Longer Careers Research Articles

Langston Hughes: Fringe Modernism, Identity and Defying the Interrogator Witch-Hunter

Langston Hughes (1902–67), the wondering wandering poet, has left behind a rich legacy of books that never grow dusty on the shelves. There seems to be no path that Hughes left untrodden; he wrote drama, novels, short stories, two autobiographies, poetry, journalistic prose, an opera libretto, history, children's stories, and even lyrics for songs, in addition to his translations. Hughes was the first African American author to earn his living from writing and his career spans a long time, from the 1920s until the 1960s – he never stopped writing during this period. The Harlem Renaissance introduced prominent black writers who engraved their names in the American canon, such as Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Jean Toomer and Zora Neale Hurston, but Hughes markedly stands out for his artistic achievements and longer career. Hughes had been identified by many as the spokesperson for his race since his works dug deep into black life, and his innovative techniques embraced black dialect and the rhythms of black music. He captured the essence of black life with conspicuous sensitivity and polished his voice throughout four decades. His name also had long been tied to the politics of identity in America. Brooding over his position, Hughes chose to take pride in being black in a racist nation. In his case, the dialectics of identity are more complicated, as they encompass debates involving Africa, black nationalism and competing constructions surrounding a seeming authentic blackness, in addition to Du Bois's double consciousness. Critics still endeavour to decipher the many enigmas Hughes left unresolved, having been a private person and a controversial writer. His career continues to broach speculative questions concerning his closeted sexual orientation and his true political position. The beginning of the new millennium coincided with the centennial of his birth and heralded the advent of new well-researched scholarship on his life and works, including Emily Bernard's Remember Me to Harlem: The Letters of Langston Hughes and Carl Van Vechten, 1925–1964 (2001), Kate A. Baldwin's Beyond the Color Line and the Iron Curtain: Reading Encounters between Black and Red, 1922–1963 (2002), Anthony Dawahare's Nationalism, Marxism, and African American Literature between the Wars: A New Pandora's Box (2002), Bruce R. Schwartz's Langston Hughes: Working toward Salvation (2003), and John Edgar Tidwell and Cheryl R. Ragar's edited collection Montage of a Dream: The Art and Life of Langston Hughes (2007), among others.

Forecast dispersion, dissenting votes, and monetary policy preferences of FOMC members: the role of individual career characteristics and political aspects

Using data from 1992 to 2001, we study the impact of members’ economic forecasts on the probability of casting dissenting votes in the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). Employing standard ordered probit techniques, we find that higher individual inflation and real GDP growth forecasts (relative to the committee’s median) significantly increase the probability of dissenting in favor of tighter monetary policy, whereas higher individual unemployment rate forecasts significantly decrease it. Using interaction models, we find that FOMC members with longer careers in government, industry, academia, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), or on the staff of the Board of Governors are more focused on output stabilization, while FOMC members with longer careers in the financial sector or on the staffs of regional Federal Reserve Banks are more focused on inflation stabilization. We also find evidence that politics matters, with Republican appointees being much more focused on inflation stabilization than Democratic appointees. Moreover, during the entire Clinton administration ‘natural’ monetary policy preferences of Bank presidents and Board members for inflation and output stabilization were more pronounced than under periods covering the administrations of both George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush, respectively.

Achievers, confidence-builders, advocates, relationship-developers and system-changers: what ‘making a difference’ means to those who work with children with special educational needs – a typology of rewards

Previous research on the rewards found that teachers gain satisfaction in a sense of vocation, ‘making a difference’, and the emotional rewards of ‘care’ and ‘love’, especially in whole-class teaching. The meaning of ‘making a difference’ often remains unexplored however, and this article is an attempt to rectify this gap in the literature and aims to construct a typology of the rewards that staff find in working with children with special educational needs (SEN). SEN co-ordinators and teachers of children with SEN were studied using four focus groups (n = 20) and 12 semi-structured interviews (total sample, n = 32). A narrative, life-history approach was taken to analyse the rewards over time of working with children. Making a difference was mentioned as a phrase 47 times across the sample of 32. A typology of the kinds of rewards experienced by teachers was constructed and the rewards were found in improving attainment, being an advocate, confidence-building and ‘system changing’. Some respondents defined ‘making a difference’ in disparate ways. The article found that those having the longest career in school found that being an advocate for parents was the most rewarding aspect of their job. The study concludes by drawing out the implications for the retention of staff in a time of policy change.

What factors are associated with premature death among professional baseball players in Japan?

The aim of this study is to clarify factors related to premature death among Japanese professional baseball players by a case-control analysis. The subjects are two matching groups of 622 Japan Professional Baseball (JPB) league players, those deceased and those surviving. Cases and controls are matched by birth year. All players debuted on the first string between 1934 and 2003, and are listed in The Official Baseball Encyclopedia of Japan. To compare means and frequencies of characteristics between deceased and surviving groups, t-tests and chi-square tests were used. A logistic regression analysis was assessed contributions of each independent variable on death. Significant differences between deceased and surviving players were observed in this study; deceased players had higher body mass indexes and longer careers. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis confirmed that body mass index and career length were statistically significant determinants of death for baseball players. This is the first report to examine factors of death for professional baseball players except employing data attained from Major League Baseball.

The association of age at first start with career length in theAustralianThoroughbred racehorse population

Studies of Thoroughbred racing populations have provided evidence of a positive effect on racing careers for horses that commence racing as 2-year-olds. Currently, research investigating the presence of this effect in the Australian Thoroughbred racing population is limited. To investigate the association between age at first start and career length in the Australian Thoroughbred population and estimate the risk of racing retirement for horses racing in Australia based on age at first start, career earnings, number of starts as a 2-year-old and distance raced. Data were collected for Thoroughbreds, born on or after 1 January 1998, that had raced between 1 August 2000 and 22 February 2011 in Australia. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve, stratified by age group, was produced for career length. A Cox proportional hazard model was fitted to assess factors influencing the risk of retirement from racing. The model included sex, age at first start, career earnings, number of starts as a 2-year-old, distance raced and appropriate interaction terms. The study population included 117,088 horses. Geldings had significantly (P<0.001) longer careers than females and intact males, and females had significantly (P<0.001) longer careers than intact males. Risk of retirement from racing decreased with a younger age at first start, a higher number of starts as a 2-year-old, and a longer average distance raced. For intact males, the risk of retirement from racing increased as earnings increased, while for females and geldings the risk of retirement from racing decreased as earnings increased. The introduction of young Thoroughbreds to racing appears to have no apparent adverse effects on these horses racing in Australia. The impact of some risk factors associated with retirement from racing varied between sexes and should be considered when evaluating career outcomes.

Athletes' trust, mental skills, and satisfaction in a gambling-legal cycle racing business in South Korea

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences of athletes' trust, mental skills associated with athletic performance, and satisfaction in a gambling-legal cycle racing business. A multivariate analysis of variance, using 328 professional racing cyclists in South Korea, showed older athletes (over 40 years old) rated cognition-based trust the highest. The shorter career athletes (1–3 years) rated affect-based trust and mental skills the highest, while a longer career (over 7 years) and the highest class of racing cyclists rated cognitive skills the lowest. The results also suggested that younger athletes (20–29 years old) have higher levels of social satisfaction than older athletes. In addition, athletes with shorter careers rated social and task satisfaction the highest. Finally, we found that longer career athletes had the lowest levels of trust, mental skills, and athlete satisfaction. The results may assist administrators to better understand the important issues of managing athletes in the unique cycle racing business.

Rhythms of resurrection: The comebacks of Ruth St. Denis

Ruth St. Denis (1879–1968) had one of the first and longest careers as a professional modern dancer. At age 62, she embarked on a “comeback” that lasted nearly three decades, appearing on stage and screen in the dances that had made her an international star earlier in her career. This essay examines the relationship between her well-known “Orientalism,” her feminism, her spirituality, and her perspective on aging and ageism. In particular, it brings into relief her innovative efforts to redefine dance as a feminist project at the intersection of aging and modern dance history. St. Denis converted “oriental tradition” into a feminist dance praxis, thus, staking a claim for the aging dancer under the banner of feminist politics.

Apprentices' Expectations and Experiences in the Socialisation Process in their Meeting with the Hospitality Industry

The hospitality industry has a young workforce with a rapid turnover and depends on good access to a new workforce. Hence, many young people have their first experience of paid employment in this industry. One issue that has been little addressed is the quality of these meetings between the newcomer and the organisation. Departing from theories on organisational socialisation, this study investigates the expectations held by young apprentices in the hospitality industry and how they felt their expectations had been met through their first months of work. A total of 96 apprentices responded to a questionnaire. In general, the apprentices held high expectations for their work, especially to the learning and developmental aspects of the apprenticeship and on being respected and included in the group on a collegial and interpersonal level. Although four out of five responded that their expectations were more or less fulfilled, the expectations connected to respect, learning and developmental aspects were reported as not being fulfilled. Three sum-scores were computed for expectations, and three parallel sum-scores for fulfilment, named “Respect”, “Hard Work” and “Cared For”. In addition one single item was used, “Supervision”, both as expectation and as fulfilment of expectations. One of the sum-scores, “Cared for”, showed a significant relationship with the intentions the apprentices held for continuing in or leaving the industry and so did the variable having personal acquaintances (family or friends) that currently worked in the industry. These predicted intentions for a longer career in the hospitality business. The study points to a need for improvements in the ways the organisation and the apprentice confront each others, and also on ways of committing apprentices to a longer career in the industry.

Outcomes Following Nonoperative and Operative Treatment for Cervical Disc Herniations in National Football League Athletes

Retrospective cohort study. To determine the performance-based outcomes in elite athletes of the National Football League (NFL) after a cervical disc herniation. Because outcomes after the treatment of cervical disc herniations (CDH) in elite athletes are currently unknown, the treatment decisions for this injury in professional football players are often controversial. NFL players diagnosed with a CDH were identified through previously published protocols using team injury reports and newspaper archives. The "Performance Score" for each player was calculated on the basis of pertinent statistical data, before and after diagnosis of CDH. Data analysis was performed for players with at least a 2-year follow-up. A total of 99 NFL athletes met the inclusion criteria. In the operative group, on average, 38 of 53 (72%) players successfully returned to play for 29 games over a 2.8-year period, which was significantly greater than that of the nonoperative group, in which only 21 of 46 (46%) players successfully returned to the field to play after treatment for 15 games over a 1.5-year period (P < 0.04). Performance scores and the percentage of games started were not statistically significantly different for either cohort, before and after treatment. Notably, defensive backs had a significantly poorer outcome after treatment for CDH than any other position, playing in only 10 games over a 1.2-year period compared with all others (P < 0.0008). Age at diagnosis demonstrated a negative effect on career longevity after treatment. The data in this study suggest that players have higher return-to-play rates and longer careers after operative treatment than players treated with nonoperative means. Although confounding variables such as concomitant cervical stenosis could have affected these data, these performance-based outcomes after surgical treatment for CDH are better than previously thought. Defensive backs have a poorer prognosis after CDH compared with players of all other positions.

Women's Work after War

In the more than 30 years following the all-volunteer force (AVF), the proportion of women serving in the military has increased from 1.8 percent just before the AVF to 14.2 percent in 2008. The majority of women do not stay in the military for a 20-year or longer career; like men, most women only serve a few years before transitioning to the civilian workforce. Although the fraction of the military who are women has risen, as has the fraction of veterans who are women, little research informs how female veterans of the AVF fare economically after leaving service, or whether military service benefits minority women who serve in such disproportionate numbers. This paper investigates the civilian employment experiences of female veterans of the AVF using two sources of data. First, population-based data from the American Community Survey are used to evaluate the employment experiences of female veterans. Second, data from an audit study of civilian hiring practices provides additional insight into the experiences of women veterans transitioning from military to civilian work. We find little evidence of a veteran labor market disadvantage, either for white or black women. Both groups exhibit strong patterns of labor force attachment. Only white women show slightly lower rates of employment (among those in the labor force), while black women veterans show consistently advantageous employment profiles. These positive employment outcomes among female veterans at least partly derive from employer preference for hiring veterans over equally qualified nonveteran women.

Effect of Hyperconcavity of the Lumbar Vertebral Endplates on the Playing Careers of Professional American Football Linemen

Background Hyperconcavity of the lumbar spine has been found in a disproportionate percentage of college football lineman evaluated at the National Football League (NFL) Combine compared with age-matched controls. Hypothesis College football linemen with hyperconcavity of the lumbar spine are more likely to play in the NFL and to have a longer career in professional football. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Ninety three linemen from the 1992 and 1993 NFL Combines with hyperconcavity of the lumbar spine were compared with 191 linemen from the same combines without these changes in the lumbar spine. The percentage of athletes who played at least 1 game for an NFL team and the average length of career was calculated for both groups. In addition, the length of career for players with these changes was compared with those of matched controls based on other injuries and surgeries, year drafted, and round drafted. Results There was no difference in the likelihood of playing professional football between linemen with lumbar spine changes (54 of 93 [58%]) and those without (101 of 191 [53%]) (P = .41). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in length of career in terms of years played, games played, or games started. Conclusion Hyperconcavity of the lumbar spine does not appear to have any effect on the potential professional American football careers of college football linemen entering the NFL. Endplate changes on radiographs are not a significant screening tool for elite American football linemen. Further study of larger populations is needed to definitively answer whether these adaptive changes in the lumbar spine have any clinical relevance to these athletes.

Enterprise Systems: Curriculum design and assessment

We present a curriculum that prepares students for supporting large Enterprise Information Systems (EIS). EIS is best explained through the evolution of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). These systems evolved over the last years driven by (1) changing business requirements and (2) new development capabilities provided by technologies evolution and software vendors' innovation. These developments led to a new discipline--Enterprise Information Systems, which deals with issues whose focus is on creating and sustaining business benefits through the utilization of corporate IT infrastructure assets. Currently, EIS knowledge is essentially acquired on the job after substantial time of experience building and longer career ladder scale. This paper presents an experience of a curriculum implementation that prepares students for the pervasive EIS landscape in meeting today's corporate needs. Our IT-based educational approach is evaluated as an alternative to prevailing Business-based approaches to EIS instruction. In this IT-rooted approach, the curriculum is divided into four sections: a Core IT block of courses followed by two progressive-levels of advanced EIS-related specialized subjects, and an industry-oriented field-training experience. Initially, a Core IT background provides a foundation for IT innovation in developing EIS components at sophomore-level. A junior-level of specialized instruction introduces integrated modules which form EIS platforms. Finally, supporting technologies of EIS-related processes and workflows are presented at senior-level of specialized EIS instruction. An assessment case study of the proposed Enterprise System programs is carried out through which we discuss the results of the curriculum performance.

Emotional Intelligence, Performance, and Retention in Clinical Staff Nurses

Emotional intelligence has been correlated with performance, retention, and organizational commitment in professions other than nursing. A 2006 pilot study provided the first evidence of a correlation between emotional intelligence and performance in clinical staff nurses. A follow-up study was completed, the purpose of which was to explore emotional intelligence, performance level, organizational commitment, and retention. A convenience sample of 350 nurses in a large medical center in urban Hawaii participated in this study. This article reports the findings pertaining to the subset of 193 clinical staff nurses who responded. The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test instrument was used to measure emotional intelligence abilities. Performance was defined as ranking on a clinical ladder. Commitment was scored on a Likert scale. The following variables measured retention: total years in nursing, years in current job, total years anticipated in current job, and total anticipated career length. Emotional intelligence scores in clinical staff nurses correlated positively with both performance level and retention variables. Clinical staff nurses with higher emotional intelligence scores demonstrated higher performance, had longer careers, and greater job retention.

Baseball’s Limitless Dramatic Possibilities: Keynote Speech to the Fourteenth Annual NINE Spring Training Conference, March 17, 2007

It's not supposed to be good form for a speaker to tell an audience he's nervous, but am. shouldn't be. I'm not a professional speaker, but I've talked before, an average of maybe once a year or so, going back a few years. So shouldn't be nervous. But have never before spoken to an audience like this one. I'm supposed to know something about baseball, and do know something about baseball, but, paraphrasing what George Schubert said this morning, I've never spoken to an audience where just about everybody in the room knows more about the game than do. I'm not being coy. Every time thought about something to put into this talk tonight felt, hell, they know more about that than do. Even Babe Ruth, about whom I'm supposed to be an expert. keep hearing things about Ruth that are new to me. When was reading Leigh Montville's biography of Ruth last year, kept saying, I didn't know It's disturbing. What can tell this audience about Babe Ruth--or about anything in baseball--that you don't already know? Maybe should start with a question about Ruth that I've been asked over and over again since my book was published years ago and became an automatic expert. How good would the Babe be if he were playing today? How would he shape up? Would he be just as great? God, how hate that question. hate it because it is essentially unanswerable. It's a different world. How would George Washington do if he were president today? First of all, could George Washington be elected president today? mean, here's a guy who has bad false teeth, a white wig, and owns slaves. Come on! It's a different world. You can't compare. But, okay, the Babe today. How good would he be? Not as good as he was. He'd be too small. Eighty years ago when the Babe was hitting home runs, he was big. Six-foot-two, six-two and a half, 225, 230 pounds--when he was in shape. Actually, he was in reasonable shape most of the time during his great years, despite the myths to the contrary. When he broke into the majors in 1914, he weighed a trim 190, 195--about the size of Derek Jeter--but by the 1920s, he had added 30, 35 pounds to that. He had a round face and a big man's belly and a big man's butt, but he wasn't the fat blobby Babe of the myths. hate myths too. It should be remembered that of the four sacred gods in the New York Yankee pantheon--Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Mickey Mantle--the Babe, the fat, out-of-shape slob, had by far the longest career. He played more years and more games and had more hits, scored more runs, batted in more runs, and lasted longer than any of the other three. Gehrig was thirty-five when disease ended his career, and Mantle and DiMaggio were thirty-six when they were all through. The Babe hit his called-shot home run when he was thirty-seven, and he played into his forties, which, despite Jack Quinn [an earlier speaker talked about Jack Quinn, who pitched in the majors into his late forties], was rare in those days. He was not only a better athlete than Gehrig, DiMaggio, and Mantle, he was a much better physical specimen. And in his day he was big. Huge. haven't double-checked, but I'm pretty sure only two men on the 1927 Yankees were taller than Ruth and only two, not the same two, were heavier. He was a very big man for the time. But today? How many major league players today are six-two, 225--about the size Ruth was? Would you say two to a team? If so, there are sixty men in the big leagues right now who are as big as Babe Ruth was. Is sixty an exaggerated number? think it's too small. This year, on a twenty-five-man roster saw a week or so ago, the Yankees have fourteen men who are six feet two or taller, and seven of them are as heavy (or heavier) than the Babe was. Did you know that Alex Rodriguez is six-three, 225 pounds? And that Hideki Matsui, the Yankees' Japanese left fielder, is six-two, 230? …

Effects of Muscle Tension Dysphonia on Tone Phonation: Acoustic and Perceptual Studies in Vietnamese Female Teachers

Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) is a hyperfunctional voice disorder commonly seen in professional voice users. To date, published acoustic studies of this disorder have mainly focused on nontonal language speakers, and no publication has documented its impact on lexical tone characteristics. In this study, we examined whether and how this voice disorder affected acoustically and perceptually the characteristics of tones in Vietnamese teachers. Voice data were obtained from 42 Vietnamese female primary school teachers diagnosed with MTD and 30 vocally healthy teachers. Tonal data were analyzed using Computerized Speech Lab (CSL-4300B) and Speech Analyzer. Parameters analyzed included the two most important acoustic cues in Vietnamese tones, that is, tonal fundamental frequency (F(0)) and laryngealization. Tonal F(0) was assessed using a factorial analysis of variance with group and career durations as independent variables. Tonal samples were also perceptually assessed by a panel of native speakers of the same dialect. The results showed that MTD lowered tonal F(0) in high tones and tones with extensive fundamental frequency variation. There was also a significant main effect for career duration; in MTD group, tonal F(0) was lower in teachers with longer career duration. The teachers with MTD showed different patterns of laryngealization compared with the control group. Tone perception was poorer for tones with extensive fundamental frequency variation and without a typical phonation type. The results in this group of teachers supported our hypothesis that MTD impairs lexical tone phonation.

Noel Norman, trans-national magazinist from Lindisfarne, Tasmania

Noel Norman's novels have attracted some critical attention, but little is known about his much longer career as a story writer for popular magazines in England and the United States of America. Writing as ‘Louis Kaye’, Norman's stories appeared in some of the most popular magazines of the 1930s and 1940s, including Strand Magazine, Blue Book, Collier's Weekly and the Saturday Evening Post. This article reconsiders Norman's career as a ‘magazinist’ by tracing the movement of his stories from Lindisfarne to London and New York before their return to Australia as syndicated fiction or on the pages of imported magazines. The trans-national networks of print culture that emerge suggest the need to look beyond the national boundaries of Australian literary history in order to better understand how Australian writers and readers saw themselves as individuals, members of nations and citizens of the world.

PERFORMANCE OF OLDER VERSUS YOUNGER BROTHERS: DATA FROM MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL1

Batting and pitching records and career lengths of 312 sets of brothers who became major league baseball players were compared. Older brothers at non-pitching positions (N = 262) had significantly higher batting averages and longer careers than their younger siblings. Differences for pitchers were not statistically significant. The results corroborate other studies that firstborns are more likely than later born siblings to be higher achievers, but different factors may be operative for pitchers.

Performance of Older versus Younger Brothers: Data from Major League Baseball

Batting and pitching records and career lengths of 312 sets of brothers who became major league baseball players were compared. Older brothers at non-pitching positions (N = 262) had significantly higher batting averages and longer careers than their younger siblings. Differences for pitchers were not statistically significant. The results corroborate other studies that firstborns are more likely than later born siblings to be higher achievers, but different factors may be operative for pitchers.

Survey of injuries in Thoroughbreds at The New York Racing Association tracks

Two retrospective studies of racing injuries at The New York Racing Association (NYRA) tracks are reviewed for significant risk factors. Confounding factors and interpretation of results are discussed. A greater fracture incidence was reported on dirt surfaces. Turf had one-third the risk of breakdown as dirt tracks with fast or good conditions. Muddy conditions had a significantly lower risk of breakdown compared to fast tracks. The negative association between the number of seasons raced and the risk of breakdown is consistent with sound horses having longer careers. The NYRA veterinary database, developed in 1993, is a valuable aid for the efficient retrieval and analysis of racing and training injuries. The injury rate (number per 1,000 starters), for the period 1984–2002, ranged from 3.5 to 7.3 for noncatastrophic injuries. The catastrophic rate for injuries requiring euthanasia was 0.99 to 1.85. These rates remain consistent with those reported for North America. A review of 294 catastrophic injuries for the period 1993–2002 provides interesting observations. The metacarpophalangeal joint was involved in two-thirds of all catastrophic injuries with the proximal sesamoid bones and/or McIII condylar fractures the predominant injury type. McIII diaphyseal fractures represented less than 10% of the total and had a 5:1 left-to-right forelimb incidence. The 33 carpal cases had an equal limb distribution. Most catastrophic injuries occur on fast tracks, in turns and during the stretch run to the finish. The relative incidence of injury to race distance was greatest for races of 1 3/16 miles or more. Steeplechase races were a contributing factor. Sprint races of 7 furlongs and less represent 48% of all races and 46% of injuries, contrary to the commonly held belief that sprint horses are at greater risk. Recurrent injury rates were remarkably high for flexor tendons, suspensory ligaments, and the carpus. Findings support increased scrutiny of horses identified with prior injuries, to reduce the number of catastrophic and recurrent injuries.

Factors associated with time until first race and career duration for Thoroughbred racehorses

Abstract Objective To determine whether sex or foaling period were associated with time to first race start and whether sex, age at time of first race start, or interrace period were associated with career duration for Thoroughbred racehorses in Australia. Animals 553 Thoroughbred racehorses. Procedure Race records through to the end of the 6-year-old racing season were obtained for each horse. Product-limit survival analysis was used to determine whether sex or foaling period was associated with time to first race start and whether sex or age at first race was associated with career duration. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine whether sex, age at first possible race, age at first race, or inter-race period was associated with time to first race start or career duration. Results 472 horses (85.4%) raced. Time to first race start was not associated with sex or foaling period. However, males, who had their first race at a younger age and a greater mean number of rest days between races, had longer careers. The hazard ratio for career duration of males versus females, controlling for age at time of first race and inter-race period (0.27), confirmed that males had a higher probability of a long racing career. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Results suggest that for Thoroughbred racehorses, sex and time of birth during the foaling season were not associated with time to first race. Male Thoroughbred racehorses that were raced less intensively or raced at a younger age were more likely to have long racing careers. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1196–1200)