Longer Gap Research Articles

Noise and flow characteristics of variable backwards- and forward-facing steps and gaps in laminar boundary layer

The noise and flow characteristics of combined backwards-facing and forward-facing steps (BFS and FFS) are experimentally investigated in an acoustic wind tunnel using a far-field microphone array and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), respectively. The step models considered have a step height H of 10∼40 mm and a step gap L of 10∼100 mm, and the Reynolds number is ( Re H=) 2.1 × 105∼1.1 × 106. The incoming flow boundary layer is laminar, and the step height is approximately 3∼28 of the boundary layer thickness. The results show that the noise is closely related to the step type, step height H and the gap L. In the step-only configuration, the BFS noise does not vary with the step height H 1 and is much lower than the FFS noise, of which the sound pressure level depends on U 0 5.8∼ U 0 6.2 within the height range H 2. As for the combined step model (BFS&FFS), the noise spectrum changes significantly with the step heights and gaps. When H 1> H 2, the noise spectrum resembles the BFS-only due to the flow shield of the FFS from the upstream BFS. When H 1< H 2, the noise spectrum is dominated by the FFS, especially at higher H 2 or longer gap L due to more face area of the FFS exposed to the incoming flow. As H 1= H 2, the noise resembles the BFS in the low-frequency range and the FFS at high frequencies, respectively. Generally, the step-only and BFS&FFS have broadband noise characteristics, except when the ratio L/H is small, the noise spectrum has the characteristics of a typical cavity dominated by tonal peaks.

Treatment interruption in hypertensive patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: An interrupted time series analysis using prescription data in Okayama, Japan.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted healthcare behaviors, leading to fewer pediatric visits in Japan and potentially fewer visits by adult patients. However, existing Japanese studies on treatment interruptions have generally relied on questionnaire-based methods. In this study, we assessed the impact of the pandemic on antihypertensive treatment interruption using real-world prescription data. We conducted an interrupted time series analysis using the National Health Insurance Database in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. Participants included individuals aged 40-69 years with at least one antihypertensive prescription between 2018 and 2020. Treatment interruption was defined as a 3-month or longer gap in prescriptions after medication depletion. We used segmented Poisson regression with models unadjusted and adjusted for seasonality and over-dispersion to assess monthly treatment interruptions before and after Japan's April 2020 emergency. During the study period, 23.0% of 55,431 participants experienced treatment interruptions. Cyclical fluctuations in interruptions were observed. The crude analysis indicated a 1.2-fold increase in treatment interruptions following the pandemic; however, the adjusted models showed no significant changes. Even among higher-risk groups, such as women, younger adults, and those with shorter prescriptions, no significant alterations were observed. We found no significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on antihypertensive treatment interruption in Okayama Prefecture. The less severe outbreak in the area or increased use of telemedicine and extended prescriptions may have contributed to treatment continuity. Further research is needed using a more stable and comprehensive database, broader regional data, and detailed prescription records to validate and extend our findings.

The relationship of milk expression pattern and lactation outcomes after very premature birth: A cohort study.

Mothers of very premature infants often have difficulties expressing breastmilk, which can cause distress and potential negative impact on infant health. Clinical recommendations on breastmilk expression are extrapolated from term infants' breastfeeding patterns. This study's objective was to analyse the association of expressing pattern with lactation outcomes after very premature birth. 132 participants were recruited after birth between 23+0 and 31+6 weeks' gestation. Participants recorded the milk expressed in several 24-hour periods in the three weeks after birth. Expressing frequency was positively associated with 24-hour milk yield, with an adjusted 30.5g increase per expressing session on day four (95% CI 15.7 to 45.3) and 94.4g on day 21 (95% CI 62.7 to 126.2). Expressing ≥8 times per day was associated with higher adjusted milk yield than expressing <6 times (on day four, 146.8g, 95% CI 47.4 to 246.1), but not in comparison to expressing 6-7 times (on day four, 82.1g, 95% CI -25.9 to 190.1). Participants with six months or more prior breastmilk feeding experience had a higher adjusted milk yield than others (on day four, 204.3g, 95% CI 125.2 to 283.3). Night-time (2300-0700 hours) expressing sessions were not associated with increased milk yield after adjustment for time since the prior session. On average, participants who had a longest gap between expressions of less than six hours achieved the UK target of 750g breastmilk, whereas those with a longer gap did not. Expressing frequency was an important determinant of milk yield. Clinical recommendations to express ≥8 times per day were supported but for some, 6-7 times was sufficient. This was particularly likely for those with six months or more of prior breastmilk feeding experience. A need to express during the night-time hours appeared to be related to minimising the gap between expressions rather than an inherent value of night-time expression.

Isoperistaltic gastric tube for long gap esophageal atresia (LGEA) in newborn, infants, and toddlers: a case-control study from a tertiary center.

Limited evidence exists about outcomes after gastric tube formation as "rescue" technique to avoid esophageal replacement in long gap esophageal atresia (LGEA). The last ERNICA Consensus Conference on the Management of LGEA has placed the techniques of gastric tubulization among the priorities for future research. Evaluate personal experience with Isoperistaltic Gastric Tube (IGT) and compare its outcomes with other more popular techniques for LGEA. A case-control study has been conducted. A retrospective monocentric analysis of LGEA patients (period: 2010-19) has been conducted in all consecutive IGT patients and each of these has been type matched with two cases of LGEA treated with other techniques. The follow-up (FU) considered was 24-months. IGT and controls showed no statistically significant differences regarding preoperative variables like sex, gestational age, birth weight, syndromes, and EA type. However, IGT patients had a significantly longer esophageal GAP under boost pressure (4.5 vertebral bodies vs. 3.6, p = 0.019) at time of surgery. The analysis showed no statistical difference among the two groups about perioperative outcomes, ICU, or overall postoperative stay. No differences have been shown between IGT and controls during the follow-up regarding GERD, esophagitis, fundoplication, dysphagia, vocal cord paralysis, stenosis, and dilatations, auxologic data, need for anastomosis revision, oral aversion, and death. Isoperistaltic Gastric Tube is safe and effective even in LGEA patients with longer gaps, with good perioperative, post-operative and middle-term outcomes. This procedure may be considered as an alternative to avoid esophageal substitution when a primary anastomosis seems impossible for a residual gap after traction and growth techniques.

Myopia progression in children before and after the coronavirus disease lockdown

Background: The worldwide spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020, followed by lockdowns, forced children to be in home confinement with increased screen time, leading to rapid progression of myopia and an increase in the prevalence of myopia. This study was aimed at determining if myopia progression seen in evidence-based practice resulted from the COVID-19 lockdown or delayed follow-ups.&#x0D; Methods: A retrospective review of case sheets of patients visiting the pediatric department of a tertiary care eye hospital in Mumbai, India, was conducted from 2017 onwards. We enrolled all children with myopia who had attended at least one follow-up visit before the COVID-19 lockdown and at least one follow-up visit post-lockdown. The spherical equivalent (SEQ) of refractive error values at baseline and pre- and post-COVID-19 lockdown follow-ups (hereinafter referred to as the “first” and “second” follow-ups, respectively) were recorded. The duration between baseline and the first follow-up visit and between the first and second follow-up visits were noted.&#x0D; Results: We enrolled 112 eyes of 56 children, including 35 (62.5%) boys and 21 (37.5%) girls, with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 9.54 (2.82) years. The mean (SD) SEQ values at baseline and first and second follow-ups were - 4.74 (3.83), - 5.46 (3.81), and - 6.42 (3.66) D, respectively. The mean change in SEQ, mean SEQ myopia progression, and rate of myopia progression per month differed significantly between the baseline and the first follow-up visit versus between the first and second follow-ups (all P &lt; 0.05). However, the change in myopia degree did not differ significantly between these two periods in eyes with low, moderate, or high myopia (all P &gt; 0.05). The mean (SD) duration between the baseline and the first follow-up visit was 14.57 (5.68) months, while that between the first and second follow-ups was 27.96 (9.18) months, showing a significant difference (P &lt; 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a longer gap between follow-up visits and myopia progression per month should be factored into the management of myopia. Considering that young children are more vulnerable, preventive measures and school reforms should be urgently implemented in India. Further retrospective multicenter studies with a larger sample size of eyes, including various refractive errors over a longer period, are required to verify these findings.

K legionářské tvorbě Františka Langera

The paper deals with the thematic construction of František Langer's legionary work, including short stories, plays and a novel for children. In the case of the short stories published in the collection Železný vlk (1923), their narrative situation was also analysed. The short story Za cizí město is considered a key one, pointing out the difficult situation of our soldiers during the Russian Civil War. In the extensive children's novel Pes druhé roty (1923), the author's effort to create a complex artistic image of the Siberian anabasis of the legionnaires is captivating. The mythicizing position, which could already be identified in the seeds in short stories, is fully exposed here. The most famous drama with the theme of the legions, Jízdní hlídka (1935), was already created with a longer gap between the events depicted and presents a different, no longer unequivocally positive, image of the legionnaires. A comparison with play Plukovník Švec (1928) written by Langer's comrade-in-arms Rudolf Medek, which is based on a specific historical event and caused an extensive controversy, is offered.

Dating of Holocene Sedimentary and Paleosol Sequence within the Guadalentín Depression (Murcia, SE Spain): Paleoclimatic Implications and Paleoseismic Signals

This work presents the chronology of the Holocene filling of the Guadalentín Tectonic Depression (Murcia, SE Spain) combining 14C and OSL age data. This work studies the sediments and paleosols interbedded in the sedimentary sequence between Totana and Librilla, using as reference the Espuña Karting section (Alhama de Murcia), which has been fully sampled for its geochronological analysis. The entire dated sequences record the last c. 20–19 ka BP, although local basal travertine beds extend back to the Late Pleistocene (30–33 ka). Soil morphology and properties from dated paleosols record different environmental crises in SE Spain, but also a progressive aridification throughout the Holocene. The Chalcolithic Paleosol develops soon after c. 4.6–4.0 BP, nearly coinciding with the start of the Meghalayan stage, evidencing a drastic change from relatively humid to arid conditions, coincident with the crisis of the Copper Age civilizations in Spain. The Bronze Age paleosol also developed under arid but relatively more humid conditions, indicating a more important and longer gap in the sedimentary sequence soon after c. 2.5–2.7 ka BP. This stop in the sedimentation are correlative to the first stages of fluvial incision at basin center locations and the desiccation and fragmentation of the ancient wetlands coinciding with the collapse of the Bronze Age civilizations in SE Spain (Argaric Culture). During the Ibero-Roman Humid Period (IRHP), c. 2.6–1.6 ka BP, the last pedogenic cycle occurred under relatively humid conditions. This preluded the progressive establishment of exorheic fluvial environments as well as a period of paleoseismic activity in the area around 2.0–1.8 ka BP.

Comparative Clinical Outcomes With Scale-up of Dolutegravir as First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Ukraine.

Achievement of the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets requires ARV regimens that are easy to use, well-tolerated, and cost-effective. Dolutegravir (DTG)-based regimens are efficacious and less costly than other common first-line regimens. This study assessed real-world effectiveness of DTG regimens in treatment-naive people living with HIV in Ukraine. We extracted data from the national Medical Information System on all adult patients who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) with DTG, lopinavir/ritonavir, or efavirenz (EFV) between October 2017 and June 2018, at 23 large clinics in 12 regions of Ukraine. Viral suppression at 12 ± 3 months and retention at 12 months after treatment initiation were the outcomes of interest. Of total 1057 patients, 721 had a viral load test within the window of interest, and 652 (90%) had viral load of ≤ 200 copies/mL. The proportion with suppression was lower in the EFV group [aOR = 0.4 (95% confidence interval: 0.2 to 0.8)] and not different in the LPV group [aOR = 1.6 (0.5 to 4.9)] compared with the DTG group. A 24-month or longer gap between diagnosis and treatment was associated with lower odds of suppression [aOR = 0.4 (0.2 to 0.8)]. Treatment retention was 90% (957/1057), with no significant difference by regimen group. History of injecting drug use was associated with decreased retention [aOR = 0.5 (0.3 to 0.8)]. DTG-based regimens were comparable with LPV and more effective than EFV in achieving viral suppression among ART-naive patients in a multisite cohort in Ukraine. Treatment retention was equally high in all 3 groups. This evidence from Ukraine supports the ART Optimization Initiative as a strategy to improve efficiency of the ART program without negatively affecting patient clinical outcomes.

AC Flashover Characteristic at the Triple Junction of the Oil-Pressboard Insulation

Oil-pressboard insulation in transformers is prone to surface tracking or creeping discharge during operation. The oil-pressboard interface is believed to be one of the weakest points in the insulation system. In this paper, AC flashover characteristic at the triple junction of the oil-pressboard interface under a slightly inhomogeneous electric field has been studied. The results showed that the creeping discharge always started at the triple junction, then developed along the pressboard (PB) surface, and finally reached the opposite electrode. The reason was that the triple junction was subjected to the maximum electric field strength. The field strength corresponding to the breakdown of the pure oil gap (POG) was decreased with the increment in the gap distance between electrodes due to the volume effect. As a comparison, the field strength corresponding to the breakdown for PB only changed slightly with the gap distance. Besides, the breakdown electric field of both POG and PB hardly changed when the electrode diameter increased. The above results could be applied to the inverse calculation and estimation of the flashover voltage levels under longer gap distances with any electrode diameter. Moreover, the relative position of the oil gap and PB could influence the flashover voltage levels. The breakdown voltage with PB directly contacting the ground electrode was 10% higher than that with PB directly contacting the high voltage electrode. This could be explained by the different charge behavior. The obtained results could provide a reference for the insulation margin design in ultra-high-voltage transformers.

Conversational expectations get revised as response latencies unfold

ABSTRACT The present study extends neuro-imaging into conversation through studying dialogue comprehension. Conversation entails rapid responses, with negative semiotics for delay. We explored how expectations about the valence of the forthcoming response develop during the silence before the response and whether negative responses have mainly cognitive or social-emotional consequences. EEG-participants listened to questions from a spontaneous spoken corpus, cross-spliced with short/long gaps and “yes”/“no” responses. Preceding contexts biased listeners to expect the eventual response, which was hypothesised to translate to expectations for a shorter or longer gap. “No” responses showed a trend towards an early positivity, suggesting socio-emotional consequences. Within the long gap, expecting a “yes” response led to an earlier negativity, as well as a trend towards stronger theta-oscillations, after 300 milliseconds. This suggests that listeners anticipate/predict “yes” responses to come earlier than “no” responses, showing strong sensitivities to timing, which presumably promote hastening the pace of verbal interaction.

Displaced paediatric central venous catheter causing extravasation of intravenous fluid due to relatively longer gap between the distal and proximal lumens.

Displaced paediatric central venous catheter causing extravasation of intravenous fluid due to relatively longer gap between the distal and proximal lumens.

Discrepancies in Chemotherapy and Radiation Start Times for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Discordant chemotherapy and radiation start times increase treatment length in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Previous studies have indicated that increased treatment length negatively impacts overall survival. Risk factors for these discrepancies have yet to be identified; however, linguistic and social disparities may play a role. This study addresses whether treatment location, language preference, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status contribute to chemoradiation start time discrepancies. This retrospective analysis included patients with non-metastatic, biopsy proven non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with concurrent chemoradiation at either a private academic hospital or an adjacent county hospital between 01/01/2015 and 04/31/2017. Variables analyzed included age, gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, treatment location, language preference, treatment modality, and comorbidity. Radiation and chemotherapy start dates, and the time difference between these dates, were collected retrospectively. Univariable (UVA) and multivariable (MVA) analyses were conducted using the Poisson regression model. A total of 54 patients were included in the final statistical analysis. 68% of patients were treated at the private academic hospital and 32% of patients were treated at the adjacent county hospital. 40% of patients were Non-Hispanic White (NHW), 47% of patients were Hispanic, and 13% of patients were Non-Hispanic Black (NHB). On MVA, Hispanic ethnicity as compared to NHW ethnicity (RR 0.69, p = 0.001) and treatment at the private academic hospital as compared to the county hospital (RR 0.70, p = 0.001) were associated with a shorter gap between radiation and chemotherapy start times. In contrast, NHB ethnicity as compared to NHW ethnicity (RR 1.31, p < 0.001) was associated with a longer gap between start times. Differences in socioeconomic status and language preference were not statistically significant on MVA. NHB race and treatment at the county hospital were associated with discordant treatment. Quality improvement interventions are needed to improve these disparities in treatment delivery.

Phenotypic Characterization of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in a Large Multicenter Patient Population from the Consortium for Food Allergy Research

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is increasingly common, but data on phenotypic aspects are still incomplete. To describe the clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic features of a large number of children and adults with EoE across the United States. This was a multisite single visit registry enrolling subjects aged 6 months to 65 years with EoE. Participants provided responses regarding their medical history, with verification of the diagnosis and history by the study teams. A total of 705 subjects were analyzed (median [interquartile range] age at enrollment 11.2 [6.7-17.7] years, 68.2% male, 87.9% whites). Of these, 67 subjects had concurrent gastrointestinal eosinophilia, with gastric mucosa most common. An age- and race-dependent time gap was present between symptom onset and time of diagnosis (adults and whites with longer gap). Food allergy and atopic dermatitis were associated with a decrease in this gap. Symptoms varied with age (more dysphagia and food impaction in adults) and with race (more vomiting in non-whites). Esophageal rings and strictures at diagnosis were more common in adults, although esophageal eosinophilia was comparable among age groups. Concomitant allergic disease (91%), infectious/immunologic disorders (44%), neurodevelopmental disorders (30%), and failure to thrive (21%) were common. Depression/anxiety increased with age. EoE was reported in 3% of parents and 4.5% of siblings. Gastrointestinal eosinophilia is present in approximately 10% of patients with EoE; the symptom-diagnosis time gap is influenced by age, race, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis; symptoms vary with race; concurrent infectious/immunologic disorders and mental health disorders are common; and the level of esophageal eosinophils is comparable in patients with and without fibrostenotic features.

Evaluation of the Rain Effects on Gap Acceptance Behavior at Roundabouts by a Logit Model

A roundabout is generally known as an efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly intersection. Since 2010, the Korea government has taken the lead in constructing roundabouts as part of a special project. During that time, many ideas have been put forward to improve the safety, operation, and design of such roundabouts. In terms of improvements, it is particularly important to understand roundabout gap acceptance behavior. As such, we investigated gap acceptance behaviors at four roundabouts based on field observation during both good weather and rainy conditions. Based on the observed data, roundabout critical gaps were estimated, and a logit model for gap acceptance using various roundabout variables was developed to investigate gap acceptance maneuvering at roundabouts. A total of 2,421 data events for gap acceptance were collected from the field observation. Out of these events, 64.6% of drivers (1,564 drivers) accepted the given gaps and 35.4% of drivers (857 drivers) rejected them. The values for critical gaps were estimated using several different estimation methods and ranged from 3.3 to 4.7 seconds. The model was developed using four variables including gap size, type of circulating vehicle, traffic volume at the circulating lane, and weather conditions. The developed model shows that a longer gap results in a 3.669 times higher probability of entering roundabouts when the gap is sufficiently great for acceptance than when the gap is smaller. The effects of other variables, such as circulating vehicle types, circulating traffic volume, and weather conditions, are relatively lower than that of a gap size. Rain conditions influenced gap acceptance maneuvering around a roundabout. Drivers need about a 10 percent longer gap to accept entry into roundabouts during rainy conditions, and gap acceptance probabilities are 10 to 20 percent lower for the same given gap time during rainy conditions compared to good weather conditions.

Application of amniotic fluid stem cells in repairing sciatic nerve injury in minipigs

Many studies have demonstrated that combining nerve conduits with neural stem cells or growth factors can repair peripheral nerve injury in rodents. However, nerve damage does occur with longer gaps in human than in rodents, thus findings from rodent studies are difficult to translate to clinical practice. Minipigs have a longer gap that is more closely applicable to the challenge of human nerve grafting in extensive traumatic nerve damage. In this study, human amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) and polylactate nerve conduits were used to repair sciatic nerve injury in minipigs. The AFSCs exhibited the properties of mesenchymal stem cells with a propensity toward neural stem cells. Measurements of compound muscle action potential implied that administration of conduits with AFSCs was beneficial in function recovery in the minipig model compared with conduits alone. The results of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) based fiber tractography assay in the minipig model suggest that combining AFSCs with conduits could expedite the repair of sciatic nerve injury. Further, MR-based DTI provides an effective and non-invasive method to visualize the sciatic nerve and to monitor the regeneration progress of injured nerve in a longitudinal study.

Frequent inoculations with radiation attenuated sporozoite is essential for inducing sterile protection that correlates with a threshold level of Plasmodia liver-stage specific CD8+ T cells

Whole sporozoite vaccine (WSV) is shown to induce sterile protection that targets Plasmodium liver-stage infection. There are many underlying issues associated with induction of effective sterile protracted protection. In this study, we have addressed how the alterations in successive vaccine regimen could possibly affect the induction of sterile protection. We have demonstrated that the pattern of vaccination with RAS (radiation attenuated sporozoites) induces varying degrees of protection among B6 mice. Animals receiving four successive doses generated 100% sterile protection. However, three successive doses, though with the same parasite inoculum as four doses, could induce sterile protection in ∼50% mice. Interestingly, mice immunized with the same 3 doses, but with longer gap, could not survive the challenge. We demonstrate that degree of protection correlates with the frequencies of IFN-γ+ and multifunctional (IFN-γ+ CD107a+) CD8+ TEM cells present in liver. The failure to achieve protective threshold frequency of these cells in liver might make the host more vulnerable to parasite infection during infectious sporozoite challenge.

Knowledge decay between semesters

Summer learning loss has been widely studied in K-12 schooling, where the literature finds a range of results. This study provides the first evidence of summer learning loss in higher education. We analyze college students taking sequential courses with some students beginning the sequence in the fall semester and others in the spring. Those beginning in the fall experience a shorter break between the courses. We test whether the length of that gap explains the students’ performance in the subsequent course. Initial results suggest that a longer gap is associated with lower grades. However, including student fixed effects eliminates the observed knowledge decay with a few exceptions: knowledge decay remains for students in language courses, for students with below-median SAT Math scores, and for students with majors outside STEM fields.

Women’s Long-Term Reactions to Whole-Body Scanning

This study investigated long-term impacts of whole-body scanning. A total of 91 women completed a retrospective online questionnaire. Quantitative data revealed that 31 (34%) reported greater body dissatisfaction since the scan, and only 6 (7%) reported increased satisfaction. Positive change in satisfaction was predicted by current body satisfaction but not by body mass index (BMI) at time of scanning or by age. BMI did not predict satisfaction with the scanner process or likelihood of being rescanned, though a longer gap between scanning and questionnaire completion predicted satisfaction with the process. Inductive thematic analysis of responses to an open-ended question suggested that although women were comfortable being scanned and wanted to see an accurate and objective view of their size and shape, they also felt threatened and vulnerable when seeing their bodies on the printed output. It is concluded that whole-body scanning should be used with caution, particularly with women with existing body concerns.

Knowledge Decay between Semesters

Summer learning loss has been widely studied in K-12 schooling, where the literature finds a range of results. This study provides the first evidence of summer learning loss in higher education. We analyze college students taking sequential courses with some students beginning the sequence in the fall semester and others in the spring. Those beginning in the fall experience a shorter break between the courses. We test whether the length of that gap explains the students’ performance in the subsequent course. Initial results suggest that a longer gap is associated with lower grades. However, including student fixed effects eliminates the observed knowledge decay with a few exceptions: knowledge decay remains for students in language courses, for students with below-median SAT Math scores, and for students with majors outside STEM fields.

Experimental Investigation on Vacuum Arc Behaviors Subjected to Larger Diameter Cup-Shaped and Coil-Shaped Axial Magnetic Field Electrode

In this paper, high-current vacuum arc (VA) breaking experiments in vacuum interrupters were conducted using two kinds of high-capacity (larger diameter) axial magnetic field (AMF) electrodes with contact gap distance changing from 10 to 40 mm. Triggering arc mode and fixed gap distance were adopted. Experimental results showed that during the initial diffusion stage, the arc voltage of high-current VA got a peak value. The change in high-current VA appearance would also affect the curve of arc voltage. With the increase of contact gap distance, the voltage of high-current VA increased and the VA near the anode appeared contracted, and its shape was changed from cylinder to cone. In the shorter gap distance, for cup electrodes, the plasma jets mix with each other and the arc column appears like a bright cone, whereas for coil electrodes, the plasma jets are clear and the column appears like a cylinder, and the transfer of arc appearance affects arc voltage distribution. Moreover, arc twist and rotation often occur under longer gap and higher current, which is due to the larger radial magnetic field component generated by AMF coils, and arc voltage appeared high-frequency and high-amplitude noise, and ultimately resulted in the distortion of the arc current in the current experimental conditions (lower charging voltage of capacitor).