Long-range Goal Research Articles

TNF-a Receptor 1 Activity Is Differentially Required for Phrenic Long-term Facilitation (pLTF) Over the Course of Motor Neuron Death in Adult Rats

Intrapleural injection of cholera toxin B fragment conjugated to saporin (CTB-SAP) selectively kills respiratory motor neurons, and mimics aspects of neuromuscular disorders and neurodegenerative diseases including phrenic motor neuron death, decreased phrenic motor output, and increased microglial cell number. Over the course of motor neuron loss, enhanced A2A receptor-dependent phrenic plasticity is observed early (7d), and then constrained 5-HT receptor-dependent phrenic plasticity is observed later (28d). In addition, COX-1/2-induced inflammation differentially impacts breathing and phrenic plasticity in CTB-SAP rats, but the underlying mechanism by which COX-1/2-induced inflammation impacts breathing and plasticity over the course of motor neuron death has not been studied. We observe that increased cervical neuroinflammatory gene expression ( e.g., tumor necrosis factor-a; TNF-a) is reduced back to control levels in the presence of ketoprofen in CTB-SAP rats, and it is known that TNF-a is involved in phrenic plasticity in naïve rats. Thus, we hypothesized that acute TNF-a receptor inhibition attenuates phrenic plasticity at 7d and enhances it at 28d TNF-a following CTB-SAP-induced neuropathology. Using anesthetized, paralyzed and ventilated CTB-SAP-treated adult Sprague Dawley rats, we studied acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH; 3, 5 min bouts of 10.5% O2) induced pLTF following acute intrathecal C4 delivery of a TNF-a receptor 1 inhibitor (soluble TNFR1; sTNFR1; 0.13 ug/ul) or vehicle (aCSF) to rats that received bilateral, intrapleural injections of: 1) CTB-SAP (25ug), or 2) un-conjugated CTB and SAP (control) in rats treated 7d or 28d prior. Surprisingly, preliminary results indicate that acute sTNFR1 delivery does not affect pLTF in 7d CTB-SAP-treated rats (n=5; i.e., pLTF still enhanced) but it enhanced pLTF in 28d CTB-SAP-treated rats (n=6; p<0.05) vs. controls (n=6 at 7d; n=7 at 28d) and vs. vehicle treated rats (controls n=6 for 7d and n=9 for 28d; CTB-SAP, n=4 for 7d and 28d each). These preliminary observations suggest that TNF-a does not contribute to pLTF in 7d CTB-SAP-treated rats, whereas it may undermine pLTF in 28d CTB-SAP-treated rats. Studies are underway to assess the cellular source of TNF-a and the impact of chronic sTNFR1 delivery on pLTF, diaphragm activity, and breathing. Since most patients with neuromuscular disorders or neurodegenerative disease develop respiratory insuffciency and ultimately become ventilator dependent, our long-range goal is to develop new strategies to enhance the functional capacity of spared motor neurons and reduce ventilatory compromise in motor neuron loss pathology. These novel strategies, if successful, will identify new therapeutic targets for future, translational studies to enhance breathing in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Supported by a Spinal Cord Injury and Disease Research grant. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Preventing Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries in High School Sports Participants: An Executive Summary of the Inaugural Meeting of the National ACL Injury Coalition.

To address the increasing rates of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury among young sports participants, the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) and the Aspen Institute convened a meeting of a new national coalition to make ACL injury prevention a fundamental aspect of youth sports. This executive summary outlines the National ACL Injury Coalition's goals as defined at its inaugural meeting held at HSS on March 27, 2023. Using a theory of change called "collective impact" designed to support collaboration and drive systems-level change, the coalition focused on 4 strategic priorities intended to reduce ACL injury rates in high school sports participants: widespread implementation of interventions (ensuring that student athletes are adequately trained), high-quality education (raising awareness among many stakeholders), equitable access (ensuring that all high school sports participants, regardless of the resources available at their schools, have access to injury prevention resources), and aligning stakeholders (uniting disparate entities-schools, sports clubs, parents, coaches, and others in these efforts). The group outlined short-range, medium-range, and long-range goals over a 3-year period, including the launch of an ACL injury prevention toolkit for use by adolescent sports participants and teams, athletic trainers, coaches, and other key stakeholders.

Vývoj vybraných zmiešaných ihličnato-listnatých porastov v režime bezzásahovosti

The climate change has an adverse impact on tree species and forest stands. Different tree species tolerance and changes in tree species composition are considered as one of the climate change consequences. The paper deals with assessment and comparison of tree species composition and basal area increment in mixed (spruce-fir-beech) stands, which were left to self-thinning during 45–55 years. The large-scale experimental basis of older thinning permanent research plots established, in the past, in mixed stands situated in the 5th and 6th altitudinal forest zone was used in the research. At the same time the detected changes were compared to long-range goal and tree species models specified for a given forest type. The results showed increased proportion of beech and sycamore maple contrary to decreased share of fir and spruce. At the same time, fir also recorded the highest percentage of loss by self-thinning. The comparison of the current tree species composition with the models showed slight differences in all areas in favour of spruce at the expense of beech. Similarly, the basal area increment of beech was the highest everywhere.

The Anti-Reformist Stance in Investment Law

Abstract This article articulates an ‘anti-reformist’ stance toward the reform of international investment law and dispute settlement. The mainstream debates over the future of investment law are generally ‘reformist,’ in the sense that they seek to maintain the system of special legal rights afforded to a discrete class of persons defined as ‘investors’. This system of special rights amplifies investors’ power vis-à-vis other constituencies and is premised on flimsy assumptions about the investor’s vulnerability that are not borne out either in theory or in practice. Drawing on recent work in other fields, this article sketches an anti-reformist approach that asserts these fundamental challenges, even as it remains engaged in contemporary reform debates. It also discusses the near-term implications of this approach for procedural and substantive reform of investment treaties, as well as the long-range goals of an anti-reformist stance.

Nine-axis inertial measurement unit output discriminates activities of varying intensity in the dog

To explore relationships between 9-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU) output and activities of varying intensity in dogs of various sizes. 20 healthy, agility course-trained dogs of various ages and sizes. Height, weight, body condition score, age, length from IMU to the ischium, and height of IMU to the floor were recorded. Dogs performed a series of activities (rest, walk, trot, and agility course) while wearing the IMU device. IMU and video output were reviewed by independent investigators. Correlations and multiple regression models were used to explore relationships between independent variables and IMU output. Calibration demonstrated excellent correlation and concordance between IMUs (intraclass correlation > 0.9) and that the IMUs reliably measured a known acceleration (gravity at rest). Resultant vector magnitude {sqrt[(x^2) + (y^2) + (z^2)]} normalized to body size was calculated from the data. IMU output clearly discriminates between activities of varying intensity in the dog. The inability to accurately measure chronic pain is a barrier to the development of new, or critical evaluation of, therapeutics. Activity monitors (AM) may be the ideal diagnostic target since they are small and provide objective data that can be collected while the pet remains in its natural environment. These results demonstrate the concurrent and predictive validity of the IMU tested. Our long-range goal is to validate an open-source algorithm for the IMU so activity in a pet's natural environment can be used as an outcome measure in future studies.

Improved bias and reproducibility of coronary artery calcification features using deconvolution.

Our long-range goal is to improve whole-heart CT calcium scores by extracting quantitative features from individual calcifications. Here, we perform deconvolution to improve bias/reproducibility of small calcification assessments, which can be degraded at the normal CT calcium score image resolution. We analyzed features of individual calcifications on repeated standard (2.5mm) and thin (1.25mm) slice scans from QRM-Cardio phantom, cadaver hearts, and CARDIA study participants. Preprocessing to improve the resolution involved of Lucy-Richardson deconvolution with a measured point spread function (PSF) or three-dimensional blind deconvolution in which the PSF was iteratively optimized on high detail structures such as calcifications in images. Using QRM with inserts having known mg-calcium, we determined that both blind and conventional deconvolution improved mass measurements nearly equally well on standard images. Further, deconvolved thin images gave an excellent recovery of actual mass scores, suggesting that such processing could be our gold standard. For CARDIA images, blind deconvolution greatly improved results on standard slices. Bias across 33 calcifications (without, with deconvolution) was (23%, 9%), (18%, 1%), and ( , ) for Agatston, volume, and mass scores, respectively. Reproducibility was (0.13, 0.10), (0.12, 0.08), and (0.11, 0.06), respectively. Mass scores were more reproducible than Agatston scores or volume scores. For many other calcification features, blind deconvolution improved reproducibility in 21 out of 24 features. Cadaver images showed similar improvements in bias/reproducibility and slightly better results with a measured PSF. Deconvolution improves bias and reproducibility of multiple features extracted from individual calcifications in CT calcium score exams. Blind deconvolution is useful for improving feature assessments of coronary calcification in archived datasets.

Charting the Course to Advance DEI in the Ocean Sciences: A Case Study

The Louisiana State University College of the Coast & Environment (LSU CC&E) developed a multi-faceted strategic initiative to increase its diversity, equity, and inclusion. Elements of this initiative began one-by-one over the last decade and were aggregated into a comprehensive implementation plan—the 2020 CC&E Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Action Plan. Based on best practices in the “physical sciences” (i.e., geosciences, including oceanography), the plan aims to augment recruitment and retention using limited resources and personnel. The long-range goal is to increase the number of PhD graduates from underrepresented groups by employing strategies that start at the 6–12th grade level. The plan involves a change in culture, clear communications about needs and goals, and active participation and engagement of CC&E faculty, students, staff, supporters, and partners. This plan is increasing the diversity of enrollment in our academic programs and will ultimately lead to more students with both undergraduate and graduate degrees.

Disparities Education Strategies in the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center STEM Focused Youth Enjoy Science Program.

The Youth Enjoy Science/Scientific Enrichment and Opportunity (YES/SEO) Program at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center (Case CCC) in Cleveland, OH is an intensive Research, Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) program targeted at engaging underrepresented minority high school students to better understand and to pursue careers in cancer research and healthcare. The program's long-range goals are to increase diversity of the cancer professional workforce to contribute to elimination of cancer health inequities. A challenging aspect of this intensive research and STEM education program is how to effectively teach about cancer health disparities and to address the importance of developing strategies for their remediation. We describe herein some innovative approaches utilized to engage students in learning about disparities and thinking about solutions. Overall, feedback from our students indicates the importance of introducing disparities education topics often and using multiple approaches, including small and large meetings as well as lecture and conversational formats. These approaches provide opportunities for frequent student engagement and concept reinforcement. Based on this experience, a series of recommendations are provided for incorporating disparities education into intensive research and STEM programs.

Assessment of Optimal Conditions for Marine Invertebrate Cell-Mediated Mineralization of Organic Matrices.

Cellular strategies and regulation of their crystallization mechanisms are essential to the formation of biominerals, and harnessing these strategies will be important for the future creation of novel non-native biominerals that recapitulate the impressive properties biominerals possess. Harnessing these biosynthetic strategies requires an understanding of the interplay between insoluble organic matrices, mineral precursors, and soluble organic and inorganic additives. Our long-range goal is to use a sea anemone model system (Nematostella vectensis) to examine the role of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) found in native biomineral systems. Here, we study how ambient temperatures (25–37 °C) and seawater solution compositions (varying NaCl and Mg ratios) will affect the infiltration of organic matrices with calcium carbonate mineral precursors generated through a polymer-induced liquid-precursor (PILP) process. Fibrillar collagen matrices were used to assess whether solution conditions were suitable for intrafibrillar mineralization, and SEM with EDS was used to analyze mineral infiltration. Conditions of temperatures 30 °C and above and with low Mg:Ca ratios were determined to be suitable conditions for calcium carbonate infiltration. The information obtained from these observations may be useful for the manipulation and study of cellular secreted IDPs in our quest to create novel biosynthetic materials.

A weighted constraint satisfaction approach to human goal-directed decision making.

When we plan for long-range goals, proximal information cannot be exploited in a blindly myopic way, as relevant future information must also be considered. But when a subgoal must be resolved first, irrelevant future information should not interfere with the processing of more proximal, subgoal-relevant information. We explore the idea that decision making in both situations relies on the flexible modulation of the degree to which different pieces of information under consideration are weighted, rather than explicitly decomposing a problem into smaller parts and solving each part independently. We asked participants to find the shortest goal-reaching paths in mazes and modeled their initial path choices as a noisy, weighted information integration process. In a base task where choosing the optimal initial path required weighting starting-point and goal-proximal factors equally, participants did take both constraints into account, with participants who made more accurate choices tending to exhibit more balanced weighting. The base task was then embedded as an initial subtask in a larger maze, where the same two factors constrained the optimal path to a subgoal, and the final goal position was irrelevant to the initial path choice. In this more complex task, participants' choices reflected predominant consideration of the subgoal-relevant constraints, but also some influence of the initially-irrelevant final goal. More accurate participants placed much less weight on the optimality-irrelevant goal and again tended to weight the two initially-relevant constraints more equally. These findings suggest that humans may rely on a graded, task-sensitive weighting of multiple constraints to generate approximately optimal decision outcomes in both hierarchical and non-hierarchical goal-directed tasks.

Becoming Utopian: The Culture and Politics of Radical Transformation

Becoming Utopian: The Culture and Politics of Radical Transformation

Getting Intentional about Intention to Use: A Scoping Review of Person-Centered Measures of Demand.

In recent years, there has been much reflection on the measures used to assess and monitor contraceptive programming outcomes. The meaning and measurement of intention‐to‐use (ITU) contraception, however, has had less attention and research despite its widespread inclusion in many major surveys. This paper takes a deeper look at the meaning and measurement of ITU around contraception. We conducted a scoping review guided by the following questions: What is the existing evidence regarding the measurement of ITU contraception? What definitions and measures are used? What do we know about the validity of these measures? We searched databases and found 112 papers to include in our review and combined this with a review of the survey instruments and behavioral theory. Our review found growing evidence around the construct of ITU in family planning programming and research. However there are inconsistencies in how ITU is defined and measured, and this tends not to be informed by advances in behavioral theory and research. Further work is needed to develop and test measures that capture the complexity of intention, examine how intention differently relates to longer‐range goals compared to more immediate implementation, and demonstrate a positive relationship between ITU and contraceptive use.

The structure and function of the human cardiac actomyosin complex

We have solved high-resolution structures of the human cardiac actin-myosin complex and correlated our findings with kinetics data of the actomyosin ATPase. Our long-range goal is to compare the behavior of wild-type and mutant sarcomeric proteins on assembled thin filament complexes using human cardiac-specific proteins. Furthermore, we aim to dock small compounds into pockets associated with the thin filament-myosin interface as a means of mitigating effects of mutations. To date, human β-cardiac myosin subfragment 1 (M2β-S1, amino acids 1-843) was expressed with C-terminal Avi and FLAG tags in C2C12 cells.

A framework for addressing the lack of diversity in the Geosciences through evaluating the current structure of institutional efforts.

How can universities build institutional partnerships through supporting community geography projects? This paper details the case of university members seeking to achieve a community goal of expanding Geosciences education opportunities, while also targeting a long-range goal of improving diversity within the university Geosciences. Over the course of one year, two Ph.D students collaborated with community members affiliated with a local middle school to design and organize the School of Earth, Society, and Environment (SESE) Geosciences Camp for Middle School Girls, held in August 2019. This paper deconstructs and critiques the camp organizing process and its outcomes. The conclusion addresses what worked and what did not as a model for future attempts at more sustainable institutional partnerships serving community geography projects.

Субъективная важность целевых перспектив военнослужащих в отставке позднего зрелого возраста

The choice of long-range goals by the research participants is represented by a five-year time perspective, the choice of near-term goals is presented by a two-year time perspective. Within the framework of the study, the aspect of the presence of a strength of connection between two parameters was revealed by the method of studying statistical nonlinear relationships: «To master a profession and skill» (SVC in 2 years), and «Master a profession and skill» (SVC in 5 years); «Travel the world» (SVC in 2 years) and «Travel the world» (SVC in 5 years); «Become rich» (SVC in 2 years) and «Become rich» (SVC in 5 years); «Have an interesting social circle» (SVC in 2 years) and “Have an interesting social circle” (SVC in 5 years).

Abstract OT-05-01: Fine-sliced neurocognitive assessments and high-resolution neuroimaging biomarkers to diagnose cancer- and chemotherapy-induced cognitive deficits (CCICD) - a pilot study

Abstract Background: Significant progress has been made in cancer survival, however there is much room for improvement in supportive cancer care. “Chemo-brain” is the lay language that some patients use to describe a cognitive fog or mental fuzziness that they experience soon after chemotherapy (CT) and that can last more than a decade after CT has ended. In this study, we examine the notion of accelerated cognitive aging as a potential side effect of cytotoxic CT.While CCICD has been widely researched, its underlying biological mechanisms are yet to be sufficiently elucidated. The long-range goals of this study are to (a) yield clinically valid diagnostic criteria for CCICD by the identification of fine-sliced neurocognitive measures that can reliably capture within-subject, nuanced, cognitive changes pre/post CT; and (b) identify brain-based biomarkers that can leverage future systemic therapies or adjunctive medications that are neuroprotective. Trial design: The study takes advantage of greater clarity offered by high-resolution neuroimaging (7Tesla) to delve into biomarkers associated with the neurotoxic effects of the common chemotherapeutic agents doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, and cyclophosphamide on brain metabolism and iron homeostasis, which may result in CCICD. We innovate by harnessing magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) together with quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a trio that has rarely been combined in 7T imaging, to uncover biomarkers related to CCICD. In this high-resolution imaging environment, we hope to individually isolate and track changes in key neuronal metabolites such as glutamate and glutamine using MRS (pre- and post-CT), in a prospective, longitudinal study. At these two time-points, we simultaneously use QSM to identify regions of increased iron deposits (associated with doxorubicin) in the brain along white matter tracts as well as DTI to assess white matter degeneration.We selected fine-sliced measurements of cognitive updating, mental flexibility and impulse control, the key executive function (EF) deficits associated with CCICD. These and other global EF measures are administered pre/post-CT (within a period of 4-6 months), while assessments of depression, anxiety, sleep, and pain will be administered via a weekly online questionnaire during CT.Eligibility criteria: Eligible patients are adults (age ≥18) with either early stage HER2 negative breast cancer or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who will receive curative-intent combination CT, to include cyclophosphamide. Patients are excluded if they have a prior history of cancer diagnosis or treatment. Patients would have to be 7T MRI compatible.Specific Aims: To obtain preliminary estimates of the change in EF measures, brain metabolite, iron concentrations, and white matter degeneration in patients pre- and post-CT, to inform a subsequent larger trial.Statistical methods: The proposed sample (N=9) size achieves 74.8% power to detect a 1 SD change with a significance level of 0.05 using a two-sided, one-sample t-test for the pairwise difference. Estimates and 95% confidence intervals will be reported. Additionally, the relationship between executive function, brain metabolite, iron concentrations and white matter degeneration will be explored. Present and Target accrual: Accrual has thus far been delayed, partially due to due to COVID-19 restrictions on clinical research, beginning in March 2020. Target accrual is 9 patients.Contact information: Kanchna-ramchandran@uiowa.edu, Phone: 319-356-0535. Citation Format: Kanchna Ramchandran, Sneha Phadke, Sarah Mott, Grerk Sutamtewagul, Mark Karwal, Vince Magnotta. Fine-sliced neurocognitive assessments and high-resolution neuroimaging biomarkers to diagnose cancer- and chemotherapy-induced cognitive deficits (CCICD) - a pilot study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT-05-01.

Ориентация на будущее одаренных младших школьников: ближние и дальние цели

The article presents research data on the attitude of gifted children aged 9-10 years to different ages, their ideas about the future, setting short-and long-term goals. There is a great creative potential of giftedness, but how much it will be realized when reaching maturity depends not only on cognitive sphere, but also on the characteristics of the personality. The psychological literature contains contradictory information about the personal characteristics of gifted children; there is very little data on such aspect of personal development as orientation to the future, which determines the relevance and novelty of the study. The study involved 96 children with IQ≥115, enrolled in grades 3 and 4 of the gymnasium for gifted children, and 104 children enrolled in grades 3 and 4 of the secondary school under the traditional program (Moscow). We used the modified method of B. Zazzo “Golden age”, the projective method “Unfinished sentences” and the method of M.V. Matyukhina, which allows us to determine educational motivation in primary school age. It is shown that the majority of primary school children prefer youth as the age period of maximum opportunities. Gifted children are less likely than their peers with normative intellectual development to set short-range goals of good and excellent studies, self-improvement in activities that require physical effort, and more goals related to filling the lack of emotional support. The area of long-range goals related to youth is wider for younger students. Gifted children have a more pronounced orientation to high material security and freedom in its various manifestations, to a lesser extent – to the traditional construction of life (work, family, children).

Bringing together physical and mental health and promoting positive youth development in China

The overall development of adolescents is important for achieving the long-range goals for 2035 and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Since “physical and mental health” is fundamental for individual comprehensive development, it is necessary to pay attention to the physical and mental health of adolescents to promote their overall development. As far as the current situation is concerned, the development of the physical and mental health of Chinese adolescents shows positive improvement but still faces many challenges. The outbreak and spread of COVID-19 has changed the lifestyle, learning habits and social interactions of adolescents to a great extent, exerting negative impacts on physical and mental development. In the context of the normalization of epidemic prevention and control, it is necessary to further investigate the association between physical fitness with mental health, and to explore the various factors influencing this relationship. It is of great value to understand the importance of physical and mental health promotion of adolescents under the new conditions, in the maintenance and improvement of overall youth development at present and in the future. 【摘要】 青少年群体全面发展对于实现 2035 年远景目标以及中华民族伟大复兴至关重要。鉴于 “身心健康” 作为个体全 面发展之基础, 关注青少年体质与心理健康是促进中国青少年全面发展的必要途径。就现状而言, 中国青少年身心健康发 展呈现出较好的改善形势, 但仍然面临诸多问题。新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的暴发与蔓延更是在很大程度上改变了青少年 的生活方式、学习习惯、社会交往等, 对身心发展造成一定负面影响。在疫情防控常态化背景下, 需要进一步深入研究青少 年体质与心理健康之间的关系, 探讨影响两者关系的各类因素, 对于新形势下改善青少年身心健康发展具有重要价值, 对 于当前和未来维护及促进中国青少年健康全面成长具有重要意义。

The effect of policy planning, population and age structure on carbon emission under different city scale

In recent years, air pollution has become more and more serious in the world. The transportation system in cities made a large contribution to carbon emission. Therefore, the problem of urban traffic pollution needed to be solved urgently. The city scale, population, the age structure of population and policy planning would influence the energy consumption and carbon emission of transportation systems. This article compared three different transportation systems: private motor vehicles, buses and subway in three cities. Beijing, Nanjing and Shijiazhuang were selected as the main cities which represented the different city scale. By reading the article about carbon emission from the transportation system and analyzing the research methods used before, this article analyzed the carbon emission from transportation in Beijing, Nanjing and Shijiazhuang. The article mainly included the following parts. First of all, ‘engineering technical model’ was used in this article. Using the ‘engineering technical model’ based on the data, which includes amounts of transportation tools, total miles, energy consumption and carbon emission factors, the carbon emission would be taken. Besides that, this article also predicted the carbon emission in 2035 based on ’The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for the National Economic and Social Development of the People Republic of China and the Outline of the Long-range Goals to 2035’ to detect the effect of policy on carbon emission. At last, the cities with advanced transportation systems would have less carbon emission, but the super cities like Beijing still had the largest carbon emission. The age structure of the population also influenced carbon emission. Government policy was also the main influence factor for carbon emission. Under the government policy, the carbon emission of the transportation system decreased sharply.

Enabling Warp Speed Using the Hypervelocity Innovation Model: A Blue Print for Drug Development in Pandemics.

Pharmaceutical R&D is organized around prioritized investments, delivering on assets with the greatest return of investments Linear sequencing of trials and financial risks are determinants of speed in an enterprise There is less flexibility in leveraging expertise around priorities that are thrust on the system by external forces This commentary provides an insight into enabling warp speed using a hypervelocity mindset for mobilizing resources and scientific creativity, for accelerated timelines in response to pandemics