared with quintile 1, the age and individual social class adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) in quintile 4 was 1·52 (95% CI 1·09–2·13), remaining significant after further adjustments for obesity and family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Participants in the lowest social class had the highest rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aHR by age and IMD scores for type 2 diabetes mellitus in the lowest social class compared with the highest social class was 2·12 (95% CI 1·15–3·89). InterpretationNeighbourhood-level and individual-level socioeconomic factors remain important predictors of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in older men, demonstrating that inequalities persist in later life. Inequalities in diabetes and its underlying modifiable risk factors need to be addressed to reduce the burden of this disease in socioeconomically deprived older-age populations. FundingNone.

Social isolation, socioeconomic status, and development of functional impairments in Chinese older adults aged 70years and over: a cohort study.

BackgroundSocial isolation in older people has been increasingly regarded as a public health issue in the face of rapid population ageing. It is not clear whether social isolation mediates the relationship between socioeconomic status and functional impairment.MethodsWe used data from a cohort of Chinese older people aged 70 or older living in community (n = 1590). Socioeconomic status (SES) was operationalised as highest education attainment, monthly income at baseline and longest held occupation in lifetime. Functional abilities were measured using Barthel’s Index for activities of daily living (ADL) measured at 18 and 36 months of follow-up, from which impairment was defined as score ≤ 19. Social isolation was measured by six attributes, such as marital status, living alone, and social contact with others. A score of ≥ 3 was defined as being in social isolation. Causal mediation analysis using natural effect models was used to assess mediation by social isolation.ResultsWe found that lower monthly income at baseline was related to higher risk of social isolation [relative risk comparing lowest to highest income (RR) = 1.52, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.01–2.28]. Social gradient of ADL impairment was not clearly present. The evidence for the mediating role of social isolation was not clear.ConclusionsOlder people with low SES, particularly those with lower income, were at greater risk of social isolation. Policymakers should strive to improve the current community services and pension scheme to mitigate the situation of social isolation in older people in Hong Kong.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40520-022-02259-w.

New evidence on the association of occupation with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A register-based case-control study in Finland.

ObjectivesAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a serious neurodegenerative disease that usually leads to death within a few years from diagnosis. The risk factors for ALS are still largely unknown. However, it is assumed that environmental factors play a role in disease onset. Occupation is suggested as a potential risk factor, but findings are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to assess the association of occupation with ALS in Finland. Register data were used to avoid recall bias and to obtain a large enough sample to detect the potential associations.MethodsThis case-control study included ALS cases that occurred between 1980 and 2015 in Finland (n = 4,781). ALS cases were identified from the causes of death register. For each ALS case, six controls were selected matched for sex and birth-year. The date of death of the ALS case was set as index date. Information on occupation was obtained from Statistics Finland for all subjects. The focus was on the longest-held occupation on 2-digit level (70 groups). The association of occupation with ALS was analyzed using conditional logistic regression.ResultsCompared to “clerical work and other office work,” the risk of ALS was increased in “packing and wrapping work” (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.08–2.17), “laundering, dry cleaning and pressing work” (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.08–3.08), and “travel service work” (OR 8.75, CI 2.76–27.74). A decreased risk was found in “planning, administrative and research work in the technical fields” (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.48–0.98). Of the significant associations identified, only “travel service work” was significant after FDR multiple testing correction.ConclusionsThis study identified occupations in which the risk of ALS was increased. Further studies are needed to pinpoint the potential exposures in these occupations that may trigger the disease.

Associations of self-reported occupational exposures and settings to ALS: a case–control study

BackgroundEnvironmental exposures contribute to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal and progressive neurological disease. Identification of these exposures is important for targeted screening and risk factor modification.ObjectiveTo identify occupational exposures that are associated with a higher risk of ALS using both survey and standard occupational classification (SOC) coding procedures, and to highlight how exposure surveys can complement SOC coding.MethodsALS participants and neurologically healthy controls recruited in Michigan completed a detailed exposure assessment on their four most recent and longest held occupations. Exposure scores were generated from the exposure survey, and occupations were assigned to SOC codes by experienced exposure scientists.ResultsThis study included 381 ALS and 272 control participants. ALS participants reported higher duration-adjusted occupational exposure to particulate matter (OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.19–1.78, p < 0.001), volatile organic compounds (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.02–1.45, p = 0.029), metals (OR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.21–1.82, p < 0.001), and combustion and diesel exhaust pollutants (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.01–1.43, p = 0.041) prior to ALS diagnosis, when adjusted for sex, age, and military service compared to controls. In multivariable models, only occupational exposure to metals remained significant risk (OR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.11–2.20, p = 0.011), although in an adaptive elastic net model, particulate matter (OR = 1.203), pesticides (OR = 1.015), and metals (1.334) were all selected as risk factors. Work in SOC code “Production Occupations” was associated with a higher ALS risk. SOC codes “Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations”, “Construction and Extraction Occupations”, “Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations”, and “Production Occupations” were all associated with a higher exposure to metals as determined using survey data.DiscussionOccupational exposure to particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, metals, pesticides, and combustion and diesel exhaust and employment in “Production Occupations” was associated with an increased ALS risk in this cohort.

Socioeconomic Status, Physical Functioning and Mortality: Results From a Cohort Study of Older Adults in Hong Kong.

It is inconsistent in the literature on whether inequalities of health in older age widen or narrow over time. We assessed the associations of socioeconomic status (SES), physical functioning, and mortality in an older age cohort in Hong Kong. Longitudinal cohort study. We recruited 2032 older adults aged 70+ in 1991 to 1992 and followed them for 10years. SES was operationalized as education, baseline individual income, and longest-held occupation in lifetime. Physical functioning was measured by Barthel's Index for activities of daily living (ADL), from which disability was defined as ADL score <20. Mortality data were obtained from the Death Registry. Bayesian joint modeling with 2 sub-models, mixed-effect, and Cox proportional hazard model, were used to respectively model the associations of SES and disability, and SES and mortality, accounting for selection by mortality. Education and income at baseline were not clearly related to disability, but those with lower education level and income at baseline tended to have their risks increased with time. Older adults who had been mostly economically inactive or unemployed in their lifetime had higher risk of disability [odds ratio 3.24; 95% credible interval (95%CrI) 1.29 to 7.97], and such risk increased over time. For mortality, older adults with no schooling were at higher risk compared with those with secondary education or above (hazard ratio 1.25; 95%CrI 1.00 to 1.57). Income at baseline and longest-held occupation in lifetime were not clearly related to mortality. We observed inequalities of health of older adults in Hong Kong that widened as they age. Community and medical interventions targeting the older adults with the lowest SES would be important to prevent their more rapid decline in physical functioning.

Occupations associated with diabetes complications: A nationwide-multicenter hospital-based case-control study

AimInvestigating the risks of diabetes complications among inpatients with diabetes associated with longest-held and current occupations. MethodUsing a Japanese nationwide, multicenter, hospital inpatient dataset (2005–2015), a matched case-control study with 39,550 inpatients with diabetes was conducted. We considered both the longest-held and current occupations of the study subjects. ResultDiabetes complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and peripheral vascular complications occur more often in managers, sales workers, service workers, transportation workers, construction and mining workers and carrying, cleaning and packing workers. Among these occupations, particularly the service workers indicated consistently significant increased risks (OR = 1.36 (1.23–1.51)) in developing all the considered subtypes of diabetes complications, and the performed sensitivity analysis confirmed this conclusion. Moreover, among service workers, cooks, waiters, building service staff and other service workers were identified as having the highest risks in developing diabetes complications (ORs = 1.30 (1.12–1.51), 1.63 (1.36–1.95), 1.79 (1.21–2.67), and 2.05 (1.30–3.22), respectively). ConclusionsOur study’s potential translational impact should lead to subsequent investigations on the causes connected to certain occupations of various diabetes complications and particularly to more carefully dealing with patients with diabetes who work in the identified occupational areas and their health risks.

Occupational disparities in survival from common cancers in Japan: Analysis of Kanagawa cancer registry

BackgroundLittle is known about occupational disparities in survival for common cancer sites in Japan. MethodsUsing data from a population-based cancer registry, we identified 32,870 cancer patients diagnosed during 1992–2011. We followed the patients for 5 years (median follow-up time 5.0 years). For each individual, we classified their longest-held occupation into 5 classes (upper non-manual, lower non-manual, manual, farmer, and others) following the Erikson-Goldthorpe-Portocarero scheme. Poisson regression models were used to estimate overall and site-specific mortality rate ratios (MRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each occupational class, adjusted for sex, age, and diagnosis year. Upper non-manual workers served as the reference group. Additionally, using a binary categorization of occupations (manual workers versus non-manual workers), a causal mediation analysis with 4-way decomposition was performed to investigate the potential mediation of the association between occupation and overall mortality by cancer stage. ResultsOverall prognosis was good in this population (5-year overall survival was 81.7%). Compared with upper non-manual workers, both overall and cancer-specific mortality was higher in lower non-manual workers (MRR=1.14, 95% CI 1.05–1.24) and manual workers (MRR=1.40, 95% CI 1.29–1.53). After adjusting for the mediating influence of prognostic factors (stage and treatment), the observed occupational differences were attenuated but remained significant in manual workers: MRR = 1.23 (95% CI 1.08–1.39). Observed occupational disparities tended to be attributable to common cancers, i.e., stomach and lung among men and female breast cancer. Additionally, manual workers had 1.25 times higher odds for advanced stage. In the mediation analysis, the overall proportion explained by mediating effect of cancer stage was 29% (4% due to mediated interaction and 25% due to pure indirect effect). ConclusionWe documented occupational disparities in survival from commonly-occurring cancers in Japan. Occupational differences in cancer stage may explain one-third of the survival disparities.

Relationship between local seniors' longest-held occupation, current work situation, and reasons for working

Objective The purpose of this study was to clarify how the type and industry of longest-held occupations correlate with current work situations and reasons for working.Methods In August 2015, we mailed anonymous, self-administered questionnaires to all 8,075 residents aged 65 and over of a district in Ota Ward, Tokyo, excluding those admitted to institutions. The questionnaire inquired about their basic attributes, current employment status, as well as the type of work and industry of their longest-held occupation. Furthermore, those who were currently employed were asked about their reasons for working. We conducted a multinomial logistic regression analysis with the current employment situation as the dependent variable, and a binary logistic regression analysis with the applicability of individual reasons as the dependent variable.Results A total of 5,184 questionnaires were returned (response rate: 64.2%), and 5,050 were analyzed. For the longest-held form of work, the most common response was full-time and part-time employment (42.7%), and the most common industry was sales and service (24.2%). Roughly 30% of respondents were currently working, with the most common reason being "For a living," followed by "For my health," "To have a purpose in life (ikigai)," and "To contribute to society and build connections." The industry of the longest-held occupation for those currently working was most often self-employment; executive roles in independent businesses, companies, or organizations for those in full-time positions; and professional jobs for those working part-time. For those not currently working, most had been full-time employees or unemployed. With regard to the longest-held occupations, those currently working and who gave the reason "For a living" were most often owners of independent businesses or self-employed, while those stating "For my health," "To have a purpose in life," and "To contribute to society and build connections" had often been full-time employees, executives at a company or organization, or in administrative or technical positions.Conclusion For seniors' employment or social participation to go smoothly, we believe a support that emphasizes individuality would be effective, including an emphasis on their longest-held occupation, which is deeply connected to their health conditions and quality of life in old age.

Occupational disparities in tumor grade and cytosolic HMGB1 expression in renal cell cancer.

ObjectivesWe sought to examine occupational disparities in tumor grade and cytosolic expression of high‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) among renal cell cancer (RCC) patients.MethodsThis retrospective study included 318 RCC patients with complete information on occupation and pathology in Kanagawa Cancer Registry (KCR). Longest‐held occupations were grouped into manual workers (e.g., manufacturing, construction) versus “others.” Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for high‐grade histology were estimated by logistic regression, adjusted for age and sex. We also examined a sub‐sample of 74 low‐grade RCC inpatients to estimate the OR for positive cytosolic HMGB1 expression in manual workers, adjusting for age, sex, and other available covariates.ResultsHigh‐grade tumors were more prevalent in manual workers compared to other occupations: 23.0% (14/61) versus 10.9% (28/257, p = .01) with an adjusted OR of 2.28 (95% CI, 1.11–4.69). In the sub‐sample of low‐grade RCCs, positive cytosolic HMGB1 expression was more prevalent in manual workers compared to other occupations: 71.4% (10/14) versus 38.3% (23/60, p = .03) with a sex‐ and age‐adjusted OR of 3.76 (95% CI, 1.03–13.7).ConclusionsManual workers are associated with increased risks of high‐grade renal cell tumors and cytosolic HMGB1 expression.

Occupational physical activity differentially affects the risk for developing later-onset Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis among middle-aged and older populations

Background A person’s occupation may increase his/her risk for developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study investigated the association between risk for later-onset of IBD and both specific occupations and occupational physical activity (OPA) levels. Materials and methods A multicenter hospital-based matched case-control study was conducted using the Inpatient Clinico-Occupational Survey database. Cases were patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients admitted for the first time between 2005 and 2015. Four controls matched by age, sex, admission year and hospital were selected for each case. Cases and controls were grouped into the longest-held occupations as classified by the Japanese Standard Occupational Classification and OPA levels. We conducted conditional logistic regressions to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for IBD, CD and UC adjusted for alcohol consumption and smoking status. Results There were 564 cases (172 CD, 392 UC) and 2086 controls. The risk for UC was higher among sales workers and carrying, cleaning and packing workers (ORs 2.62 [95%CIs 1.18–5.82], 2.52 [1.04–6.09]). There was no association between occupation type and CD risk. Higher OPA level decreased CD risk (OR 0.51 [95%CIs 0.26–1.00]) and increased UC risk (OR 1.53 [95%CIs 1.02–2.30]). Conclusions Our study revealed that the risk for later-onset of UC, but not CD, was associated with longest-held 'service' and 'manufacture' work. The risk by OPA levels was inversely associated between CD and UC. Further studies are needed by follow-up method for long-term effects of physical activity.

The Association between Longest-Held Lifetime Occupation and Late-Life Cognitive Impairment: Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2016).

The association between longest-held lifetime occupation and late-life cognitive impairment: Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006–2016). Backgrounds: Our study hypothesized that occupation in adulthood may be one of the modifiable factors in cognitive performance. This follow-up study aimed to examine whether there was an association between the longest-held occupation in a lifetime and cognitive impairment. Methods: This study used data from the 2006, 2012, and 2016 waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging, and a total of 1733 subjects aged over 65 were included. Longest-held occupation in a lifetime was classified into blue-collar, pink-collar, and white-collar. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Results: In males, no significant associations were observed. In females, on the contrary, risk of cognitive impairment in the blue-collar occupation was consistently higher than in the white-collar occupation over the 10-year follow-up (2006, OR = 2.49, 95% CI 1.05–5.88; 2016, OR = 2.17, 95% CI 1.02−4.65). Conclusions: Lifetime occupation should be taken into consideration in the process of screening for cognitive decline in the elderly, especially females. This study needs to be interpreted cautiously in view of inherent data and methodological limitations.

Longitudinal association between lifetime workforce participation and risk of self-reported cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults.

BackgroundAlthough many governments are promoting workforce participation (WP) by older people, evidence of WP’s effects on active aging is inadequate. We examined whether there is a gender-specific beneficial effect of lifetime WP from adulthood though old age against self-reported cognitive decline (CD) among community-dwelling older adults.MethodsWe used data from a community-based prospective study of 2,422 men and 2,852 women aged ≥65 with neither poor cognition nor disability in basic activities of daily living at baseline. Self-reported CD was measured using the Cognitive Performance Scale. Lifetime WP evaluated the presence or absence of WP at baseline, the longest-held occupation, and lifetime working years (total working years throughout lifetime). Generalized estimating equations of the multivariable Poisson regression model were applied to evaluate a cumulative incidence ratio (CIR) for self-reported CD and a 95% confidence interval (CI), controlled for age, education, self-perceived economic status, chronic medical conditions, smoking history, physical activity, depression, and instrumental activities of daily living. To examine any gender-specific association, stratified analyses by gender were performed.ResultsThe 33-month cumulative incidence of self-reported CD was 15.7% in men and 14.4% in women. After covariate adjustments and mutual adjustment for three items of lifetime WP, men who had their longest held job in a white-collar occupation reported significantly decreased self-reported CD compared to men engaged in blue-collar jobs (CIR 0.72; 95% CI, 0.57–0.91), and women had a significant dose–response relationship between longer lifetime working years and less decline in subjective cognitive functioning (P for trend <0.029). Among both genders, WP at baseline was not associated with self-reported CD.ConclusionsOur results suggest that lifetime WP, especially lifetime principal occupation in men and lifetime working years in women, may play a more prominent role in preventing self-reported CD than later-life WP.

Association between longest‐held occupation and Social Security Disability Insurance benefits receipt

The cost of the Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) program has increased over time though recent reports showed that disability incidence and prevalence rates have started declining. We explored whether occupation was one of the risk factors for the rising number of disabled workers who received DI benefits during 1992-2016. We used a cohort of 16 196 Health and Retirement Survey respondents between the age of 51 and 64 years who were followed from their date of entry until they received DI benefits, died, reached full retirement age, or reached the end of the follow-up period (2016). We used the extended stratified Cox proportional hazard model. Because one-third of the respondents in our cohort did not report their longest-held occupation, we used a multiple-imputation method. The hazard of receiving DI benefits was 51%, 78%, 81%, and 85% higher among workers with longest-held occupations in sales, mechanics and repair, protective services, and personal services, respectively than among workers with longest-held occupations in the reference managerial occupation. The hazard of receiving DI benefits was more than double among workers with longest-held occupations in the construction trade and extractors, transportation operation, machine operators, handlers, and food preparation than among workers with the longest-held occupation in the reference managerial occupation. Improving the overall working conditions in these occupations would help reduce worker suffering and the number of applicants for DI benefits, thereby reducing the burden of workplace injury and illness on the DI program.