Long-term Lease Research Articles

Public land privatisation and commodification as a field of changing social relations: The making of the Albanian Riviera

The paper critically explores public land privatisation and commodification as a particularly significant field of changing social relations. It focuses on Albania’s southern coast as it changed from an area of rural communities with light vacation and recreation activities and re-oriented itself towards international migration networks, intensifying coastal tourism, and the gradual making of the Albanian Riviera. By providing empirical evidence from fieldwork in the area of Himara, along with a review of the legal framework, and through the theoretical lenses of neo-liberalism and post-socialism, the paper investigates two episodes of public land privatisation and commodification: first, the de-collectivisation of cooperative agricultural land in the 1990s, and second, the long-term leasing of public land for large-scale tourism development since the mid-2000s. Analysing these two episodes sheds light on how the state provided the respective legal frameworks so as to open up differentiated land markets, and on the close relationship between the making of the Albanian Riviera, the “restitution” of private ownership, and the unmaking of common and collective social relations and significations. In turn, the paper argues that public land privatisation and commodification have destabilised and qualitatively changed social relations centred on the land which had survived from the pre-socialist and the socialist eras, by turning them into primarily commodity relations. This has also heightened multiple social tensions and conflicts, leading to a multiply-contested rural space and the rise of new social stratifications, polarisations, and inequalities in the post-socialist era.

ПРИОРИТЕТЫ ЭФФЕКТИВНОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ПАСТБИЩ ДЛЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВА В ЛИЧНОМ ПОДСОБНОМ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕ КАЗАХСТАНА

The institutional and organizational-economic directions of the effective using pastures for keeping private households livestock around the settlement territories, creating favorable environmental conditions for rural residents, preventing land degradation around rural settlements are considered. The current regulatory framework of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the development of households and the use of pasture areas for developing animal husbandry is analyzed. Based on the assessment of the legislative support for this category of farms in the countries of the Union of Independent States, the rationale for the need to adopt the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the activities of people’s private households” is provided. On the basis of a monographic study of rural areas around large rural settlements and private animals farms, the degree of seasonal use of pastures in rural areas in different natural and agricultural zones was determined, the regions with a lack of pastures and a high concentration of rural population, as well as the regions with a low load of livestock on pastures were identified. Households with a large number of livestock and output of marketable products, which do not have the status of individual entrepreneurs, were identified. An assessment is given of the state of reserve territories of reserve lands, forest resources and reserves for their possible involvement in agricultural turnover on the basis of long-term and short-term lease to replenish the feed stock of livestock kept in private households. Methods have been developed for determining the organizational and economic mechanisms for regulating livestock grazing in rural areas by observing the optimal load of livestock from private households and their seasonal use with the involvement of reserve lands in the agricultural turnover, transforming peasant farms into business structures.

Problems of formation of intangible assets in trading systems on the example of X5 Retail Group

The article deals with the features of formation and evaluation of intangible assets in network retail trade, their role as a resource for the development of retail networks. The established criteria for classifying retail network assets as intangible assets and their compliance with current practice are investigated. The structure of intangible assets is analyzed using the example of X5 Retail Group. The possibilities of evaluating a portfolio of long-term lease agreements for retail space as an asset of a retail network are considered. Methodological approaches to the valuation of certain types of intangible assets, in particular their own brands, are proposed.

The factors influencing the profitability of leased land on dairy farms in Ireland

The Republic of Ireland possesses a land market that is constrained by minimal sales each year, less than 1%. In an effort to capitalise on milk quota abolition and to increase dairy production, a suite of tax incentives has recently been introduced in the Republic of Ireland to encourage land mobility and long-term leasing among Irish dairy farmers. Using Irish Farm Accountancy Database Network (FADN) data from 2011–2017 to examine this, a Heckman sample selection model explores two aspects; (i) the factors that influence a farmer’s decision to rent, or continue renting, land and (ii) the profitability of dairy farmers renting in land. We find self-selection into the rental market is driven by farm traits that include a high level of hired labour, the presence of a successor, intensive farming practices and dairy discussion group membership. The results show that rental agreements assist farms in achieving economies of scale. The findings provide evidence to support government intervention such as tax incentives for renting out land and knowledge sharing discussion groups.

Land-Use Rights for Agricultural Land in Ukraine

The article deals with the rights to agricultural land under the conditions of the moratorium on the alienation of agricultural land in Ukraine. Currently land lease is the most widespread land-use right in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to investigate the features and prospects of the functioning of the land market in Ukraine and to increase investor interest in it. The dialectical method made it possible to consider the development of land-use rights in Ukraine, to formulate proposals for improving existing legislation. The method of comparative legal analysis made it possible to compare the system of relations of land ownership and lease in Ukraine and other countries of the world. Much attention has been paid to the abolition of the moratorium on the purchase of agricultural land in Ukraine, which will lead to a gradual increase in the share of entrepreneurial activity on owned land with an optimal ratio of land lease. Based on the features of agricultural land lease, the following positive points are highlighted: 1) the availability of long-term lease guarantees the tenant’s stability in land use and promotes better planning and investment attractiveness; 2) the ability to set a fixed size of land rent without taking into account the normative monetary valuation; 3) rents for agricultural land in Ukraine continue to be much lower than in other countries.

The Political Economy of Commercial Agricultural Land in Ethiopia

This paper provides a critical examination of the political economy of commercial agricultural land in Ethiopia, taking a case from the peripheral State of Gambella where the Anyuaa and the Nuer ethnic groups interact. Since 2002, the government of Ethiopia has pursued a controversial investment approach that promotes large-scale investment dominated by FDI while officially denouncing the current wave of the neoliberal economic discourse. Such investment ventures in the State of Gambella have put significant agricultural lands under a long-term lease to foreign developers. The central argument of this study lies in the point that, in a political economy avenue where practices contradict official state ideology, mechanized agricultural developments face failure beyond adverse social and ecological crises. Under the guise of the political economy of development where the state takes in hand the responsibility for playing a leadership role, private developers cannot easily find a space for leverage for making productive investments. Rather, such ventures as the case of Gambella tend to institute land alienation of the rural indigenous poor who are already marginalized because of their double-peripheral positions – a manifestation of South in the South. The consequence of both inter-group relations and the environment is catastrophic. The paper concludes that the influence of (trans)national companies on indigenous communities living especially in fragile environments continues to be disconcerting whereas the conflation of the neoliberal inspiration in the peripheral regions appears to be disguising while leaving the local environment and inter-group relations at stake. Thus, the Ethiopian government should recognize the contradiction between its official ideology and the investment practices in agricultural lands overtaken by (trans)national developers.

Agronomic or contentious land change? A longitudinal analysis from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon

Since 1984, nearly 1,000 people have been killed in the Brazilian Amazon due to land conflicts stemming from unequal distribution of land, land tenure insecurity, and lawlessness. During this same period, the region experienced almost complete deforestation (< 8% forest cover by 2010). Land conflict exacts a human toll, but it also affects agents' decisions about land use, the subject of this article. Using a property-level panel dataset covering the period of redemocratization in Brazil (1984) until the privatization of long-term leases in the Eastern Amazon (2010), we show that deforestation is affected by land conflict, particularly in cases of expropriation of property for agrarian reform settlement formation and when that conflict involves fatalities. Deforestation on agrarian reform settlements is much greater when soils are poor for agriculture and when the land has been the object of past conflict. Deforestation and conflict are episodic, and both agronomic drivers and contentious drivers of land change are active in the region. Ultimately, the outcome of these processes of contentious and agronomic land change is substantial deforestation, regardless of who was in possession and control of the land.

Valuation of Long-Term Property Rights Under Political Uncertainty

We empirically analyze the pricing of political uncertainty in long-term property rights, guided by a theoretical model of housing assets subject to contract extension in the remote future. To identify exposure to political uncertainty, we exploit a unique variation around land lease extension protection beyond 2047 in Hong Kong's housing market due to the historical arrangements under the “One Country, Two Systems” design. A reduced-form approach reveals that relative to properties that have been promised an extension protection, those with legally unprotected leases granted by the current Hong Kong government are sold at a substantial discount of around 8%. Similar contracts issued during the colonial era suffer an additional discount of about 8% due to their reneging risk. Our parsimonious model matches well these empirical discounts across long-term lease horizons, and the estimated structural parameters imply that to extend their leases homeowners expect about an additional 20% ground rent after 2047. The discount is higher when people's confidence declines and where residents feel more uncertain of the city's future, but lower when the transaction involves a mainland buyer and a local seller.

Housing Choice as a Function of Risks Confronting Low-income Households

The design of housing solutions for low-income populations has been one of the most pressing policy concerns in developing countries like India. In this work, we explore the effect of risks confronting low-income households—unemployment, health and mortality—on their choice of housing arrangements. We use simulations to study the evolution of long-term wealth of a stylised low-income household faced with these risks and find that, on average, rental housing significantly reduces the risk of undesirable wealth fluctuations over time. From a policy perspective, this means greater focus and incentives for the development of low-income rental markets using strategies such as provision of rental vouchers, rent-to-own models or long-term leases, in addition to the traditional ownership-based housing strategies. The development of housing solutions encompassing a range of rental and ownership models will be critical to ensuring the availability of safe and affordable housing for all urban residents. JEL Codes: C63, O18

Risks of long-term leasing transactions for construction industry development

The article examines potential long-term leasing risks for development of the construction industry, characterizes leasing as a form of investment. Leasing objects of the construction industry were identified. Methods for minimizing risks were considered. Leasing companies and large construction companies rarely lease out equipment to private, small-sized construction companies facing general and specific risks. The degree of risk depends on the leasing object (e.g., equipment that cannot be disassembled, rare equipment, expensive equipment which is difficult to sell at an affordable price). The problem to be solved is lack of owned funds for carrying out innovation activities. The article describes funding methods for innovation activities of manufacturing enterprises. It has been found that the most common funding method is leasing. Innovation activities of enterprises are a number of measures aimed to search for, commercialize and implement scientific knowledge, new technology and inventions. Currently, innovation activities influence the Russian economy by enhancing efficiency of resource management, creating new industries, infrastructure and jobs. Under the global competition, the effects of innovation activities on national development and competitiveness are becoming more intensive.

Coping with Institutional and Financial Crises in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: Ensuring the Survival of Ottoman Royal Waqfs

The Ottoman Empire had inherited the waqf (charitable foundation) as an institutionalized form of charity from the Near Eastern Islamic states, which had preceded it. Over time, new forms of charitable foundations emerged, while with the expansion of the Empire, waqfs grew in number and spread geographically. Donors created over fifty thousand charitable foundations, making them into the most widespread institution in Ottoman history. Some waqfs, the largest ones in particular, survived for many centuries. However, sometimes continued functioning was under severe threat, due to wars, epidemics, natural disasters, and rebellions. To overcome financial straits, the waqfs resorted to a variety of measures. Occasionally, a royal waqf in difficulty received assistance from other foundations established by sultans and/or their relatives. Administrators reduced current expenditures, sometimes even suspending salaries and charitable services. Moreover, through long-term lease contracts involving substantial down payments by the lessees, waqf administrators often raised the money needed to restore damaged properties. In the present paper, we study Ottoman royal waqfs when exposed to adversities and financial hardships. As administrators reacted with considerable flexibility, the claim that the waqfs were rigid institutions is in obvious need of revision.

MENGGAGAS MODEL PENGEMBANGAN MANAJEMEN HARTA WAKAF TRADISIONAL

Three people issues are: 1) the low quality of education, 2) the cost of increasingly expensive health care, and 3) lack of public welfare, has become a circle of "evil" interrelated and mutually influence one issue among others. Background on the issue tersebutlah, it is necessary that concrete efforts to revisit the idea of classical repertoire, especially Islamic instruments relating to poverty alleviation, one of which is "Waqf". Endowments aims to provide a benefit or benefits diwakafkan property to the person entitled to and used in accordance with teachings of Islamic Sharia. Waqf property in the financing model of traditional, classical fiqh book discusses five models of financing reconstruction waqf property, namely: First, the Loan; Second, Hukr (long-term lease contracts with a lump sum payment that is large enough in advance); Third, Al-Ijaratain (rent with two payments), the Fourth, add the addition of new waqf property and the fifth, onsite replacement (substitution) waqf property. This study develops and implements the fifth above.

Зачем России нужен рентный подход к ценообразованию на лесные ресурсы?

Раскрываются причины неудовлетворительной работы в России такого рыночного механизма ценообразования на лесные ресурсы, как аукционы. Рассмотрен рентный подход к определению начальной цены предмета торгов при продаже права использования лесов. На основе анализа сложившейся ситуации и зарубежного опыта приведены рекомендации по улучшению действующей системы ценообразования на лесные ресурсы. The purpose of this article is consideration of the main reasons that prevent Russia from taking full advantage of the potential of the market mechanism of pricing for forest resources, and possible ways to overcome these obstacles. This is especially important for the assessment of tree resources, which provide 2/3 of the countrys forest income. The method used to achieve the goal of the study is to consider the concept of perfect competition in relation to the forest resources markets of Russia, Europe and North America. The possibility of using a multifactor statistical model of the price of forest resources is analyzed. The conditions required for use by the residual value method are analyzed. There are proposals for creating such conditions in Russia. The amount of payment for the use of state forests in Russia, as in many other countries, is set based on the results of a public auction. To determine the initial auction price using fees. In 1997, for the first time, the Russian government set the AllRussia minimum wage rates for standing timber on a rental basis 1. However, bidding results are unsatisfactory. In recent decades, the State Duma and the Government of Russia have repeatedly changed the size and method of calculating payments for forest resources. To improve the pricing system, it is necessary to understand the peculiarities of the Russian forest resources market. In Russia, almost all forests are in federal ownership. There are no private forests. Forests are under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects. The Federal Government sets the rates of payment per unit of measure for forest resources. The subjects of the Federation organize the use of forests. Forests are used by private business. The main form of obtaining the right to use forests is a longterm lease (up to 49 years). The main tenants are large woodworking firms, so the number of new transactions for the transfer of forests for use during the year is small. The domestic market for roundwood is small, since tenants themselves process most of the harvested wood. The domestic roundwood market is the sellers market (oligopsony), so prices are low. State statistics for forest products is unsatisfactory. In these conditions, the main problem of using the residual value method for calculating the initial price of the subject of the auction is to obtain reliable information. To solve this problem, it is proposed to amend the forest legislation and other measures.

Сossacks’ Farms in the Conditions of the New Economic Policy of the 1920s: Contradictions of Development (On the Materials of the Don and Kuban Regions)

Introduction. The new economic policy is controversial, which manifested itself with a particular force in relation to the grain-producing regions – the Don and the Kuban, the most prosperous groups of farmers – the Cossacks. The degree of recovery of Cossack farms and the level of their differentiation remains controversial. The purpose of the article is to determine the state and contradictions of the development of Don and Kuban Cossack farms in the conditions of the new economic policy of the 1920s. Methods and materials. The work is based on the method of synchronous binary comparative analysis. The source basis is data of economic and demographic statistics of the 1920s, reporting documents of the party and Soviet authorities. Analysis and Results. The article reveals the status and contradictory development trends of Cossack farms in the Don and Kuban in the 1920s. The paper proves that the economic and demographic potential of the Cossack farms in the Don and Kuban regions did not fully recover in the conditions of the NEP. As a result, the NEP measures reduced the number of seedless farms, while the reduction of large kulak farms was due to the expansion of medium-sized groups – marginal and medium-sized ones. There was “equalizing” of the Cossacks, and to a greater extent than “nonresident” peasants. The high level of providing Cossack farms with land plots caused discontent among peasants, and property contradictions remained among Cossacks. The author proves the contradictions of the NEP in the agrarian sphere: between the needs of industrial modernization and the limits of tax possibilities of agriculture; between the authorities’ intention to increase marketability of individual farms and the imperative to curb social inequality; between civil reconciliation and the equalizing land reform. The NEP period can be divided into four stages: between spring 1921 and summer 1924 – gradual revival of market relations stimulating restoration of individual Cossack farms; between autumn 1924 and spring 1926 – “facing the village” course resulting in tax cuts, resolving long-term leases, supporting cooperation and other forms of market self-organization of Cossack farms; summer 1926–1927 – gradual turn to the collapse of the NEP; the turn of 1927–1928 – systematic downturn of the NEP and transition to the full-scale application of administrative-command methods regulating the economy.

A Study on the Trend of Alternative Investment in Foreign Countries and the Revitalization of Public Fund

채권, 주식과 같은 전통적 자산이 제공해줄 수 있는 위험과 기대수익 프로파일은 한계가 있기 때문에 대체투자에 대한 관심과 중요성이 높아지고 있다. 국외의 경우 다양한 대체투자자산에 대한 지수가 제공됨으로 인하여 학계에서도 활발한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 이에 반하여 국내의 경우는 대체투자가 갖는 현실적인 중요성에도 불구하고 아직까지 연구가 거의 이루어지지 않고 있다. 그러나 국내에서도 향후 사모펀드와 헤지펀드 등이 허용됨에 따라 대체투자 시장도 크게 증가될 것이며 가계의 포트폴리오에서 차지하는 비중도 크게 늘어날 것이다. 본 연구는 이러한 현실적 필요성에 따라 대체투자에 대한 이론적 기초를 제공하고 주요 대체투자 상품에 대하여 알아보았다. 또한 대체투자의 최근 트렌드와 사모펀드의 성장에 대하여 알아보았다. 외국의 대체자산은 다양하며, 투자위험에 대한 수익은 보편적이지 않다. 개인투자자들이 사모펀드에 직접 투자하기는 어렵고, 투자의 적절성 판단은 더욱 어렵다. 최근 미국에서 해외 사무소 건물과 발전소 PF 사업에 대한 투자 사례를 통해 장단점을 분석하고 공모펀드를 활성화하여 개인고객투자자를 확대할 것을 제안한다. 또한 공모 펀드의 활성화를 위해서 투자 비율 및 한도규제 완화, 소득공제 확대 등 세제혜택을 개인에게 돌아 갈수 있도록 유도하고, 사모펀드의 규제완화와 동시에 공모 펀드의 규제완화와 인기해지펀드의 설정 등으로 소수의 고액 부유층에게만 주어지는 혜택이 아닌 모든 투자자들에게 투명한 투자활성화에 기여할 수 있음을 제안한다.Profits from domestic assets are on the decline. To make up for this, local financial investment companies and asset managers are supplying products to long-term commodity investors (annual funds, credit associations and insurance companies) by selling alternative assets overseas. Foreign alternative assets vary, and returns on investment risk are not universal. It is difficult for individual investors to invest directly in private equity funds, and it is even more difficult to judge the appropriateness of investment. Since 2017, commercial banks in the U.S. and Europe have reduced their mid-tier risk loans and capital expenditures following the introduction of Basel III, and as some China money has been drawn into the U.S. market due to the U.S.-China trade dispute, investment opportunities in blue-chip alternative assets (office buildings with long-term leasing by global companies, power plants with excellent sponsers) have arisen. Korea s recent investment in overseas alternative assets provides limited information to long-term investors and is made up of private equity funds (with 49 investors) in the form of a Club Deal involving several large institutions. Through the recent investment cases in overseas office buildings and power plant PF business in the US. we analyze the advantages and disadvantages and propose to expand individual customer investors by activating public offering funds.

Contratos agrarios y renta de la tierra en Toledo, 1521-1650

Little is known about the management of secular clerg y assets in modern Spain. The aim of this work is to analyse agrarian contracts and the evolution of land rent in Toledo between 1521 and 1650, from a representative sample of fifty rural properties belonging to the city’s Cathedral. The census was the most frequent contract, although the lease provided the main source of income for the Chapter. Long-term leases were more prevalent during the first half of the sixteenth century, after which short-term leases increased. From 1521-1529 and 1642-1650, farmland rents increased by 28%, while meadow rents fell by 57%. Such a divergence can be explained by the growing profitability of farmland and increases in the cost of livestock activities. In the seventeenth century, agrarian depression in the region and reorientation of Madrid’s grain supplies would have dr iven down the rents of the Cathedral far mlands that were closely located to the seat of the new Crown. However, the takeover of a considerable share of the leases by Chapter canons and civil elites would have altered both rent trends and contractual for mulas. This makes the role of land rent a proxy for economic performance and questions the idea that corporate interests prevailed over the ideal of maximizing income.

GREEN BELT OF FENNOSCANDIA AS A FACTOR FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF BORDER AREAS

International cooperation is a distinctive feature of socio-economic development in the Green Belt of Fennoscandia (GBF). In this context, it is proposed to develop trilateral cooperation (Russia-Norway-Finland) on the conservation of intact areas and the establishment of new protected areas; biodiversity monitoring and longitudinal observations; scientific support to the development of nature-based tourism; study of the shared history of the three countries traversed by GBF; nomination of GBF for UNESCO World Heritage listing; ensuring wide public awareness of the unique features of GBF. The policy of sane nature management in GBF at the national level should be aimed at harmonizing sectoral strategies with international documents and treaties on the Arctic and strategies for environmental safety and development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, creating an ecosystem management system for Arctic territories. It is also important to work out and adopt a program to develop and strengthen the network of protected areas in the Murmansk Region and Republic of Karelia as stepping stones for tourism development and an action plan for the nomination of the Russian-Finnish-Norwegian border area as a UNESCO site. As part of the GBF development at the international level, the Government of the Russian Federation should reach an agreement with the Kingdom of Norway and adopt a document on the methodology for quantifying the damage from grazing of Norwegian reindeers in Russian territory and a compensation mechanism, as well as work out a mechanism to simplify the entry and stay of foreign tourists. At the national level in the Russian Federation, it is advisable to assign the ecological corridor status to the territory along the border with Finland and Norway, to which special nature management rules will apply. At the regional management level, it is necessary to develop regulatory mechanisms to motivate the logging industry to enter into long-term lease agreements with mandatory post-logging reforestation and sylviculture. The recommendations proposed in the article will improve the efficiency of environmental management in areas at the border with Finland and Norway, thus contributing to the economic development of the territories on the basis of the existing natural and cultural potential.

Conflict between Indigenous land claims and registered title: case studies from Canada and Kenya

Two case narratives illustrate the difficulties in resolving historical land restitution in different contexts. Cases from Canada and Kenya illustrate how different land conflicts between Indigenous land rights and registered title may be addressed. In Canada, Williams Lake involved an Indigenous community with a long settlement history in the region with a claim going back to early European settlement. In Kenya, Waitiki Farm involved a post-colonial population established by local Indigenous and migrant groups. The Williams Lake decision resulted in a First Nations land claim being settled in the form of monetary compensation in a dedicated tribunal. The Waitiki Farm decision led to a negotiated settlement in which the owner was compensated financially, and the current residents who had occupied the land were awarded long-term leases. The two cases are illustrative of historical land restitution and identify enabling conditions for the effective functioning of land restitution mechanisms in different contexts.

Business model diversification in the sharing economy: The case of GoMore

This paper improves our understanding of the rise of the sharing economy by shedding light on the current trend in the mobility sector for new firms to operate different business models simultaneously. A shared mobility platform is used as a case study to examine the underexplored process of diversification into a business model portfolio, and test the theoretical proposition that successful business model configurations maximize the existing resources of a firm to establish hard-to-imitate capabilities and create sustainable competitive advantage.Data collection was conducted through interviews with key informants from the platform management team and a document analysis. The analysis shows the evolution, diversification, and expansion of the sharing economy startup from a non-profit ridesharing website to a for-profit matchmaking platform offering peer-to-peer (P2P) mobility solutions (ridesharing and short-term car rental) alongside business-to-consumer (B2C) access-based services (long-term leasing).The analysis suggests that each new service subsequently offered by the case firm aimed to increase the supply of peer providers in its existing P2P business models. The business model portfolio relies on six key resources (member community, platform technology, user data, customer support, local management teams, and partners) and three key capabilities (leverage of the community’s assets, technological improvement, and user engagement), which are shared and redeployed across business models and geographic locations to improve matchmaking quality, enable growth, and increase profits.

The Applicability of International Standards for Long-Term Leases through the Iraqi Government Accounting System

The research highlights the long-term leases according to the international accounting standards in public sector within the economic units that apply the government accounting system. The long-term lease is a lease that has a framework of terms and conditions ratified between two persons; or it is a group of agreements which the two parties of the contract (lessor and lessee) are committed by. The lease is usually valid for over one year. The international accounting standards name several treatments in the lessor registry in order to get suitable measurement and disclosure of the users’ needed information and the statement of financial position of the economic unit. Measurements are one of the most important operations that facilitate accessing to reliable data; disclosure is the most significant operator in validity and accuracy of information about the building that is provided to the users.