Long-term Life Research Articles

GENDER INEQUALITIES IN THE DISRUPTION OF LONG-TERM LIFE SATISFACTION TRAJECTORIES DURING COVID-19

Abstract Evidence suggests that women’s mental health has been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Time-use differences have been hypothesised as an explanatory factor, as women generally spent more time than men on psychologically taxing activities. We used data on life satisfaction spanning 25 years (1996-2021, age 26-51) from a birth cohort representing adults born in Britain in 1970 (n=6,766). We used piecewise latent growth curve models to study gender differences in the long-term trajectories of life satisfaction and in the impact of the pandemic onset on these trajectories, and whether time-use differences partly explained that differential impact. Women had consistently higher life satisfaction levels prior to the pandemic (Δintercept,unadjusted=0.204 [95% CI: 0.073, 0.336], p=.002), and then experienced a more accelerated decline with its onset (Δquad2,unadjusted=-0.019 [-0.026, -0.011], p<.001). This gap remained stable after accounting for time use differences (Δquad2,adjusted=-0.019 [-0.028, -0.011], p<.001). Nevertheless, time spent working was positively related to life satisfaction in women but negatively in men (Δworking1-8h=0.499 [-0.168, 0.829], p= .003; Δworking>8h=0.543 [0.185, 0.902], p=.003), whereas time spent doing housework was negatively related to life satisfaction in women but positively in men (Δhousework1h=-0.723 [-0.749, -0.045], p=.027). Results were robust to adjustment for the concurrent financial situation. Our study shows gender inequalities in the impact of the pandemic on the long-term life satisfaction trajectories of adults in their 50s and suggests that time-use differences do not explain these inequalities. Further research on the mechanisms underlying the differential impact of the pandemic across genders in positive mental health is needed.

Morphology-controllable synthesis of bimetallic oxide Bi2Fe4O9 as novel electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors

Supercapacitors have grabbed a lot of limelight and have been under extensive scrutiny by researchers for their advantages over competitors, such as high power density, long-term cycle life, accelerated charging and discharging, security, and environmental sustainability. Herein, the hydrothermal combination with co-precipitation approach is effectively used to create Bi2Fe4O9 particles with various morphologies through controlling the concentrations of NaOH, and they show significant discrepancies in their electrochemical characteristics. The chamfered square plate-like Bi2Fe4O9 particles (Bi2Fe4O9–3) obtained at a NaOH concentration of 12 M demonstrate pseudocapacitive or battery-like behavior in a three-electrode system and exhibited optimum electrochemical properties, displaying a mass-specific capacitance of 443.8 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1. In terms of electrochemical characteristics and long-term cycling stability, the Bi2Fe4O9–3 sample also displays an extraordinary Coulombic efficiency of 98.87 % and capacitance retention rate of 142 % after completing 5000 cycles of galvanostatic charge-discharge. Moreover, the self-assembled asymmetric supercapacitor device has an energy density of 21.11 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 424.26 W kg−1. Bi2Fe4O9–3 has been meticulously fabricated as an innovative and inimitable electrode material that manifests brilliant electrochemical properties, rendering it prospective for progressive application in the supercapacitors realm by researchers in the future.

Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Scientists are increasingly paying attention to using theoretical design as a guide combined with modern in-situ characterization techniques to develop catalysts with high activity, low cost, and long-term life. The review discusses the progress of catalyst theoretical design and corresponding experiments based on three typical oxygen evolution catalytic mechanisms, including the adsorbate evolution, lattice oxygen-mediated, and unconventional bifunctional mechanisms. This work briefly describes the commonly used tools and descriptors in theory as well as the electrochemical techniques and characterizations in experiments. Our purpose is to sort out the ways to closely integrate the theoretical method and experimental verification from the perspective of reaction mechanism, and to provide some experience reference for the future development of theoretical tools and experimental technologies.

Explanatory Possibilities of M. Weber’s Concept of Disenchantment of the World in the Context of Growing Magical Conciousness

The article deals with the concept of the world's disenchantment by M. Weber as a methodological basis for understanding modern transformations of consciousness, first of all, the deviation from the scientific picture of the world and the restoration of the magical worldview. It is shown that M. Weber considered the process of disenchanting the world in two forms: as marginalization of magical salvation practices within rationalized religious worldviews and as the assertion of ideas about the full cognizability of the world in the scientific worldview. The factor of the world's disenchantment is rationalization, as a result of which archaic syncretism is overcome, a person highlights the value orientations of "leading a life" and takes responsibility for one’s fate. However, this is accompanied by the formalizing of the normative order and gradual loss of semantic and value dominants, with which it comes into conflict. It is proved that reverse processes occur in the modern disenchanted world, first of all, the newest syncretism develops as a result of the interpenetration of technogenic, natural, social realities, the removal of ethical antinomies. The newest "enchantment of the world" is also promoted by a stronger alienation and the desire to shift responsibility for one's own and common destiny onto external forces, the rejection of long-term rational life strategies and orientation to getting a quick result while paying no attention to mechanisms for achieving it. In addition, the absence of semantic and value dominants in modern culture is made up for by an archaic belief in extraordinary phenomena capable of solving the most acute problems quickly and efficiently, in the image and likeness of modern technologies.

Do they think that joy and misery are temporary? Comparing trajectories of current and predicted life satisfaction across life events

ABSTRACT When people marry or have their first baby, their life satisfaction spikes but fades soon thereafter. Similarly, when people separate from a partner or become widowed, their satisfaction decreases but largely recovers within a few years. I analyse to what degree people who experience these life events expect that their current shift towards joy or misery is temporary vs. long-lasting. Data are from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and are analysed with a novel estimation strategy that uses month-specific information on the timing of interviews and life events. I compare trajectories of people’s current life satisfaction and anticipated life satisfaction, i.e. the level of satisfaction they expect to have five years into the future. Results show that people expect some of these life events’ joy or misery to stay, but the majority to fade. These findings reveal that, to a substantial degree, people are able to see their situation from a distance and separate their current feelings from their long-term life prospects. This may contribute to people’s overall well-being and sustainable life strategies.

Constructing a stable interface on Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode via lactic acid-assisted engineering strategy

Ni-rich layered oxides are potential cathode materials for next-generation high energy density Li-ion batteries due to their high capacity and low cost. However, the inherently unstable surface properties, including high levels of residual Li compounds, dissolution of transition metal cations, and parasitic side reactions, have not been effectively addressed, leading to significant degradation in their electrochemical performance. In this study, we propose a simple and effective lactic acid-assisted interface engineering strategy to regulate the surface chemistry and properties of Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode. This novel surface treatment method successfully eliminates surface residual Li compounds, inhibits structural collapse, and mitigates cathode-electrolyte interface film growth. As a result, the lactic acid-treated LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 achieved a remarkable capacity retention of 91.7% after 100 cycles at 0.5 C (25 °C) and outstanding rate capability of 149.5 mA h g−1 at 10 C, significantly outperforming the pristine material. Furthermore, a pouch-type full cell incorporating the modified LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode demonstrates impressive long-term cycle life, retaining 81.5% of its capacity after 500 cycles at 1 C. More importantly, the thermal stability of the modified cathode is also dramatically improved. This study offers a valuable surface modification strategy for enhancing the overall performance of Ni-rich cathode materials.

Long-term life satisfaction in ageing women with work disability due to mental and musculoskeletal disorders.

Mental disorders (MDs) and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the major causes of global disability and increase in prevalence with age. To support healthy ageing, we studied how work disability due to MDs or MSDs is related to life satisfaction (LS) cross-sectionally and in 5- and 10-year follow-ups among ageing women. In the population-based OSTPRE cohort (women aged 58-67 in 1999), data on lifetime permanent work disability pensions (DPs) due to 'MDs only' (n=337), 'MSDs only' (n=942) and 'MDs + MSDs' (n=212) and 'no DP' (n=6322) until 1999 was obtained from the Finnish national register. The OSTPRE postal enquiry included a four-item life satisfaction (LS) scale (range 4-20: satisfied 4-6, intermediate 7-11, dissatisfied 12-20) at 5-year intervals, in 1999-2004 (n=6548) and in 1999-2009 (n=5562). In 1999, the risks of belonging to the dissatisfied LS group (score 12-20) vs. the satisfied group (score 4-6) were higher in 'MDs only' (OR=4.30; 95%CI 2.95-6.28), 'MSDs only' (OR=2.69; 2.12-3.40) and 'MDs + MSDs' (OR=2.72; 1.77-4.16) groups than in the 'no DP' group. In the follow-ups, these risks were OR5yr=5.59 (3.54-8.84) and OR10yr=4.94 (2.80-8.73) for 'MDs only', OR5yr=3.36 (2.58-4.37) and OR10yr=3.18 (2.40-4.21) for 'MSDs only', and OR5yr=4.70 (2.75-8.05) and OR10yr=6.84 (3.53-13.27) for 'MDs+MSDs' (all: p≤0.001). Adjusting for baseline LS did not change the pattern (all p≤0.001). Work disability due to MDs and MSDs undermines healthy ageing among women via life dissatisfaction.

Stress Analysis and Life Prediction of a Ceramic Matrix Composite Vane Using a Micromechanics-Based Approach

The results of stress analysis of a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) vane using a physics-based model developed for two-dimensional woven CMCs are presented. The model considers the inherent defects and micromechanical damage in woven CMCs along with time-dependent deformation of the constituents. Predictions include damage state under general load conditions and the global deformation response of the vane. Strain-gage data from burst tests are compared to strain predictions obtained using the model. Results from time-dependent analysis and life prediction of the vane under constant loads and cyclic loads at elevated temperatures are presented. Effect of fatigue frequency on the deformation and long-term life of the vane are also discussed.

Re-imagining metastatic breast cancer care delivery: a patient-partnered qualitative study

PurposeWhile significant progress in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) treatment has prolonged survival and improved prognosis, there remain substantial gaps in providing patient-centered supportive care. The specific care delivery needs for metastatic cancer differ from that of early-stage cancer due to the incurable nature and lifelong duration of the condition. The objective of this study was to assess how patients living with MBC would re-imagine cancer care delivery.MethodsThis qualitative study was conducted in partnership with patient-led organizations Guiding Researchers and Advocates to Scientific Partnerships (GRASP) and Project Life, a nonprofit, online wellness community founded by patients with MBC for patients living with MBC. Virtual semi-structured interviews (n = 36) were conducted with Project Life members purposively sampled from the groups’ overall membership. The interview guide contained items surrounding patients’ lived experiences of MBC, greatest unmet needs related to care, and perspectives on virtual wellness community involvement. Interviews were coded using two-stage deductive and inductive analysis.ResultsThree major themes for re-imagining cancer care delivery were identified, including holistic care, information needs, and conceptual shifts. Within these several subthemes emerged with patients re-imagining referrals to non-oncological services, caregiver support, acceptance of integrative medicine, streamlined clinical trial enrollment, curated quality patient resources, MBC-specific terminology and approaches, long-term life and goal-of-care planning, and patient-centered voice throughout.ConclusionPeople living with metastatic cancers have specific supportive care needs. These findings highlight patient-driven areas for re-imagination that are most salient for individuals with MBC.

High IL-10 Expression Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Primary Gastrointestinal Lymphoma

Background：Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma（PGIL）is defined as the primary malignant lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. The long-term prognosis and life quality of PGIL patients are influenced due to gastrointestinal complications. Cytokines have a close immunological relationship with lymphocytes, however, the relationship with serum cytokines and PGIL prognosis is still unknown. Method：We conducted a retrospective analysis of 165 PGIL patients referred to Department of Hematology of Peking university third hospital over a 10-year period between 2012-2022，and serum cytokine detection was performed on 85 patients' peripheral blood. Serum cytokine（IL-2,IL-4,IL-6,IL-9,IL-10,TNF-a）were quantified using flow cytometer. Median follow-up time was 29 months, and 1-year progression-free survival(PFS) of total PGIL patients was 84.1%, and 3-year PFS was 67.9%.The 1-year overall survival（OS）was 90.9%,and 3-year OS was 89.2%. Results：The median age of PGIL patients was 57-year-old, and 58.8% of them were male. The two most common pathological types were diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma (40.0%) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(30.6%).Our results also showed that IL-4 level was higher in surviving PGIL patients, while IL-10 level was higher in deceased PGIL patients. There was no statistically significant difference in other serum cytokines(IL-2,IL-6,IL-9, TNF-a) between surviving and deceased PGIL patients. Survival analysis showed that the OS of patients in the low IL-10 level group was lower than that in the high IL-10 group（P=0.03） Conclusion：High IL-10 expression is associated with poor prognosis in primary gastrointestinal lymphoma

Long-term outcomes of lupus nephritis with low-level proteinuria: a multicentre, retrospective study.

Reportedly, patients with LN and low-level proteinuria have favourable short-term renal outcomes. We aimed to clarify the long-term renal outcomes and overall survival of these patients, and the significance of renal biopsy in the early phase with low-level proteinuria. We included 144 Japanese patients with biopsy-proven LN from 10 hospitals. Low-level proteinuria was defined by a urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPCR) of ≤1 g/gCr based on previous reports. The outcomes were end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and death. Compared with patients with high-level proteinuria (UPCR >1 g/gCr), those with low-level proteinuria [n = 67 (46.5%)] had significantly improved renal function at the time of renal biopsy, and low activity index and chronicity index while the frequency of class III/IV was similar (79.1% vs 84.4%, P = 0.409). In patients with low-level proteinuria, CYC usage was less, and the incidences of ESRD (3.0% vs 13.0%, P = 0.036) and death (3.0% vs 16.9%, P = 0.006) during the total observation period (median, 72 months) were low. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significant differences in the incidence of ESRD and death between the groups. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the significant risk factors for ESRD were high chronicity index and hypertension, whereas those for death were increased age and high-level proteinuria. Patients with LN and low-level proteinuria had favourable long-term renal and life outcomes. As these patients have substantial active pathological lesions, renal biopsy in the early phase with low-level proteinuria could enable early diagnosis and treatment and thus improve prognosis.

Differences in the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the long-term trajectories of life satisfaction by sex in the UK: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected women's mental health, with most evidence focused on mental ill-health outcomes. Previous research suggests that differences in time-use might explain this disparity, as women generally spent more time doing psychologically taxing activities than men. We investigated (1) sex differences in the impact of the pandemic in the long-term trajectories of life satisfaction and (2) whether time-use differences partly explained that differential impact. MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, we used the 1970 British Cohort Study, a birth cohort representing people born in Great Britain in 1970. Since 1970, information has been collected for all cohort members every 4–10 years (ten sweeps). Additional data were collected at three timepoints during the pandemic (May 2020, September–October 2020, February–March 2021) as part of the COVID-19 Survey. Response rates within the target population ranged between 23·6% (May, 2020) and 32·5% (March, 2021) in the COVID-19 Survey. We used non-response weights to restore sample representativeness to the target population (cohort members alive and residing in the UK during the pandemic). Life satisfaction was prospectively assessed at ages 26 (1996), 30, 34, 42, 46, 50, 50·5, and 51 years (2021) using a single question with responses ranging from 0 (lowest life satisfaction) to 10 (highest life satisfaction). We used multiple-group piecewise latent growth curve models grouped by sex assigned at birth. Additional models were adjusted for self-reported number of hours spent working, volunteering, home-schooling children, taking care of children and other people, and doing housework during the pandemic. Participants provided verbal informed consent. Ethics approval was not sought as non-sensitive, open-access data with minimal risk of identification was used. FindingsWe analysed data from 6766 adults (3799 [56·2%] women and 2967 [43·8%] men). Compared with men, women had consistently higher levels of life satisfaction before the pandemic (Δintercept,unadjusted = 0·213, 95% CI 0·087 to 0·340, p=0·0009), and experienced a more accelerated decline with its onset (Δquad2,unadjusted = –0·018, –0·026 to –0·011; p<0·0001), even after accounting for time use (Δquad2,adjusted = –0·016, –0·031 to –0·001; p=0·0348). Results were robust to adjustment for concurrent financial and occupational situation (Δquad2,adjustedfull = –0·019, –0·035 to –0·004; p=0·0158). InterpretationOur study shows sex inequalities in the impact of the pandemic on the long-term life satisfaction trajectories of adults in their 50s. Self-reported time-use differences did not account for these inequalities. One of the limitations is that we relied on self-reported time-use and were not able to include factors like the so-called mental load (being responsible for organising or monitoring activities, regardless of being involved in their execution), which might partly explain these results. FundingEconomic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Centre for Society and Mental Health at King's College London.

3D hierarchically fractal structure stabilized anode for achieving long-term cycle life of aqueous Zn-ion batteries

The cycling stability of aqueous Zn-ion battery (AZIB) is a serious issue for their successful application, mainly due to the considerable growth of Zn dendrites and the existence of side effects during operation. Herein, the hierarchically three-dimensional (3D) fractal structure of the ZnO/Zn/CuxO@Cu (ZZCC) anode is prepared by a two-step process, where CuxO nanowires are prepared on Cu foam by thermal oxidation method and Zn layer and ZnO surface are formed by plating. This fractal structure increases the electrodynamic surfaces and reduces the local current density, which can regulate Zn plating and inhibit dendritic growth and side effects. Apparently, the symmetric ZZCC-based cell shows a long-term operation time of 3000 h at 1 mA cm−2 with 1 mAh cm−2, and an operation time of more than 1000 h with a discharge depth of 15.94%. Compared with the bare Zn foil anode, the AZIB assembled with the composite of Mn-doped vanadium oxide and reduced graphene oxide cathode and ZZCC anode (MnVO@rGO//ZZCC) exhibits significantly improved cyclability (i.e. with 88.5% capacity retention) and achieves a Coulomb efficiency of 99.4% at 2 A g-1. This hierarchically 3D structure strategy to design anodes with superior cyclic stability contributes to the next generation of secure energy.

Electrochemical Characterization Method of Laves Phase in 9Cr Martensitic Heat-Resistant Steel and Creep Life Prediction

The Laves phase formed during the long-term creep of 9% Cr heat-resistant steels plays an important role in their high-temperature mechanical properties. Detecting and quantifying the Laves phase is one of the main problems in predicting the creep residual life. This study detects and quantifies the Laves phase in various 9% Cr heat-resistant steel samples by anodic polarization. Both T92/P92 samples after creep and 9Cr ferritic martensitic samples after thermal ageing precipitate Laves phase particles, and the content of the Laves phase increases with the service time. Comparing the results obtained by the electrochemical method with those obtained by the traditional SEM observation method, it can be found that there is a similar two-stage linear relationship between the two results in all materials, which is related to the diameter change of Laves phase particles during service. According to the correlation between the Laves phase content and creep time, an extrapolation method for the prediction of the residual creep life is proposed. The results show that the creep life of P92 can be predicted by using the dissolved charge density of the Laves phase with high prediction accuracy. This method has the potential to evaluate the service states of materials and predict the long-term creep life in the industrial field.

A Polytetrafluoroethylene-Based Solvent-Free Procedure for the Manufacturing of Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have recently become popular for energy storage due to their high energy density, storage capacity, and long-term cycle life. Although binders make up only a small proportion of LIBs, they have become the key to promoting the transformation of the battery preparation process. Along with the development of binders, the battery manufacturing process has evolved from the conventional slurry-casting (SC) process to a more attractive solvent-free (SF) method. Compared with traditional LIBs manufacturing method, the SF method could dramatically reduce and increase the energy density due to the reduced preparation steps and enhanced electrode loading. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), as a typical binder, has played an important role in fabricating high-performance LIBs, particularly in regards to the SF technique. In this paper, the development history and application status of PTFE binder was introduced, and then its contributions and the inherent problems involved in the SF process were described and analyzed. Finally, the viewpoints concerning the future trends for PTFE-based SF manufacturing methods were also discussed. We hope this work can inspire future research concerning high-quality SF binders and assist in promoting the evolution of the SF manufacturing technology in regards to LIBs.

Space aquatic chemistry: A roadmap for drinking water treatment in microgravity

Rapid advancement in aerospace technology has successfully enabled long-term life and economic activities in space, particularly in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), extending up to 2000 km from the mean sea level. However, the sustainance of the LEO Economy and its Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) still relies on a regular cargo supply of essential commodities (e.g., water, food) from Earth, for which there still is a lack of adequate and sustainable technologies. One key challenge in this context is developing water treatment technologies and standards that can perform effectively under microgravity conditions. Solving this technical challenge will be a milestone in providing a scientific basis and the necessary support mechanisms for establishing permanent bases in outer space and beyond. To identify clues towards solving this challenge, we looked back at relevant scientific research exploring novel technologies and standards for deep space exploration, also considering feedback for enhancing these technologies on land. Synthesizing our findings, we share our outlook for the future of drinking water treatment in microgravity. We also bring up a new concept for space aquatic chemistry, considering the closed environment of engineered systems operating in microgravity.

Analyzing the demographic coherence of selected US, Australian and Chinese biometric data sets used to price long-term care insurance and life care annuities

This paper examines the implicit healthy life expectancy used for actuarial calculations in some selected biometric data sets from the US, Australia and China. We are interested in checking the demographic/epidemiological coherence of these data sets because this health indicator is rarely presented when authors build their biometric data sets, nor when they are used to calculate long-term care insurance (LTCI) and life care annuity (LCAs) premiums, nor when they are employed in research articles to estimate the future demand for LTC services. We follow a methodology based on multistate life table methods that enables us to obtain a life expectancy matrix for individuals on the basis of their initial health state. We also present some additional indicators of longevity, mortality and morbidity, these being the median age at death, the interquartile range, the weighted modal age at death, the mortality ratio and the implicit LTC prevalence rates broken down by health state. We find several weaknesses that highlight the difficulty involved in building the biometric data sets needed to make an actuarially fair valuation of the premiums for LTCI and LCAs. We also verify the existence of the so-called “male–female health-survival paradox”. From the perspective of a potential purchaser of this type of insurance products, disclosing and explaining the summary measures of health and longevity would make it easier for them to understand the need to protect themselves against the cost of possible LTC services and also make the computation of the premiums more transparent.

Unlocking the Effect of Chain Length and Terminal Group on Ethylene Glycol Ether Family Toward Advanced Aqueous Electrolytes.

Constructing high-performance hybrid electrolyte is important to advanced aqueous electrochemical energy storage devices. However, due to the lack of in-depth understanding of how the molecule structures of cosolvent additives influence the properties of electrolytes significantly impeded the development of hybrid electrolytes. Herein, a series of hybrid electrolytes are prepared by using ethylene glycol ether with different chain lengths and terminal groups as additives. The optimized 2m LiTFSI-90%DDm hybrid electrolyte prepared from diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DDm) molecule showcases excellent comprehensive performance and significantly enhances the operating voltage of supercapacitors (SCs) to 2.5V by suppressing the activity of water. Moreover, the SC with 2m LiTFSI-90%DDm hybrid electrolyte supplies a long-term cycling life of 50000 cycles at 1Ag-1 with 92.3% capacitance retention as well as excellent low temperature (-40ºC) cycling performance (10000 times at 0.2Ag-1). Universally, Zn//polyaniline full cell with 2m Zn(OTf)2-90%DDm electrolyte manifests outstanding cycling performance in terms of 77.9% capacity retention after 2,000 cycles and a dendrite-free Zn anode. This work inspires new thinking of developing advanced hybrid electrolytes by cosolvent molecule design toward high-performance energy storage devices.

Leisure, Recreation, and Life Satisfaction: A Longitudinal Study for People With Spinal Cord Injury.

Leisure and recreation (LR) are positively associated with social integration and life satisfaction in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, few studies have longitudinally observed long-term changes in LR participation among people with SCI and discussed the association of these activities with social integration and life satisfaction. This study aims to determine for people with SCI, within a 45-year period, the association between mobility and LR participation; the associations between LR participation and social integration and life satisfaction, respectively; and whether the association between LR participation and life satisfaction is mediated by social integration. Growth modeling and linear mixed modeling were employed as the primary data analysis tools to explore longitudinal changes in LR participation, social integration, and life satisfaction. A mediation test was conducted to examine the potential mediation effect of social integration on the relationship between LR participation and life satisfaction. The mobility level, LR participation hours, and social integration of people with SCI decreased gradually during the 45-year period, whereas life satisfaction increased as they lived longer with the injury. LR participation was consistently and positively associated with social integration and life satisfaction of people with SCI. A mediation effect by social integration was observed between LR and life satisfaction. A decline in mobility level was associated with a decrease in LR participation over time for people with SCI. Engaging in LR activities regularly and maintaining a certain level of social interaction are consistently and positively associated with long-term life satisfaction.

Study on the Level of Responsiveness in the State Management of Social Insurance for Current Participants in Vietnam

Social insurance is a major policy of the Party and the State, an important social policy, the main pillar of the social security system, contributing to progress and ensuring justice, maintaining socio-political stability and socio-economic development on a national scale. Social insurance policies are organized, implemented and operated by the State for the purpose of social security and not for profit in order to stabilize the long-term life of people and employees. Therefore, expanding the target and increasing the number of people participating in Social Insurance will be inevitable, requiring steps and roadmaps suitable to the socio-economic development of the locality. Develop the social insurance system in sync with the development of social services, better meeting the needs of the people; create favorable conditions for people to participate in and enjoy Social Insurance benefits. Under the leadership of the Party and the State, mechanisms, policies and laws on Social Insurance are increasingly complete and synchronous in the direction of increasing the rights and interests of participants; contribute to better ensuring people's material and spiritual life in the face of events and risks, helping to ensure social security. Therefore, the response of Social Insurance is in the direction of expanding, increasing rights and benefits, creating attractiveness to attract people to participate; perfecting State management regulations and professional, modern, effective, open and transparent organizational implementation system is an urgent task in the new situation. Keywords: Response, Social Insurance Participants, Social insurance, Management, Vietnam