LTE-Advanced Networks Research Articles

Optimizing Scheduling Techniques for Enhanced Carrier Aggregation in LTE-Advanced Networks

In this study, we investigate resource scheduling strategies for the downlink in LTE-Advanced networks, focusing specifically on systems that employ Carrier Aggregation (CA) with multiple Component Carriers (CCs). Effective scheduling is crucial in CA-enabled LTE-Advanced to maximize efficiency and support diverse user needs. We examine three conventional scheduling schemes—Joint User Scheduling (JUS), Separated Random User Scheduling (SRUS), and Separated Burst-Level Scheduling (SBLS). Although JUS yields superior performance, it is complex and does not factor in Quality of Experience (QoE) metrics. In contrast, SRUS and SBLS, while less computationally intensive, underutilize CA and fall short in resource allocation fairness. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new scheduling scheme, Quality of Service and Channel Scheduling (QSCS), which dynamically adjusts CC allocations at the burst level based on user service priority and signal quality. Simulation results show that QSCS achieves throughput similar to JUS while selecting optimal CCs based on Quality of Service (QoS) and channel parameters, resulting in enhanced QoE compared to other methods. This proposed approach demonstrates significant potential for improving resource allocation and user satisfaction in LTE-Advanced networks.

Modified Best Channel Quality Indicator Scheduler for Heterogeneous LTE-A Network

In this paper, a Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) Modified Best Channel Quality Indicator (M-BCQI) Scheduler is proposed for enhanced cell edge throughput performance. The scheduling algorithm utilizes two time slots, each of 0.5 ms in length, with the First Time Slot (FTS) implemented with the Best Channel Quality Indicator (BCQI) algorithm has a CQI-focused Resource Block (RB) allocation mechanism, while the Robin (RR) algorithm is the mechanism used in the Second Time Slot (STS) for RB allocation. Vienna LTE system level simulator was used for the proposed scheduling algorithm assessment. The results obtained showed significant improvement, indicating 44% superior cell edge performance and 56 % better fairness index in comparison to BCQI. However, M-BCQI slightly underperformed by 4.2% in terms of average throughput in comparison to BCQI and by 7% in comparison to RR in terms of fairness index.

Validation and Certification of 4G LTE-Advanced Coordination Archetypal

LTE-Advanced was accomplished in late of 2010 and it enhanced the LTE spectrum flexibility over carrier aggregation, further its extended multi antenna broadcast, where that introduced a supporting for the relaying and provided an enhancement in the part of inter-cell interference coordination in heterogeneous network utilizations. Recently, LTE-Advanced network is the promised candidate for 4G cellular systems to run into top rates of data reaches to 100 Mbps with high mobility and 1Gbps with low mobility, where that are wanted in 4G system. Furthermore, LTE-Advanced must be capable to upkeep broader bandwidth than it provided by LTE. This article offered the prediction model with the characterization and the main components of LTE-Advanced further to the key features with the full configurations and the simulation tools to modeling the traffic links using network simulator 2 (NS-2).

AN ENHANCED RESOURCE ALLOCATION SCHEME FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION ADVANCED NETWORK

The emerging Long-Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) is an extended version of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) fourth-generation (4G) wireless broadband technologies that supports high speed transmission of multimedia applications, like video streaming, multimedia online game, Voice over IP (VoIP), browsing over the web etc. The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) does not define a standard packet scheduling strategy in LTE-A. Therefore, it is expected for researchers and network service providers to design efficient schemes. This paper proposed an Enhanced Resource Allocation Scheme (E-RAS) that improves the packet scheduling strategy of LTE-A by addressing issues related to delay and fairness of users with both high and low channel conditions, for both Real Time (RT) and Non-Real Time (NRT) flows. The aim was achieved by using a fair spectrum allocation mechanism that consider the priority of RT flows of cell-centre users, without neglecting the throughput requirements of edge-centre users. Moreover, the proposed algorithm introduces an efficient traffic load balancing mechanism to efficiently regulate traffic load in LTE-A network. To evaluate the proposed scheme, simulation was conducted using the MATLAB programming with LTE-A system level simulator. The result obtained shows that the proposed scheme achieves better delay for RT and NRT traffics by 7% and 11% respectively as against the Resource Allocation Scheme to Optimize the Throughput (RASOT) scheme.

TAB-SAPP: A Trust-Aware Blockchain-Based Seamless Authentication for Massive IoT-Enabled Industrial Applications

The advancement of sensory technologies proliferates the development of low-cost electronics systems to operate the environmental features of smart cities. Global urbanization integrates networking systems to offer computing-based practical solutions for improving the quality of application-oriented services. Few existing studies have primarily focused on a single-point vulnerability for decentralized IoT applications. However, very few mechanisms address the issues concerning privacy-preserving and trust-aware authentication for IoT-enabled industrial applications. Moreover, the existing schemes are in fact not applicable to real-time scenarios, such as decentralized networks and long-term evolution advanced networks. Thus, this article presents a trust-aware blockchain-based seamless authentication with privacy-preserving (TAB-SAPP) to resolve the critical things, such as privacy, security, and packet delivery ratio. In the proposed TAB-SAPP, a novel data traffic pattern is utilized using identity management to show that the proposed mechanism can be more functional in expanding users’ connectivity to improve the communication metrics, such as packet delivery ratio and mobility speed.

QoS-based Packet Scheduling Algorithms for Heterogeneous LTE-Advanced Networks: Concepts and a Literature Survey

QoS-based Packet Scheduling Algorithms for Heterogeneous LTE-Advanced Networks: Concepts and a Literature Survey

Radio Resource Management for Eicic, Comp, Relaying and Back-hauls Techniques in LTE-advanced Networks: Concepts and a Literature Survey

Frequency reuse in cells is one of the strategies that LTE (Long Term Evolution) uses to maximize the spectrum efficiency. However, it leads to an interference among the cells, especially at the cell edges where the probability for a cell-edge user to be scheduled on a resource block that is being transmitted by the neighbouring cell is high; consequently, the interference is high. In-order to mitigate Inter-Cell Interference (ICI), Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) was proposed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for the LTE network, and later on, the enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC) was proposed for the LTE-Advanced network. ICIC reduces cell-edge interference on traffic channels from neighbouring cells by the use of three interference reduction schemes that works in the power and frequency domain, and they are based on lowering the power of some channels to limit their reception to the users that are close to the base station, and by reducing the chance of frequency overlap. eICIC was proposed to handle ICI in Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) deployments. It reduces the interference on both the traffic and control channels. It uses power, frequency and also time domain to mitigate intra-frequency interference in HetNets. Another technique that was proposed by the 3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can reduce the ICI and improve the cell average and cell-edge user throughput is the Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission/reception technique. CoMP can increase the cell average and cell edge user throughput in both the uplink and downlink transmission by joint scheduling and data processing in multiple cells/eNBs. Another technique that was proposed by the 3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can improve the LTE network coverage in difficult conditions is to deploy Relay Nodes (RNs). In this paper, we survey Radio Resource Management (RRM) for some of the techniques that are used with LTE-A. The included techniques in this paper are; the ICIC, eICIC, CoMP, Relaying and Back-hauls. We start by explaining the concepts of these techniques. Then, by summarizing the radio resource management approaches that were proposed in the literature for these techniques. And finally, we provide some concluding remarks in the last section.

QoS-based Packet Scheduling Algorithms for Heterogeneous LTE-Advanced Networks: Concepts and a Literature Survey

The number of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) users and their applications has increased significantly in the last decade, which increased the demand on the mobile network. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) comes with many features that can support this increasing demand. LTE-A supports Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) deployment, in which it consists of a mix of macro-cells, remote radio heads, and low power nodes such as Pico-cells, and Femto-cells. Embedding this mix of base-stations in a macro-cellular network allows for achieving significant gains in coverage, throughput and system capacity compared to the use of macrocells only. These base-stations can operate on the same wireless channel as the macro-cellular network, which will provide higher spatial reuse via cell splitting. Also, it allows network operators to support higher data traffic by offloading it to smaller cells, such as Femto-cells. Hence, it enables network operators to provide their growing number of users with the required Quality of Service (QoS) that meets with their service demands. In-order for the network operators to make the best out of the heterogeneous LTE-A network, they need to use QoS-based packet scheduling algorithms that can efficiently manage the spectrum resources in the HetNets deployment. In this paper, we survey Quality of Service (QoS) based packet scheduling algorithms that were proposed in the literature for the use of packet scheduling in Heterogeneous LTE-A Networks. We start by explaining the concepts of QoS in LTE, heterogeneous LTE-A networks, and how traffic is classified within a packet scheduling architecture for heterogeneous LTE-A networks. Then, by summarising the proposed QoS-based packet scheduling algorithms in the literature for Heterogeneous LTE-A Networks, and for Femtocells LTE-A Networks. And finally, we provide some concluding remarks in the last section.

Radio Resource Management for Eicic, Comp, Relaying and Back-hauls Techniques in LTE-advanced Networks: Concepts and a Literature Survey

Radio Resource Management for Eicic, Comp, Relaying and Back-hauls Techniques in LTE-advanced Networks: Concepts and a Literature Survey

An intelligent energy efficient handover mechanism with adaptive discontinuous reception in next generation telecommunication networks

Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (A) networks have been introduced to accommodate the User Equipment (UEs) that supports high complex technologies such as OFDM, SC-FDMA, MIMO. Recently, 3GPP presented 5G technology to meet the performance requirement of the International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT)-2020. It supports three specific services like Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC), massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC). To increase the capacity of the network, 5G will deploy an ultra-dense network in the metro area. It fulfils the spectral efficiency requirement but at the same time increases handover rate. Due to handover, the power consumption of UEs may increase dramatically. To overcome this issue, LTE-A network adopts Discontinuous Reception (DRX) to conserve battery life of UE. 5G networks will also apply evolved variations of this scheme. In general, DRX is composed of some parameters and these need to be optimized during mobility. This paper presents a method for preservation of the battery life of UEs during mobility. The proposed mechanism comprises of three parts. In the first part, Part 1, the operation of normal DRX during mobility is explored. The next parts, Part 2 and Part 3, utilize the machine learning-based methods for the pre-prediction of Target eNB (TeNB) and provide ranks to the UEs during handover. Further, DRX parameters are adjusted according to the dynamic behaviour of the network. Handover latency, end-to-end delay is improved by 20% and 55%, respectively as compared to the conventional scheme. Further, machine learning based (Part 2) and dynamic adjustment of DRX parameters (Part 3) contribute to enhance the power saving factor by maximum up to 85%, and 33% as compared to state of art mechanism.

Performance Analysis of Handover Initiation Parameters in Long Term Evaluation – Advanced (LTE-A) Network

In mobile network, mobility management plays an important role in order to support seamless handover in Long Term Evolution -Advanced (LTE-A) network. It is predicted that in the near future there will be an increase demand of voice and data traffic. Currently, LTE-A network purely depends on the hard handover that may cause disconnection to occur if the handover is not fast enough. When handover executes, it may experience failure because of the early handover, the late handover or handover to wrong cell. Thus, the cases of packet loss or communication interruption problems will occur. In this research, handover initiation parameters in LTE-A network is investigated. Firstly, a formulation of analytical framework has been developed to analyze the handover performance. Then, mathematical equations have been derived from the developed framework by incorporating the value of user’s speed and handover signaling delay parameters. Under this framework, the probabilities of handover failure were analyzed in order to observe the handover performance when the speed of user is increased. The numerical results show that if fixed value of Reference Signal Receive Power (RSRPth) is used, the number of handover failures increased as the speed increased. It also shows that it is essential to predict the handover signalling delay in advance to reduce the handover failure rate in LTE-A network.

Distance Based Power Control for D2D Communication in LTE-Advanced Networks

Device to device communication systems places a very important role in handling both voice and data services efficiently in LTE-A networks. Power control techniques that we adopt for efficient D2D communication becomes a challenging issue. D2D and cellular signals under the same network may result in In-band Emission Interference (IEI). This degrades discovery range which result in loss of energy efficiency, throughput and hence increases the power requirement in both uplink and downlink transmissions. In this paper, a power control algorithm is introduced which greatly helps in saving power in LTE-Advanced networks for D2D communication. Power calculation mechanisms for D2D users and cellular users are shown separately. Based on mode selection, transmit and receive power requirements are evaluated to obtain the preset Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. The simulation results presented in the proposed method demonstrates the effectiveness of power consumption in LTE-Advanced networks for device to device communication.

On Privacy Risks of Watching YouTube over Cellular Networks with Carrier Aggregation

One's core values, personality, and social status may be reflected in the watch history of online video streaming services such as YouTube. Unfortunately, several prior research work demonstrates that man-in-the-middle or malware-assisted attackers can accurately infer the titles of encrypted streaming videos by exploiting the inherent correlation between the encoded video contents and the traffic rate changes. In this paper, we present a novel video-inference attack called Moba that further exacerbates the problem by only requiring the adversary to simply eavesdrop the broadcast messages of a primary cell of a targeted user's cellular phone. Our attack utilizes a side channel in modern cellular networks that leaks the number of actively transmitting cells for each user. We show that this seemingly harmless system information leakage can be used to achieve practical video-inference attacks. To design effective video-inference attacks, we augment the coarse-grained side-channel measurements with precise timing information and estimate the traffic bursts of encrypted video contents. The Moba attack considers an adversary-chosen set of suspect YouTube videos, from which a targeted user may watch some videos during the attack. We confirm the feasibility of Moba in identifying the exact YouTube video title (if it is from the suspect set) via our over-the-air experiments conducted in LTE-Advanced networks in two countries. Moba can be effective in verifying whether a targeted user watches any of the suspect videos or not; e.g., precision of 0.98 is achieved after observing six-minutes of a single video play. When further allowed to observe multiple video plays, Moba adversary is able to identify whether the targeted user frequently watches the suspect videos with a probability close to one and a near-zero false positive rate. Finally, we present a simple padding-based countermeasure that significantly reduces the attack effectiveness without sacrificing any cellular radio resources.

Diffusion Analysis for Techno-Commercial Predictions in 5G HetNet Deployment Scenarios

Fifth-generation (5G) mobile services entail network densification, having massive MIMO air interfaces operating at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies. Techno-economic analysis for such a complex heterogeneous network (HetNet) is challenging due to uncertain future demand and technical hurdles for ensuring seamless nationwide coverage and capacity. The authors show in this work how a logistic diffusion model may be used to forecast 5G adoption in a country and then utilize those forecasts to perform a techno-economic assessment of 5G deployment. The complete analysis is showcased for a European nation, namely France, for the period 2020-2030. The authors find that, theoretically, both the Capex and the total cost of ownership (TCO) for the considered 5G HetNets is cheaper (1/7th) than that for 4G LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) networks, also translating into higher returns. The sensitivity analysis predicts the average revenue from users (ARPU), spectrum acquisition costs, and spectrum bandwidth as the most influential variables for profitability.

Multi-User MIMO & Beam Forming with Carrier Aggregation for LTE- Advanced System

Recently, Long Term Evolution Networks is a very popular cellular communication network that provides a very high speed of download and upload data in various environments. Resource allocation using different techniques is the emerging research area in the field of LTE and LTE-Advanced networks. In this paper, we analyze the performance of the LTE advanced carrier aggregation scheduling with multi-users MIMO and Beamforming techniques. Further, carrier aggregation scheduling with multi-users MIMO and Beamforming schedule compared with the round-robin (RR), FFR, and BCQI scheduling techniques. The performance of carrier aggregation with the multi-user MIMO and Beamforming techniques significantly increased overall system throughputs and show gain in terms of spectral efficiency, user throughput, user cell edge throughput, and fairness index.

Dynamic Vehicular Clustering Enhancing Video on Demand Services Over Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

Nowadays, video streaming applications are becoming one of the tendencies driving vehicular network users. In this work, considering the unpredictable vehicle density, the unexpected acceleration or deceleration of the different vehicles included in the vehicular traffic load, and the limited radio range of the employed communication scheme, we introduce the “Dynamic Vehicular Clustering” (DVC) algorithm as a new scheme for video streaming systems over vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET). The proposed algorithm takes advantage of the small cells concept and the introduction of wireless backhauls, inspired by the different features and the performance of the Long Term Evolution (LTE)-Advanced network. Vehicles are clustered together to form dynamically ad-hoc sub-networks included in the vehicular network. The goal of our clustering algorithm is to take into account several characteristics, such as the vehicle's position and acceleration to reduce latency and packet loss. Therefore, each cluster is counted as a small cell containing vehicular nodes and an access point that is elected regarding some particular specifications. Based on the exceptional features of the LTE-Advanced network (small cells and wireless backhauls) the DVC algorithm is a promising scheme for video streaming services over VANET systems. Experiments were carried out with a virtual topology of the VANET network created with four clusters to implement the DVC algorithm. The results were compared with other algorithms such as Virtual Trust-ability Data transmission (VTD), Named Data Networking (NDN), and Socially Aware Security Message Forwarding (SASMF). Our algorithm can effectively improve the transmission rate of data packets at the expense of a slight increase in end-to-end delay and control overhead.

Remote Radio Head Scheduling in LTE-Advanced Networks

Remote Radio Head Scheduling in LTE-Advanced Networks

Improved calendar disc scheduler for LTE advanced networks with HARQ

Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) is a broadband wireless technology that supports variety of services with different data rate. In order to achieve this the evolved Node B (eNB) uses different features provided in the 3GPP standards. Features like Carrier Aggregation (CA), Multiple input and Multiple output (MIMO) and Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) help to increase the throughput and spectral efficiency. In this paper, a novel two-level calendar disc algorithm with HARQ is introduced at the eNB for effectively scheduling real time and non-real time traffic with different service types. The algorithm also uses a burst profile management module that analyzes the current user profile and notifies the scheduler about the need to change in profile based on power boosting. The Calendar Disc Scheduler (CDS) is improved by adding HARQ retransmission index as a parameter in calculating the metric weight. The scheduler was tested for both adaptive and non-adaptive methods of HARQ in both synchronous and asynchronous modes. The proposed improved CDS scheduler was simulated with LTESim simulator and compared with calendar disc algorithm without HARQ improvements. Results show that the proposed scheduling method provides increased performance in terms of goodput, delay and spectral efficiency.

Optimal Computational Offloading and Content Caching in Wireless Heterogeneous Mobile Edge Computing Systems With Hopfield Neural Networks

This paper explores the problem of joint computational offloading and content caching (OCP) in the wireless heterogeneous mobile edge computing (MEC) system, where each small-cell base station (BS) is equipped with the MEC server having the content caching/processing capabilities. The communication and computing resources of the system are allocated to users requesting or offloading their contents via the BSs to minimize the system-wide computational overhead. Due to the non-deterministic polynomial time hardness of the OCP, it is difficult to solve it with an exact integer-programming (IP) method. Instead, the problem is solved by adopting the Hopfield neural network (HNN) based approach. In particular, the HNN model representing the OCP is constructed. The global energy minimum of the model corresponds to a solution of the OCP. However, because of the negativity of diagonal weights, the convergence of this model to a stable state cannot be guaranteed. Subsequently, a range of “synthetic” HNN models with the global convergence property is developed to replace the original HNN. Based on these models, three different search algorithms are formulated and implemented in a long-term evolution advanced network. The algorithms demonstrate an improved performance when compared to other relevant IP methods in simulations.

Performance enhancement of relays used for next generation wireless communication networks

<p>Relaying is one of the latest communication technologies developed for wireless networks like WiMAX, LTE Advanced and 5G Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) networks to provide coverage extension as well as higher bitrates for cell edge users. Thus they are included in the design of next generation wireless communication systems to provide performance improvement in terms of coverage and capacity over their predecessors. Other promising features of this technology include easy to implement and reduction in deployment cost. The objective of this paper is to analyze both cooperative and non-cooperative relaying techniques in the Infinite Block length regime and findout the benefits of Relay implementation. A single Amplify and Forward (A&F) Relay is used for this purpose. Reduction in power requirement for Simple Relay is shown in comparison to the direct transmission, using experimental analysis with Matlab simulation. SER (Symbol error rate) is calculated at the receiver for no relay, simple Relay and Cooperative Relaying scenario to show the improvements of cooperative Relaying implementation.The performance enhancement of the Relay is then carried out using Particle Swam Optimization (PSO) optimization technique where allocation of power between Base station and Relay Node is effectively distributed for optimum performance.</p>