Long-term Orientation Research Articles

PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN WISATAWAN DIMENSI BUDAYA UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE

The purpose of this article is to analyze the decision-making process of tourists when visiting culturally-based tourism objects. The approach chosen is to use a literature review. When choosing a destination, tourists are strongly influenced by Hofstede's cultural aspects. Cultural dimensions consist of power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation. To avoid uncertainty, tourists tend to choose cultural destinations where they feel safe, comfortable and risk-free. Moreover, the motivations of tourists to decide to visit a tourist destination are strongly influenced by push and pull factors.

National culture and international business cycle co-movements

ABSTRACT We investigate the relationship between national culture and international business cycle co-movements. We first characterize international business cycle co-movements with a dynamic latent factor model that decomposes 101 countries’ real GDP growth rates into world, regional and country-specific factors and estimate the proportion of real GDP growth rate variance explained by the world, regional and country factors for each country. We then regress these proportions on each of the five dimensions of Hofstede’s national culture with a set of control variables. We find that four dimensions (except for power distance) are significantly related to business cycle co-movements, and they have different impacts. In countries with masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation preferences, the global factor explains a larger real GDP growth rate variance. Individualism weakens a country’s business cycle co-movement with the global business cycle. Countries with similar cultural values have similar economic structures and similar exposures to global shocks, which lead to business cycle co-movements. Our results are robust after addressing the issue of endogeneity and subsample analyses.

Digital servitization journey in small- and medium-sized enterprises: the contribution of knowledge-intensive business firms

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the contribution of knowledge-intensive business services firms to small- and medium-sized manufacturers’ digital servitization journeys, addressing the standardization versus customization dichotomy of services and solutions provision.Design/methodology/approachTo identify the challenges that small- and medium-sized firms must face in the digital servitization journey and the role that knowledge-intensive business services firms may play in the innovation processes, the authors conduct a review on two still unrelated literature streams and develop a longitudinal single-case study, with a particular focus on knowledge generation mechanisms.FindingsDigital servitization is a particularly challenging transformational journey for minor firms. Knowledge-intensive business services firms can act as sources, facilitators, and carriers of knowledge, and they can orchestrate further contributions of other external partners and firms.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper contributes to theory describing the roadmap and the role of external service providers in digital servitization journeys of smaller firms’, that are frequently excluded from mainstream research although being the backbone of European economies.Practical implicationsDigital servitization in minor manufacturing firms requires a long-term orientation and a multi-stage roadmap. Mixing standardized technology-based solutions and complementary professional services, knowledge-intensive business services firms can significantly contribute to lowering the journey’s uncertainties, operational complexity, and costs.Originality/valueThe paper sheds lights on how the collaboration between knowledge-intensive business services firms and small manufacturers generates novel knowledge and capabilities that contribute to takle the challenges of the different stages of the digital servitization roadmap.

The moderating role of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions on consumer purchasing of organic food

Consumers’ cultural values influence their decision-making, and these values are captured in Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions. Culture is important in the food context in India but has been relatively neglected in research. Further, the moderating effect of Hofstede’s newest cultural dimension (Indulgence vs Restraint) is under-researched, especially for organic food. The aim of this study was to examine the moderating effects of Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions on the relationship between organic food purchase intention and purchase behavior. Data from 401 students in North India were collected through online surveys. Results revealed that three cultural dimensions (Uncertainty avoidance, Long-term orientation, and Indulgence) significantly moderated the effects of organic food purchase intention on organic food purchase behavior, while three others (Power distance, Collectivism, and Masculinity) did not. The results have implications for organic food producers and marketers, who need to be aware of cultural characteristics when targeting consumer markets.

Assessing psychological and environmental factors influencing the long-term orientation of TMTs

PurposeThis study identifies and examines psychological and environmental factors that influence the long-term orientation of top management teams (TMTs).Design/methodology/approachData on S&P 500 companies from 2011 to 2020 are collected from the Compustat database. Additional variables were measured through content analysis of earnings conference calls. This study used two-stage least squares regression with fixed effects to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. Appropriate diagnostic tests were conducted to ensure validity and eliminate endogeneity.FindingsThe results indicate that a chief executive officer’s (CEO) promotion focus positively and significantly influences the TMT's long-term orientation. However, the influence of prevention focus is statistically insignificant. Furthermore, the results indicate that environmental hostility moderates both relationships.Practical implicationsThe TMT's long-term orientation can be improved through the insights provided by this study.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine the collective effects of psychological and task environmental factors on the long-term orientation of the TMT. Additionally, this study sheds light on the internal dynamics of the top-management team.

Socially assistive robots in health and social care: Acceptance and cultural factors. Results from an exploratory international online survey.

This study explored the views of an international sample of registered nurses and midwives working in health and social care concerning socially assistive robots (SARs), and the relationship between dimensions of culture and rejection of the idea that SARs had benefits in these settings. An online survey was used to obtain rankings of (among other topics) the extent to which SARs have benefits for health and social care. It also asked for free text responses regarding any concerns about SARs. Most respondents were overwhelmingly positive about SARs' benefits. A small minority strongly rejected this idea, and qualitative analysis of the objections raised by them revealed three major themes: things might go wrong, depersonalization, and patient-related concerns. However, many participants who were highly accepting of the benefits of SARs expressed similar objections. Cultural dimensions of long-term orientation and uncertainty avoidance feature prominently in technology acceptance research. Therefore, the relationship between the proportion of respondents from each country who felt that SARs had no benefits and each country's ratings on long-term orientation and uncertainty avoidance were also examined. A significant positive correlation was found for long-term orientation, but not for uncertainty avoidance. Most respondents were positive about the benefits of SARs, and similar concerns about their use were expressed both by those who strongly accepted the idea that they had benefits and those who did not. Some evidence was found to suggest that cultural factors were related to rejecting the idea that SARs had benefits.

Cultural values and changes in happiness in 78 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: An analysis of data from the World Happiness Reports.

The concept of happiness is consistent across cultures to a significant extent, and encompasses both internal (subjective) and external (situational) aspects. Cultural values and norms shape emotions and behavior from an early age, and hence play a key role in influencing cross-national variations in happiness. Cross-national variations in culture can thus play a key role in influencing the relationship between adverse circumstances, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and happiness. The current study examines the relationship between the six dimensions of culture, defined by Hofstede and his colleagues, and subjective ratings of happiness in 78 countries, obtained before (2017-19) and during (2020-21) the COVID-19 pandemic, based on data from the most recent World Happiness reports. The key results were: (a) countries were as likely to experience an increase as a decrease in self-reported happiness during this period; (b) distinct domains of culture were significantly correlated with happiness at each time point, though there was a certain degree of overlap; (c) pre-pandemic levels of happiness were negatively associated with changes in happiness during the pandemic; and (d) among cultural dimensions, long-term orientation was positively associated with changes in subjective happiness, while indulgence was negatively associated with this variable. Certain cultural values may play an important part in fostering a path to well-being in the face of stressful or traumatic circumstances. This path may be similar to the concept of mature happiness, derived from existential philosophy, which is characterized by achieving a balance between the positive and negative aspects of one's life.

Individual cultural values as determinants of the attitudinal process in the restaurant: a different perspective for understanding brand equity formation

In an increasingly innovative competitive environment, it is necessary to know the customer in depth and to understand the intrinsic determinants of customer loyalty to the restaurant and brand equity. Culture is a fundamental factor in understanding behaviour, which has often attracted interest because of its moderating rather than determining role. The objective of this research is to examine the determinant role of customers' cultural values (long-term orientation, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance) on the customer's attitudinal process in the restaurant (satisfaction and loyalty) in order to understand how it indirectly affects through the attitudinal process the formation of a restaurant's brand equity. A sample of 540 customers was used, and a SEM model was estimated. The results indicate that cultural values, except for power distance, strongly determine the attitudinal process. Therefore, culture indirectly affects the formation of the restaurant's brand equity.

Investigating accountability for Artificial Intelligence through risk governance: A workshop-based exploratory study.

With the growing prevalence of AI-based systems and the development of specific regulations and standardizations in response, accountability for consequences resulting from the development or use of these technologies becomes increasingly important. However, concrete strategies and approaches of solving related challenges seem to not have been suitably developed for or communicated with AI practitioners. Studying how risk governance methods can be (re)used to administer AI accountability, we aim at contributing to closing this gap. We chose an exploratory workshop-based methodology to investigate current challenges for accountability and risk management approaches raised by AI practitioners from academia and industry. Our interactive study design revealed various insights on which aspects do or do not work for handling risks of AI in practice. From the gathered perspectives, we derived 5 required characteristics for AI risk management methodologies (balance, extendability, representation, transparency and long-term orientation) and determined demands for clarification and action (e.g., for the definition of risk and accountabilities or standardization of risk governance and management) in the effort to move AI accountability from a conceptual stage to industry practice.

Using a Unified Model of TPB, NAM, and SOBC to Investigate the Energy-Saving Behaviour of Urban Residents in Vietnam: Moderation Role of Cultural Values

This study integrated the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), the norm activation model (NAM), and the stimulus–organism–behaviour–consequences theory (SOBC) to determine how external (subjective injunctive norm, subjective descriptive norm, and perceived behavioural control) and internal stimuli (ascription of responsibility, awareness of consequences) stimulate organisms (attitude towards energy saving and personal norms), which in turn drives behavioural responses (energy-saving intentions and behaviours) and their consequences (energy-saving habits). A sample of 1514 residents of five large cities in Vietnam and a multiple linear regression analysis were used to test the hypothesised model. The results show that external stimuli positively shaped a favourable energy-saving attitude, while internal stimuli aroused individuals’ personal norms. In addition, energy-saving intention, behaviours, and habits were serial mediators impacted by both internal and external stimuli. The results also indicate that a long-term orientation positively moderated the relationship between energy-saving intention, behaviours, and habits, but collectivism only moderated the nexus between energy-saving behaviours and habits. These findings imply that policymakers should focus on conveying information related to energy conservation among surrounding people, increasing citizens’ awareness of the consequences, personal responsibilities, moral obligations regarding saving energy, and should not neglect the informative role of cultural values in energy conservation practices.

Cultural Value Orientation and Hospitality Employee Voice Behavior: The Moderating Role of Leader–Member Exchange (LMX)

This study examines the effects of three cultural values, namely long-term orientation, collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance, on two types of employee voice behavior: promotive and prohibitive. It also investigates whether leader–member exchange theory (LMX) moderates the relationships between the three cultural values and two types of employee voice behavior. Using 387 hotel employees in Taiwan, the statistical results show that all three cultural values have positive effects on both promotive and prohibitive voice behavior. The results also indicate that LMX strengthens the positive relationships between the three cultural values and two types of employee voice behavior. Research and practical implications derived from the findings of this study are discussed, for the extant hospitality literature and Taiwanese hoteliers.

Customers’ acceptance of artificially intelligent service robots: The influence of trust and culture

This study addresses two critical research gaps in human-robot interaction (HRI): the limited systematic research on the role of trust in customers’ acceptance of artificially intelligent (AI) robots; and the lack of understanding of robot acceptance under different cultural backgrounds. Drawing on the AIDUA framework, this study examines the impacts of trust and moderating effects of both national (the U.S. and China) and individual culture on customers’ intentions to use AI robots in hospitality services by developing a theoretical model. The model is tested on data collected using online data collection platforms from 491 U.S. and 495 Chinese respondents. PLS-SEM and the bootstrapping method were used to test the hypothesized relationships and analyze the moderating effects of culture, respectively. The findings suggest that trust in interaction with AI robots is a significant higher-order construct that influences the intention of use. Furthermore, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and power distance have been found to exhibit significant moderation effects. The results of this study extend the theoretical frameworks in HRI and provide detailed guidance to promote AI robot applications across different cultures.

Culture and innovation: a human emancipation perspective

PurposeThis study aims at offering a comprehensive thesis about the relationship between different cultural values and innovativeness.Design/methodology/approachBuilding on the human emancipation perspective and using data from Hofstede’s, Schwartz’s, and Inglehart’s cultural frameworks, the authors conduct a cross-national investigation into the effects of cultural values on national innovativeness.FindingsThe analyses show that emancipatory cultural dimensions such as rationality, secularity, self-expression, individualism, low uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, mastery and autonomy have significantly positive associations with national innovativeness. The opposing cultural values, such as traditionalism, religiosity, survival, collectivism, high uncertainty avoidance, short-term orientation, harmony and conservatism, have negative associations with national innovativeness.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature by putting forward a comprehensive and theory-driven explanation of the relationship between cultural values and innovativeness, by using all of Hofstede’s, Schwartz’s and Inglehart’s dimensions, by incorporating ethnic, linguistic and religious diversities and by applying alternative measures of the national innovativeness.

How Short-Term Orientation Dominates Western Businesses and the Challenges They Face—An Example Using Germany, the UK, and the USA

The current study investigates and establishes the factors that lead to short-term orientation strategies in western organisations. Moreover, this study used questionnaire-based surveys to assess the relationship between these factors and what it would take for the organisation to move to a long-term orientation strategy. At the start of the study, it was evident that the annual bonus system is a key reason for prioritising a short-term orientation strategy. The sample was composed of 300 companies of different sizes from different western countries. Furthermore, the general consensus within these companies was that most managers knew that long-term orientation was necessary; however, either their superiors/shareholders/supervisory board only reward short-term results, or the managers and stakeholders prefer short-term goals for evaluations because it is challenging to transform a long-term strategy into multiple short-term strategies and goals. At the end of the study, a basic framework has been suggested to be used as guidelines for any company moving from short-term to long-term orientation strategies.

Conflict Resolution Styles and Organisational Performance: The Mediating Role of Cultural Factor

This conceptual paper provides the information on the exploration of conflict resolution styles (integrating, obliging, dominating, avoiding, and compromising) and culture (power distance, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, collectivism, and long-term orientation) and organisational performance of the Royal Malaysian Customs Department. This study proposes a relationship model of conflict resolution styles and organisational performance and mediating cultural factors for this department

Through narratives we learn: Exploring knowledge-building as a marketing strategy for prosocial water reuse

Planned water reuse is a viable way to increase potable water supplies for the growing human population and industrialization; however, consumers’ low acceptance of treated wastewater remains a critical obstacle to planned reuse water implementation. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that affect the ingestion of educational materials and the storytelling process through which consumers form attitudes and intentions. We explore how water reuse knowledge (including actual and perceived knowledge), framing of the narrative message, media credibility, and individual culture affect consumer acceptance of planned reuse, after receiving educational material regarding water reuse. Anchoring on narrative transportation theory, a series of three studies test the hypotheses (pooled N = 893). The results show that actual and perceived knowledge affects trust, attitude, and intention to consume reuse water. Consumers’ long-term orientation influences acceptance of reuse water, while benefit emphasis of the message and media credibility do not have significance.

National culture and occupational safety – a comparison of worker-level factors impacting safety for Danish and Swedish construction workers

Denmark and Sweden are societally and regulatory similar countries with large differences in occupational injury rates. Denmark has consistently had twice the rate of reported injuries compared to Sweden and a 45% higher rate of fatal injuries in the construction industry. The current study aims to further investigate the perceived underlying factors responsible for the difference in injury rate between Denmark and Sweden by examining the possible impact on safety climate and safety behaviour of cooperation, perceived organizational support, organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB), planning, safety motivation, and long-term orientation. The paper is based on a questionnaire study completed by 346 construction workers from 48 Swedish construction sites and 465 construction workers from 37 Danish construction sites. The results show that all six predictors were positively related with safety climate and/or safety behaviour in both countries. However, the level of the predictors was generally higher in Sweden, and there was a stronger positive relationship with the outcomes in Sweden than Denmark. Specifically, the valuation of cooperation and OCB, planning and long-term orientation were more dominant in Sweden. These differences illuminate some of the possible factors underlying the difference in injury rate between the Danish and Swedish construction industry.

Paradoxes and Tensions in Interorganizational Relationships: A Systematic Literature Review

This paper examines the literature on paradoxes and tensions in interorganizational relationships (IORs) and identifies how such tensions are managed in interorganizational settings. In a systematic literature review, we analyzed 95 papers published between 1997 and 2021 on the subject of paradoxes in IORs. The sample showed a variety of paradoxes occurring in different interorganizational contexts, such as knowledge sharing and protection, short- and long-term orientation, and exploration and exploitation. The diversity of such paradoxes has led to crescent interest in cooperation. Our main results show that contextual factors and management practices influence the balance between paradoxes. Although the particular context of each IOR may be unique in terms of balancing paradoxical elements, we identified a set of “pre-tension practices” and “post-tension practices” which may help avoid the emergence of tensions or reduce their adverse effects. The findings of our systematic literature review have also enabled us to propose future research avenues concerning managing tensions in IORs, for instance, the link between paradoxes and IOR performance.

Globalization of the public relations agency industry: a country-level analysis of global public relations agencies and environmental factors

PurposeThe present study examined the status of globalization of the public relations (PR) agency industry and its environmental factors by analyzing 101 countries.Design/methodology/approachData were constructed from content analysis and multiple archival sources. Cluster analysis and multiple regressions were used for data analysis.FindingsThe present study identified the four distinctive groups of countries in the number of global PR agencies per country. These groups are (1) globalized top countries, (2) globalized major countries, (3) globalizing countries and (4) peripheral countries. The study also found that the degree of globalization of the PR agency industry in a country was associated with its democracy, economic system (gross domestic product (GDP) and foreign direct investment inflow), legal system (rule of law), cultural system (power distance and long-term orientation) and media system (Internet penetration rate) factors.Originality/valueThe previous studies on the global PR agency industry was limited to investigating a few leading agencies, but this study analyzed 114 global PR agencies and their diffusion in 101 countries and explored the influence of each country's characteristics (i.e. political, economic, legal, cultural and media factors) identified as the global PR environment factors.

Moderation impact of national culture on international firm’s environmental, social, governance and financial performance

We examine whether country-level national culture dimensions might moderate an international firm’s environmental, social, governance performance to strengthen or weaken its financial performance based on the Institutional Difference Hypothesis. We find that low power distance, high individualism, high masculinity, high uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgent national culture would moderate a firm’s environmental, social, governance performance to strengthen its financial performance further. On the contrary, high power distance, collectivism (low individualism), feminine, low uncertainty avoidance, short-term orientation, and restraint dimensions would be expected to weaken a firm’s financial performance by discouraging firms from undertaking superior environmental, social, governance performance. GLOBE’s findings such as low power distance, collectivistic institutional and in-group national culture, high uncertainty avoidance, future orientation, all report a significant positive moderation impact on a firm’s environmental, social, governance performance to strengthen its financial performance further. However, high gender-egalitarian national culture and high assertiveness would negatively moderate firm’s financial performance and environmental, social, governance performance. Overall, we think that our findings would further propagate the institutional difference hypothesis as we observe that each of our studied national culture dimensions would moderate firm’s environmental, social, governance performance and financial performance associations significantly.