Long Term Evolution Standard Research Articles

Knowledge Sources, Novelty, and Generality: Do Standard-Essential Patents Differ From Nonstandard-Essential Ones?

This article comprehensively investigates the differences between standard-essential patents (SEPs) and nonstandard-essential patents (N-SEPs) in terms of knowledge sources, novelty, and generality and investigates the impact of knowledge sources on novelty and generality. Specifically, we take a sample of declared SEPs related to long-term evolution standards and their corresponding N-SEPs from 2006 to 2015. To explore the differences between SEPs and N-SEPs in terms of knowledge sources, we used patent bibliometric analysis and text analysis methods to mine the technological domain, scientific literature, and standard literature involved in the backward citations of patents. Then, three indicators are established: 1) technological diversity, 2) science linkage, and 3) standard linkage. Standard linkage has rarely been discussed in the literature. We used text analysis to construct two indicators, the novelty and generality indices, which depict the differences in novelty and generality between SEPs and N-SEPs by comparing the text similarity of focal patents to prior and subsequent patents. The impact of different knowledge sources on SEPs and N-SEPs was verified through empirical analysis. This article innovatively found that SEPs are less technologically diverse and scientifically related, whereas their standard linkage is higher than that of N-SEPs. SEPs are more generic and less novel than N-SEPs. In addition, different knowledge sources have distinct effects on the novelty and generality of SEPs and N-SEPs. These findings can provide a reference for firms’ knowledge acquisition, resource allocation, and selection of R&D partners in the patent creation process.

Enhanced PF Scheduling Algorithm for LTE Networks

Scheduling Algorithm is a key Radio ResourceManagement (RRM) mechanism to achieve Quality of Service(QoS) requirements and to optimize system performance of LongTerm Evolution (LTE) network. The LTE standard does notspecify a scheduling algorithm and some schedules have beenproposed in the literature. Most of them consider the channelstate or some QoS metric, however, they do not consider thePF characteristics and the delay required by the user. Then, anenhanced scheduling algorithm was proposed based on Latency-Rate (LR) server theory and system characteristics specifiedby the LTE standard. Properties of this proposal have beeninvestigated theoretically and through simulations. A simulationis presented with video traffic and also performance comparisonswith Proportional Fairness (PF) and Modified Largest WeightedDelay First (MLWDF) schedulers. The results show that theproposed schedule has a better performance compared with theabove schedulers.

Intelligent Radio Resource Allocation for Human-Robot Collaboration

The recent surge in human-controlled robotics and haptic devices research is expediting a paradigm shift in today’s communication networks towards human-to-robot (H2R) centric technologies that support Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and Industry 5.0. In both IIoT and Industry 5.0, human skills are extended through collaboration with robots that are geographically separated from the human. Depending on the dynamicity of the actual use case, human-to-robot communications necessitate low-latency networking. While Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular technology has been successful in fulfilling the bandwidth demands of massively-connected sensors and devices of Industry 4.0, it is insufficient to meet the low latency demands of the future Industry 5.0 where dynamic interactions between humans and robots are paramount. In reducing the latency caused by radio resource contention in wireless H2R communications, in this work, we propose a novel approach that exploits an Attention-based Recurrent Neural Network (Att-RNN) to improve the Semi-Persistent Scheduling (SPS) resource allocation scheme adopted by LTE and new radio (NR) standards developed for the fifth generation (5G) mobile networks. We conduct a series of real haptic experiments to collect H2R traffic traces to train, test and evaluate the accuracy of Att-RNN in predicting H2R traffic. Then, with extensive simulations based on the empirical H2R traffic traces, we show that our proposed Att-RNN SPS scheme outperforms classic SPS and other existing resource allocation schemes in terms of reduced latency and improved resource allocation efficiency, thus making Att-RNN SPS a suitable candidate in future Industry 5.0 deployments.

Разработка и анализ системы с множеством излучателей и множеством приёмников для исследовательских целей

Systems with multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) play a key role in modern wireless communication devices. MIMO are used in wireless networks to increase channel throughput and transmission reliability. The implementation of the MIMO system will speed up research in the field of improving communication systems. In this article, we present a system-level analysis of a block level analog RF receiver in a MIMO system in accordance with the performance requirements described in the 3GPP Long-Term Evolution standard. An analytical study of the analog receiving part was carried out. The results show that the proposed system architecture satisfies the given requirements with a good margin. Numerical simulation of the operation of the 44 MIMO system in the line-of sight environments was performed. Taking into account the influence of only the noise of the receiver, a curve is obtained that determines the dependence of the error probability on the distance between the transmitter and receiver. Using this curve, it is possible to determine the distance corresponding to a given error probability for given aperture sizes of the transmitting and receiving arrays.

The Development of Cascode Low Noise Amplifier with Double Feedback Technique Architecture for Wireless Communication

The paper aims to develop a new cascode low noise amplifier (LNA) by using double feedback technique architecture for wireless communication especially for long term evolution (LTE). The objective of this article is to display the improved performance of gain by minimizing noise figures with innovative techniques for the realization of Long Term Evolution (LTE). The innovation technique with implementation double feedback technique architecture outlines the possibility to improve the performance in various parameters such as bandwidth, stability, gain, noise figure, power consumption and complexity. The realization using cascode LNA is verified by using FHX76LP Super Low Noise HEMT that operate at 5.8 GHz in compliant with LTE standard. The Advance Design System (ADS) software is used to obtain characteristics for collecting data in a smith chart and s-parameter generated by simulation. The cascode LNA with the double feedback technique achieves an average gain of 20.887 dB with a noise figure of 0.341 dB. The input return loss and output return loss are – 14.354 dB and – 11.879 dB respectively. The outcome of this work will contribute to providing a better wireless signal receiver especially for the LTE standard and it potentially addressing wireless communication issues in rural areas.

Design and Implementation of a Farrow-Interpolator-Based Digital Front-End in LTE Receivers for Carrier Aggregation

A digital front-end decimation chain based on both Farrow interpolator for fractional sample-rate conversion and a digital mixer is proposed in order to comply with the long-term evolution standards in radio receivers with ten frequency modes. Design requirement specifications with adjacent channel selectivity, inband blockers, and narrowband blockers are all satisfied so that the proposed digital front-end is 3GPP-compliant. Furthermore, the proposed digital front-end addresses carrier aggregation in the standards via appropriate frequency translations. The digital front-end has a cascaded integrator comb filter prior to Farrow interpolator and also has a per-carrier carrier aggregation filter and channel selection filter following the digital mixer. A Farrow interpolator with an integrate-and-dump circuitry controlled by a condition signal is proposed and also a digital mixer with periodic reset to prevent phase error accumulation is proposed. From the standpoint of design methodology, three models are all developed for the overall digital front-end, namely, functional models, cycle-accurate models, and bit-accurate models. Performance is verified by means of the cycle-accurate model and subsequently, by means of a special C++ class, the bitwidths are minimized in a methodic manner for area minimization. For system-level performance verification, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing receiver is also modeled. The critical path delay of each building block is analyzed and the spectral-domain view is obtained for each building block of the digital front-end circuitry. The proposed digital front-end circuitry is simulated, designed, and both synthesized in a 180 nm CMOS application-specific integrated circuit technology and implemented in the Xilinx XC6VLX550T field-programmable gate array (Xilinx, San Jose, CA, USA).

Latency-Rate Downlink Packet Scheduler for LTE Networks

The Long-Term Evolution standard is currently the leading technology used in mobile 4G networks. Under LTE user devices may request services available on the Internet such as voice/vid ...

Overview of Device-to-Device Communication and Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication

5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G LTE (Long-Term Evolution) standards. 5G technology needs to be specified, developed, and deployed by a variety of industry players including network equipment vendors, network operators, semiconductor vendors, and device manufacturers. The scope of 5G will range from mobile phones to next-generation automobiles. Device to Device (D2D) Communication is regarded as a promising technology in 5G to provide low power, high data rate and low latency. Introducing D2D poses many challenges and risks to the longstanding cellular architecture, which is centred on the base station.

A Multilevel Pulse-Modulated Polar Transmitter Based on a Doherty Power Amplifier and Memoryless Digital Predistortion

This letter presents an aliasingfree multilevel pulse modulation (MLPM) architecture to implement a linear Doherty power amplifier (PA). This letter is believed to be the first reported results of this type of Doherty architecture to achieve linear amplification rather than the usual situation of a continuous amplitude modulated carrier and continuous load modulation. Our results show that both high efficiency and good linearization can be achieved with simple memoryless digital predistortion. Doherty operation with MLPM is believed to have benefits in linearization due to the MLPM discrete drive as less power is dissipated by the PA, leading to less thermal-related memory effects. A prototype transmitter system is constructed using a commercially available Doherty PA for validation. Measurements are performed using a 64-QAM long-term evolution (LTE) downlink signal at 2140 MHz with 20-MHz bandwidth. The overall system achieved an output power level of 40.1 dBm with a power-added efficiency of 39.5% while passing the −45-dBc downlink spectral requirements of the LTE standard.

An L-Sleeve L-Monopole Antenna Fitting a Shark-Fin Module for Vehicular LTE, WLAN, and Car-to-Car Communications

An L-sleeve L-monopole (LSLM) antenna fitting a shark-fin module is proposed for vehicular long-term evolution (LTE) communication. Starting with classical sleeve monopole antennas, a low-profile evolution is introduced to explain the working principle of the LSLM. The influence of the ground plane, placement position, and bent of the LSLM is analyzed to fit different shark-fin modules. Designed prototypes (the LSLM and bended LSLM) cover the frequency range of 698–2700 MHz (VSWR < 3), which would serve major LTE standards. One tab monopole antenna covering the frequency range of 5–6 GHz can be integrated into the shark-fin module and provide services for wireless local area network and car-to-car communications. Low mutual coupling (lower than –23 dB) between the two antennas is achieved in the frequency range of 698–6000 MHz without any additional filters, and the design method is presented for better understanding the underlying physics. The proposed antenna is fabricated on an affordable printed circuit board, which is useful for vehicular applications.

Long-term evolution coupled-fed loop antenna installed in the hinge slot region of a laptop computer

The present study proposed a long-term evolution (LTE) couple-feeding antenna design for laptop computers. The proposed antenna was installed in a closed hinge slot region. The loop structure of the antenna was designed to excite the closed hinge slot’s resonance modes to extend operating bandwidth and antenna efficiency. Although the fabricated antenna measured only 25 mm × 4 mm, it was capable of covering the requirement for eight-band coverage to the LTE standard. Additionally, the antenna consisted of a feeding strip and a shorting strip, with which it was able to excite resonance modes in both its own loop’s modes and the closed hinge slot’s modes. Aside from a wide operating bandwidth, the minute antenna can also overcome the radiation efficiency problem caused by an all-metal environment. With antenna efficiency over 50% within the operating band, the design conforms to the actual needs of applications in laptop computers.

Protograph-Based Interleavers for Punctured Turbo Codes

A method to design efficient puncture-constrained interleavers for turbo codes (TCs) is introduced. Resulting TCs profit from a joint optimization of puncturing pattern and interleaver to achieve an improved error rate performance. First, the puncturing pattern is selected based on the constituent code Hamming distance spectrum and on the TC extrinsic information exchange under uniform interleaving. Then, the interleaver function is defined via a layered design process taking account of several design criteria, such as minimum span, correlation girth, and puncturing constraints. We show that applying interleaving with a periodic cross connection pattern that can be assimilated to a protograph improves error-correction performance when compared to the state-of-the-art TCs. An application example is elaborated and compared with the long-term evolution standard: a significant gain in performance can be observed. An additional benefit of the proposed technique resides in the important reduction of the search space for the different interleaver parameters.

Adapting LTE/LTE-A to M2M and D2D Communications

Long Term Evolution (LTE) and its revision, Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A), were designed for high performance communications between devices operated by human users. However, when these networks are used for Machineto- Machine (M2M) traffic, i.e., communications between smart electronic devices that do not need human supervision, performance is far from satisfactory. This is mostly due to the overload condition created when a large number of M2M devices attempts random access using the fourstep handshake prescribed by the LTE standard. In this article, we describe an overlay network that allows M2M devices to access the network without going through the full handshake. We show that the overlay provides much improved performance for M2M traffic, especially when the transmission power of M2M devices is slightly increased to combat the overload condition, and is capable of supporting M2M traffic in device-todevice (D2D) communication mode.

Sharing of Unlicensed Spectrum by Strategic Operators

Facing the challenge of meeting ever-increasing demand for wireless data, the industry is striving to exploit large swaths of unlicensed spectrum, which supports open access. Major standards bodies are currently considering a proposal to retool and deploy long term evolution (LTE) technologies in unlicensed bands. This paper studies the fundamental question of how the unlicensed spectrum can be shared by strategic operators to mitigate suffering from the tragedy of the commons. A class of general utility functions is considered. The spectrum sharing problem is formulated as a repeated game over a sequence of time slots. It is first shown that a simple static sharing scheme allows a given set of operators to reach a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium for mutually beneficial sharing. The question of how many operators will choose to enter the market is also addressed by studying an entry game. A sharing scheme, which allows dynamic spectrum borrowing and lending between operators, is then proposed to address time-varying traffic and proved to achieve perfect Bayesian equilibrium. Numerical results show that the proposed dynamic sharing scheme outperforms static sharing, which in turn achieves much higher revenue than uncoordinated full-spectrum sharing. Implications of the results for the standardization and deployment of LTE in unlicensed bands (LTE-U) are also discussed.

Vehicle-to-Everything (v2x) Services Supported by LTE-Based Systems and 5G

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X), including vehicle- to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-network (V2N) communications, improves road safety, traffic efficiency, and the availability of infotainment services. Standardization of Long Term Evolution (LTE)-based V2X has been actively conducted by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to provide solutions for V2X communications, and has benefited from the global deployment and fast commercialization of LTE systems. LTE-based V2X was widely used as LTE-V in the Chinese vehicular communications industry, and LTE-based V2X was redefined as LTE V2X in 3GPP standardization progress. In this article, the overview of requirements and use cases in V2X services in 3GPP is presented. The up-to-date standardization of LTE V2X in 3GPP is surveyed. The challenges and detailed design aspects in LTE V2X are also discussed. Meanwhile, the enhanced V2X (eV2X) services and possible 5G solutions are analyzed. Finally, the implementations of LTE V2X are presented with the latest progress in industrial alliances, research, development of prototypes, and field tests.

LTE Network Enhancement for Vehicular Safety Communication

Direct vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications have been popularly considered for safe driving of manned or unmanned vehicles. The V2I communication is better than the V2V communication for propagating safety messages at critical regions like intersections where the safety messages must be delivered to surround vehicles with low latency and loss, since transmitters as infrastructure can have line of sight to the receiver vehicles and control wireless medium access in a centralized manner unlike V2V. Long-Term Evolution (LTE) cellular networks are rapidly deployed in the world with explosively increasing mobile traffic. As many automobile manufacturers choose LTE on-board devices for telematics, the LTE system can be utilized also for safety purposes instead of 802.11p/WAVE based roadside units (RSUs). Previous literatures have studied mostly current LTE system analysis in aspect of theoretical network capacity and end-to-end delay to investigate feasibility of V2I communication. In this paper, we propose new enhancement of a current LTE system specified by 3rd-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) LTE standards while addressing major delay challenges. From simulation, we confirm that our three key solutions can reduce end-to-end delay effectively in the LTE system to satisfy requirements of safety message delivery.

Security Scheme Based on Parameter Hiding Technic for Mobile Communication in a Secure Cyber World

Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) support a better data transmission service than 3G dose and are globally commercialized technologies in a cyber world that is essential for constructing a future mobile environment, since network traffics have exponentially increased as people have started to use more than just one mobile device. However, when User Equipment (UE) is executing initial attach processes to access LTE networks, there is a vulnerability in which identification parameters like International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and Radio Network Temporary Identities (RNTI) are transmitted as plain texts. It can threat various services that are commercialized therewith in a cyber world. Therefore, a security scheme is proposed in this paper where identification parameters can be securely transmitted and hidden in four cases where initial attach occurs between UE and Mobility Management Entity (MME). The proposed security scheme not only supports encrypted transmission of identification parameters but also mutual authentication between Evolved Node B (eNB) and MME to make a secure cyber world. Additionally, performance analysis results using an OPNET simulator showed the satisfaction of the average delay rate that is specified in LTE standards.

Using Improved Product-Coded Modulation Codes to Reduce the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access Systems

Single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) is a wireless transmission technology based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. SC-FDMA is considered an uplink transmission technology according to long-term evolution standards and long-term evolution advanced standards, the latter of which is the transmission standard for fourth-generation mobile communication systems. A peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) can be used to assess the power efficiency of transmitters. For a transmitter, a higher PAPR indicates lower power efficiency. The PAPR of an SC-FDMA system increases as the order of modulation increases, reducing the efficiency of the power amplifier. The method suggested in this paper is a new PAPR improvement technique based on product-coded modulation codes, in which the component codes of the product codes are built using Reed---Muller codes. The suggested method uses product-coded modulation to develop selective mapping (SLM). Unlike the traditional SLM technique, this method does not require side information to be transmitted to the receiver but proposes a mechanism for producing a phase factor to improve PAPR performance. The simulation results show that the suggested method produces higher PAPR efficiency compared with the conventional SC-FDMA system. In addition, multilevel coding, modulation technology, and PAPR improvement techniques are integrated into the suggested method to improve coding gains as well as spectral and PAPR efficiency.

LTE Turbo Decoding Parallel Architecture with Single Interleaver Implemented on FPGA

This paper describes the implementation on field programmable gate array (FPGA) of a turbo decoder for 3GPP Long-Term Evolution standard. Considering the high data rates required by this standard, parallel decoding architecture is used. The parallel decoding latency is reduced N times compared with the serial decoding latency, N being the parallelization factor, usually a power of 2. The decoding performances are similar for both serial and parallel schemes, when very low decoding latency is added to this theoretical parallel latency value. Taking advantage of the quadratic permutation polynomial interleaver properties, and considering some specific FPGA block memory characteristics, a novel simplified parallel decoding scheme is proposed, including only one interleaver, independently of the N value. Moreover, for the single interleaver, we propose a solution that exploits key arithmetic properties of the corresponding equation to perform the address computation in a recursive manner. The proposed method replaces divisions and multiplications by comparisons and subtractions. In addition, an even-odd merge sorting network provides correct data to all N decoding units.

Support for vehicle-to-everything services based on LTE

Vehicular applications and communications technologies are often referred to as vehicle-to-everything (V2X), which is classified into four different types: vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle- to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-network (V2N), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) [1]. V2X related research projects, field tests, and regulatory work have been promoted in different countries and regions. In May 2015, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) of China explained national strategies, Made in China about intelligent connected vehicles. In 2020 and 2025, the overall technology and key technologies for intelligent driver assistance and automatic driving will be available in China, respectively [2]. V2X solutions are the critical technologies to support the realization of such visions. Although IEEE 802.11p has been selected as the technology for V2X communications in some countries such as the United States and in Europe, the intrinsic characteristics of IEEE 802.11p have confined the technology to support low latency with high reliability [3, 4]. Standardization of Long Term Evolution (LTE)-based V2X is being actively conducted by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to provide the solution for V2X communications that benefit from the global deployment and fast commercialization of LTE systems. Because of the wide deployment of LTE networks, V2I and V2N services can be provided with high data rate, comprehensive quality of service (QoS) support, ubiquitous coverage, and high penetration rate [5]. Meanwhile, LTE can be extended to support V2V direct communications based on device-to-device (D2D) sidelink design to satisfy the QoS requirements, such as low latency, high reliability, and high speed in the case of high vehicle density [6].