Longer Version Research Articles

The Jungle at 100

It has been just over 100 years since the publication of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, which certainly was a keystone in the arch of American's literature of reform. By means of a reconsideration at the work's centennial, these four essays explore a variety of historical issues: the origins and progress of the reformist impulse in U.S. journalism; the varied literary roots of American journalistic practices; the unresolved tensions between fictive and nonfictive writing; and the historiographic issues raised by the recent discovery of an unpublished, significantly longer version of the work. As an inspiration to all muckraking journalists over the years, the seminal position of The Jungle in American letters is matched by few other works. It is hoped these essays will encourage a diverse conversation about the book, its causes, and its effects.

Salt-Specific Stability and Denaturation of a Short Salt-Bridge-Forming α-Helix

The structure of a single alanine-based Ace-AEAAAKEAAAKA-Nme peptide in explicit aqueous electrolyte solutions (NaCl, KCl, NaI, and KF) at large salt concentrations (3-4 M) is investigated using approximately 1 mus molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations. The peptide displays 71% alpha-helical structure without salt and destabilizes with the addition of NaCl in agreement with experiments of a somewhat longer version. It is mainly stabilized by direct and indirect (" i + 4")EK salt bridges between the Lys and Glu side chains and a concomitant backbone shielding mechanism. NaI is found to be a stronger denaturant than NaCl, while the potassium salts hardly show influence. Investigation of the molecular structures reveals that consistent with recent experiments Na (+) has a much stronger affinity to side chain carboxylates and backbone carbonyls than K (+), thereby weakening salt bridges and secondary structure hydrogen bonds. At the same time, the large I (-) has a considerable affinity to the nonpolar alanine in line with recent observations of a large propensity of I (-) to adsorb to simple hydrophobes, and thereby "assists" Na (+) in its destabilizing action. In the denatured states of the peptide, novel long-lived (10-20 ns) "loop" configurations are observed in which single Na (+) ions and water molecules are hydrogen-bonded to multiple backbone carbonyls. In an attempt to analyze the denaturation behavior within the preferential interaction formalism, we find indeed that for the strongest denaturant, NaI, the protein is least hydrated. Additionally, a possible indication for protein denaturation might be a preferential solvation of the peptide backbone by the destabilizing cosolute (sodium). The mechanisms found in this work may be of general importance to understand salt effects on protein secondary structure stability.

On the integrality ratio for tree augmentation

We show that the standard linear programming relaxation for the tree augmentation problem in undirected graphs has an integrality ratio that approaches 3 2 . This refutes a conjecture of Cheriyan, Jordán, and Ravi [J. Cheriyan, T. Jordán, R. Ravi, On 2-coverings and 2-packings of laminar families, in: Proceedings, European Symposium on Algorithms, 1999, pp. 510–520. A longer version is on the web: http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/jcheriyan/publications.html] that the integrality ratio is 4 3 .

Women and the Politics of Play in Sixteenth-Century Italy: Torquato Tasso's Theory of Games*

In the early 1580s, Torquato Tasso (1544–95), hospitalized (or imprisoned) in Ferrara's Sant'Anna, wrote two versions of a dialogue on the theory of games in which a female interlocutor complains that men commonly lose to women out of an artificial sense of courtesy. In the second and much longer version, the Gonzaga secondo overo del giuoco (1582), he shifts the direction of his response to this condescending mannerism, offering a vision of women with the determination and potential to be true players. This article examines how Tasso made this change and speculates as to why, tying his treatment to the larger discourse on gender and play in sixteenth-century Italy and proposing that his solution represents a timely intersection of the theory of games, the agency of women, and the plight of a captive poet in Renaissance Italy.

Morton Smith as M. Madiotes: Stephen Carlson's Attribution of Secret Mark to a Bald Swindler

AbstractIn 1960, Morton Smith announced that he had discovered in the Mar Saba monastery tower library a fragment of a previously unknown letter of Clement of Alexandria containing excerpts from a longer version of the Gospel of Mark that Smith called the 'Secret Gospel of Mark'. Controversial since its publication in 1973, this discovery has recently been criticized in print as both an academic hoax and a malicious forgery. This paper uses newly discovered manuscript photographs and archived documents to refute a claim found in Stephen C. Carlson's The Gospel Hoax, namely that Smith invented a pseudonymous twentieth-century individual named 'M. Madiotes' as an elaborate and deliberate clue that he himself had forged the letter of Clement.

Test-Retest Reliability of the Dispositional Resilience Scale-15, a Brief Hardiness Scale

Test-retest correlations provide the most appropriate estimate of reliability when short scales are used to measure complex constructs. A brief, 15-item hardiness scale was developed from a longer version known as the Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS), which first appeared in 1989. This short hardiness scale (DRS-15) has the advantages of brevity, good internal consistency, and validity (Barone, 1995, - 1999); however, test-retest reliability has not yet been estimated. The present study addresses this issue, using a sample of 104 military academy cadets. The 3-wk. test-retest reliability coefficient was .78.

Expression and characterization of the integrase of bovine immunodeficiency virus

In the pol gene of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) there is a sequence, located between the reverse-transcriptase and integrase (IN)-encoding sequences, that is not found in HIV-1 pol gene and encodes a 74-residue polypeptide with homology to dUTPases. We have expressed two BIV IN versions that differ in their amino termini. The longer version, containing the 74-residue sequence, did not show any detectable 3′-end processing and strand transfer IN activities and performed only the IN-associated disintegration. Consequently, the shorter version, lacking the dUTPase-related residues, performed all three activities and is most likely similar to the viral enzyme. A comparison between BIV IN and the well-studied HIV-1 IN, with substrates that mimic the U5 LTR sequences of BIV, HIV-1 and another bovine lentivirus, Jembrana disease virus, revealed that the extra 3′-end sequence beyond the conserved “CA” is probably less important for IN activities than the sequence upstream to the “CA".

Novellas as Morality Tales and Entertainment in the Newspapers of the Late Qajar Period: Yahya Mirza Eskandari's “‘Eshgh-e Doroughi” and “‘Arousi-e Mehrangiz”1

The literary genre known as dastan-e ‘ebrat (morality tale or play) had already gained currency before the turn of the century and the awakening that preceded the Constitutional Revolution. It was, however, in the context of that Revolution and the impulses the Revolution brought forth, that this form of writing achieved greater popularity. Through the new medium of newspapers available now to a mass audience, the mode of delivery of the traditional morality tale in daily or weekly installments also took on the new role of entertainment while retaining the old role of socio-political commentary. Combining the tradition of his grandfather, Mohammad Taher Mirza Eskandari, who as translator, brought the romantic novels of Alexandre Dumas to the attention of the court and the Persian public, and that of his father and uncle who were pioneers and founders of the early humanist societies (anjoman) in the late Qajar era, Yahya Mirza Eskandari also used literature as a means of conveying his progressive social and political views. The two works, ‘Eshgh-e doroughi and ‘Arousi-e mehrangiz, in particular, capture the genre and the message of the dastan-e ‘ebrat well while taking it further to a level of political and social critique, particularly directed at the autocratic foundations of the government of the time. While focusing on the political critiques of tradition and traditionalism that these works represent, this article will also try to highlight their entertainment aspect, achieved through the process of serialization and publishing by installment, the publication format the papers Majjaleh-ye nesvan and Iran-e now chose for them.1 1The present article is an expanded version of the paper presented by the author at the sixth conference of the International Qajar Studies Association (IQSA) in Paris in June 2006 on the theme of “Entertainment in the Qajar Era.” A longer version of this article was published in the Journal of the Association, Qajar Studies VI (2006). I am grateful to Prof. Afsaneh Najmabadi who inspired these efforts with the publication of her “The Morning After: The Travail of Sexuality and Love in Modern Iran,” in International Journal of Middle East Studies (August 2004) and Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards (Berkeley, 2005). It was due to her generosity and kindness that I came into possession of copies of the two novellas of Yahya Mirza Eskandari mentioned here.

Early identification of primary school students with learning difficulties in Hong Kong: the development of a checklist

Early identification of children experiencing difficulties in learning is essential for timely and effective intervention. The aim of this study was to develop a screening instrument for identifying students with learning difficulties at the end of the first term of Primary 1 in Hong Kong. This paper describes the development and validation of a 27‐item checklist on 594 students. Validity testing performed included content and expert, contrasted group, concurrent and predictive validity; all were found to be satisfactory. In addition, test–re‐test reliability was assessed to be good. The checklist can be administered in 10 minutes for each student based on everyday observations of the student; no specific testing of the students would be required. A longer version with 97 items was also made available for teachers to conduct a more comprehensive evaluation of a child’s performance.

The Importance of Compositorial Error and Variation to the Emendation of Shakespeare’s Texts: A Bibliographic Analysis of Benson’s 1640 Text of Shakespeare’s Sonnets

The Importance of Compositorial Error and Variation to the Emendation of Shakespeare's Texts:A Bibliographic Analysis of Benson's 1640 Text of Shakespeare's Sonnets Carl D. Atkins In 1640, John Benson published an octavo volume with the misleading title, "Poems: Written by Wil. Shake-speare. Gent."1 The text is based on William Jaggard's third edition of The Passionate Pilgrim (1612), Thomas Thorpe's 1609 quarto of Shakespeare's Sonnets and A Lovers Complaint (hereinafter referred to as the Quarto), and The Phoenix and the Turtle (1601). Benson's text prints the entire contents of The Passionate Pilgrim (which itself borrowed heavily from Thomas Heywood's Troia Brittanica, arousing considerable indignation from that author), including the versions of Sonnets 138 and 144 contained therein, and 144 of the remaining sonnets from the Quarto, omitting eight. It also includes an additional verse omitted from poem 19 of The Passionate Pilgim, which occurs in the longer version contained in England's Helicon (1600), as well as a number of poems by other authors, not all identified.2 [End Page 306] Although some groups of sonnets occur successively in both texts, the order of the sonnets in Benson differs greatly from that in the Quarto, and poems from The Passionate Pilgrim are interspersed throughout them. Benson also adds titles to groups of sonnets, or sometimes individual ones, often with little relation to the subject matter. Groups of sonnets under one title are printed without separation. Although the couplets are consistently indented, the layout of the text gives the appearance that such groups comprise single poems, despite the fact that the sense usually does not allow them to be read as such. Benson's titles sometimes use the female gender where none is specified in the ensuing sonnets, and male pronouns are altered to female pronouns in a few sonnets (see below). Many commentators assume that Benson was trying to hide the presumably indelicate fact that most of the sonnets appear to be written to a male addressee.3 However, friendship is prominent in Benson's titles, and many male pronouns are allowed to stand. The disarrangement of the text suggests a different motive. Benson needed to hide both the fact that his text was pirated and that the majority of the poems were part of a sonnet sequence. By 1609, sonnet sequences were already out of vogue, and only one edition of the Quarto was printed.4The Passionate Pilgrim, on the other hand, had three editions, a fact not likely to be overlooked by an enterprising printer. Benson's text is important for two reasons. First, it was the basis for later editions of Shakespeare's Sonnets from Charles Gildon's in 1710 to Thomas Evans's in 1775 (excluding Bernard Lintott's in 1711). Edmond Malone, in 1780, was the first editor to return to the Quarto as the authentic text of the Sonnets.5 Second, knowing the copy-texts on which it is based allows us to examine in detail the extent to which the compositor affected the transmission of the text, from which we may make some cautious generalizations about early-seventeenth-century composition. I will restrict my comments to a comparison between the Quarto and the 144 sonnets in Benson taken therefrom.6 The Appendix lists all of [End Page 307] the 759 variants between the two texts, excluding the changes in typographical convention whereby the use of "i" for "j," initial "v" for "u," and medial "u" for "v" in the Quarto are not followed in Benson (the compositor maintains these conventions for capital letters but is otherwise faithful in this regard, with the exception of the word "prou'd" in Sonnet 110 and "proue" in the third poem in The Passionate Pilgrim, where he fails to change the "u" to a "v").7 Benson's compositor recognized and corrected almost all of the twenty-seven obvious misprints contained in the 144 sonnets copied from the Quarto.8 Thus, the single-letter substitutions in Sonnets 6, 47 (two instances), 90, 91, and 152, the single dropped letters in Sonnets 13, 22, 50, 68, and 88, the dittography in Sonnets 46 and 122, and the...

Comparación del instrumento de salud SF-12 frente al SF-36 en pacientes en mantenimiento con metadona

The concordance of the physical and mental component summary scores of the Short Form (SF)-36 has been established using the SF-12 in general and selected patient populations but has yet to be assessed in patients with drug addiction.To investigate whether a shorter health status instrument, the short form (SF)-12, is comparable with its longer version, the SF-36, for measuring health-related quality of life of patients with addictive disorders in treatment with methadone.A cross-sectional study was carried out on a stratified random sample (n= 726) of users included in the Methadone Maintenance Programmes in the Basque Country in Spain. The SF-36 Health Survey was used and the physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) of the SF-36 and SF-12 were calculated. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and linear regression were used to assess the ability of the SF-12 physical component summary (PCS-12) scores to predict PCS-36 scores and the SF-12 mental component summary (MCS-12) scores to predict MCS-36 scores.The concordance between the SF-12 and the SF-36 on both physical (ICC = 0.97) and mental (ICC = 0.98) component summary scores (PCS and MCS respectively) is high and the relationship is linear and positive. Most of the variance in the SF-36 PCS (R2 = 0.88) and MCS (R2 = 0.91) can be explained by their SF-12 counterparts.The SF-12 reproduced SF-36 summary scores without substantial loss of information when used on patients undergoing methadone treatment. The SF-12 appears to be an efficient alternative to the SF-36 for the assessment of health-related quality of life of patients with addictive disorders and their treatment.

Sinan's autobiographies. Five Sixteenth-Century Texts * Edited with a preface by GuLRU NECIPOGLU

Mustafa Sâʿî (d. 1004/1595–6) is associated with five biographies, or autobiographies of Sinan, an Untitled Treatise (AR) the Risaletü’l-Miʿmariye or Treatise on Architecture (RM), the Tuhfetü’l-Miʿmarin or Choice gift of the Architects (TM), the Tezkiretü’l-Ebniye or Record of Building (TE) and a longer version, the Tezkiretü’l-Bünyan or Record of Construction (TB). For concision, I shall refer to them, as the authors do, by their abbreviations. AR, RM, TM and TE, they conclude, appear to be in a single continuous line of textual descent from AR, which was evidently a draft and may have been programmatic, though the construction of a stemma is complicated by the fact that in several instances the texts are joined together or merged in the same manuscript. Apart from the serious objection that they all conflict in various ways with primary documents for Sinan's works—foundation inscriptions, the Mühimme Defters and the building accounts of Süleymaniye published...

Editorial Volume 2 Issue 1

Editorial Volume 2 Issue 1

Identification of a novel, highly variable amino-terminal amino acid sequence element in the nuclear intermediate filament protein lamin B 2 from higher vertebrates

By comparing newly available cDNA sequences of the human intermediate filament protein lamin B 2 with published sequences, we have identified an additional translation initiation codon 60 nucleotides upstream of the previously assumed translation start. In addition, corresponding sequences were identified in the chimpanzee, mouse, rat and bovine genes and cDNAs, respectively. Therefore, we generated antibodies against these potential 20 new amino acids of the human sequence. By immunoblot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy we show that human lamin B 2 is indeed synthesized as a longer version than previously reported, because it contains these additional 20 amino acids. Notably, the sequence homology to mouse, rat and bovine lamin B 2 is significantly lower in this segment than in that between the second methionine codon and the start of the α-helical rod indicating that the tip of the “head” is engaged in more species-specific functions. Forced expression of the GFP-tagged authentic “long” and the 20 amino acid shorter version of lamin B 2 in human cultured SW-13 cells demonstrated that both the longer and the shorter version are properly integrated into the nuclear lamina, although the shorter version exhibited a tendency to disturb envelope architecture at higher expression levels.

Reliability and Validity of the Safety Assessment Scale for People with Dementia Living at Home

With the recent funding changes in health care services, more seniors with dementia are cared for in their homes and the nature of their condition puts them at higher risk for accidents and injuries. The Safety Assessment Scale (SAS) was developed for use by community healthcare providers to evaluate and lower the risk of accidents, provide recommendations to family caregivers and enhance case management. Method. The scale was assessed in terms of the reliability as well as content, criterion and construct validity with 176 community-residing people with dementia in Quebec, Alberta and British Columbia. The Safety Assessment Scale was validated in French and English. The SAS demonstrated an excellent test-retest (ICC=.91) and inter-rater (ICC=.88) reliability. Results for validity were also extremely good. The scale is available in French and English. The short version of the SAS is a screening tool and the longer version provides an in-depth evaluation of safety and intervention planning. The SAS can be used by a variety of health care professionals who work with individuals who have dementia.

Evaluation of the Bereavement Risk Index (BRI): a community hospice care protocol

to test the validity, reliability and feasibility of using a modified version of Parkes' (1993) Bereavement Risk Index (BRI) and bereavement support protocol in an Australian home hospice care setting. In addition, the study aimed to explore what types of family members are most likely to experience a more difficult grief reaction. a prospective, descriptive study was used. One hundred and fifty bereaved family members participated. Bereaved family members were classified as high, medium or low risk and received a structured bereavement support protocol based on their level of risk as measured by the BRI. results indicated that a shorter 4-item version of the BRI was more internally consistent than the longer version and demonstrated good predictive validity when correlated with outcome measures at 3 months following the patient's death. the modified 4-item BRI demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity and was brief and simple to use. Nurses were able to use the instrument with minimal training and were able to adhere to a matched bereavement support protocol.

Post-Soviet Peter: New Histories of the Late Muscovite and Early Imperial Russian Court

November/December 2005 · Historically Speaking 35 Review Essay Post-Soviet Peter: New Histories of the Late Muscovite and Early Imperial Russian Court* Ernest A. Zitser Evgenii Viktorovich Anisimov, Gosudarstvennye preobrazovaniia i samoderzhavie Petra Velikogo vpervoi chetverti XVIII veka [State Reforms and Peter the Great's Autocracy in the First Quarter of the 18th Century]. 331 pp. St. Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 1997. ISBN 5860070632. Paul Bushkovitch, Peter the Great, xii + 187 pp. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001. ISBN 0847696383. $24.95 (cloth). ISBN 0847696391. $17.95 (paper). Paul Bushkovitch, Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671-1725. xii + 485 pp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 521805856. $85.00. Lindsey Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great, xxix + 602 pp. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. ISBN 0300075391. $60.00 (cloth). ISBN 0300082665. $23.00 (paper). Lindsey Hughes, Peter the Great: A Biography, xv + 285 pp. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0300094264. $35 (cloth). ISBN 030010300X. $18.00 (paper). Dmitrii Olegovich Serov, Stroiteli imperii: Ocherki gosudarstvennoi i kriminal 'noi deiatel'nosti spodvizhnikov Petra I [Builders ofEmpire: Sketches ofthe State and Criminal Activities of Peter Ys Companions]. 262 pp. Novosibirsk: Izdatel'stvo Novosibirskogo universiteta , 1996. ISBN 5761503859. Viktor Markovich Zhivov, Razyskaniia ? oblasti istorii i predystorii russkoi kul'tury [Research in the History and Prehistory of Russian Culture]. 758 pp. Moscow: Iazyki slavianskoi kul'tury, 2002. ISBN 5785902214. • ne of the unexpected historiographical consequences ofthe demise ofthe Soviet Union has been a revival of interest in that most traditional of all Russian historical topics—the study of Peter the Great and all things Petrine (petrovedenie).1 This revival cannot simply be attributed to the fact that the political and economic transformaJ This review essay is adapted from a longer version, with the same title, that first appeared in Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 6 (2005): 375-392. Printed here with permission. Monument to Peter the Great, St. Petersburg, 1909. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [reproduction number, LC-DIG-ggbain-04176]. tions of the late 20th century happened to coincide with a spate ofPetrine tercentenaries, such as those commemorating the inauguration of the Russian navy (1695), Peter's "Great Embassy" to Europe (1697-98), or, most famously, the founding of St. Petersburg (1703). Rather, these post-Soviet Petrine celebrations are themselves a sign of Russians' renewed interest in a usable national past and in particular in the historical period that has come tö be identified (and even embraced) as the quintessential starting point of Russian modernity. Contemporary opinion polls indicate that Peter the Great has a higher approval rating than any other leader in Russian history (except perhaps for Russia's current president ). Judging by the flood ofbooks produced in the last decade, this fact is not lost on Russian publishers, who have eagerly joined contemporary politicians in cashing in on imperial nostalgia. Unfortunately, the actual intellectual content of what is sold to Russian consumers (and fobbed offon voters) suggests that much of contemporary petrovedenie fails to rise above the level attained in the first half of the 19th century, when the contours of the professional, academic study ofPeter's Russia first took shape. If they address the historiography at all, most of the glossy commemorative volumes and popular biographies produced to coincide with the recent Petrine anniversaries simply echo the old debates about continuity and change, the role of "Great Men" in history, and the inevitability of the choice between Russia and the West. Regardless ofwhich side ofthe argument they eventually land on, the participants in such endless (because ultimately ahistorical) quarrels fail to transcend the antinomies imported from German idealist philosophy by the Slavophiles and Westernizers. As a result, they do little more than perpetuate the commonly accepted myths about Peter the Great, the demiurge who supposedly dragged Muscovy kicking and screaming into the secular modern world.2 How gratifying it is, therefore, to review a selection of books that not only try to bring something new to the traditional picture of Peter, but also attempt to rethink the premises underpinning much of the old petrovedenie. Not surprisingly, this revisionist strain in the historiography ofPeter's reign has also drawn strength from...

Authors' perceptions of electronic publishing: two cross sectional surveys

Objectives To evaluate how acceptable authors find the BMJ's current practice of publishing short versions of research articles in the paper journal and a longer version on the web and...

HUMAN RIGHTS FORUM

In 2002, the AAA Committee for Human Rights (CfHR) initiated the Fellows Program in the Anthropology of Human Rights. Positions provide recipients with strong experience in human rights work, possibilities for publication, as well as the opportunity to work closely with the Committee, government agencies, and human rights‐based NGOs. CfHR Research Fellow (2002–2003) Kimmerle came to the position with a strong background in the practice of anthropology in international human rights. Between 2000 and 2001 she served on the forensic team of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in its missions in Bosnia‐Herzegovina and Croatia. We are pleased to present here a brief version of Kimmerle's report. A longer version appears on the Human Rights page of the AAA website (http:www.aaanet.org).

Characterization of the Cobaltochelatase CbiXL: EVIDENCE FOR A 4Fe-4S CENTER HOUSED WITHIN AN MXCXXC MOTIF

CbiX is a cobaltochelatase required for the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 and is found in Archaea as a short form (CbiXS containing 120-145 amino acids) and in some bacteria as a longer version (CbiXL containing 300-350 amino acids). Purification of either recombinant Bacillus megaterium or Synechocystis CbiXL in Escherichia coli, which is facilitated by the presence of a naturally occurring histidine-rich region of the protein, results in the isolation of a dark brown protein solution. The UV/visible spectrum of the protein is consistent with the presence of a redox group, and the lack of definition within the spectrum is suggestive of a 4Fe-4S center. The presence of an iron-sulfur center was confirmed by EPR analysis of the proteins, which produces a pseudoaxial spectrum with g values at 2.04, 1.94, and 1.90. The EPR spectrum was absent at 70 K, an observation that is diagnostic of a 4Fe-4S center. Redox potentiometry coupled with optical spectroscopy allowed the midpoint potential of the redox center to be determined for the CbiXL from both B. megaterium and Synechocystis. Sequence analysis of CbiXL proteins reveals only two conserved cysteine residues within the CbiXL proteins, which are part of an MXCXXC motif. Mutagenesis of the two cysteines leads to loss of both the EPR spectrum and UV/visible spectral features of the Fe-S center in the protein, clearly indicating that these residues are involved in ligating the cofactor to the apoprotein possibly in a butterfly arrangement. The potential physiological role of the iron-sulfur center is discussed.