Effects Of Long-term Resistance Training Research Articles

Long-term resistance training improves speed and agility in young healthy males

This study aims to prove the effect of long-term resistance training on increasing speed and agility in young healthy males. This research method was a pre-experiment with one group pretest-posttest design. A total of 15 young healthy males, aged 19-22 years participated in the study. Long-term resistance training was carried out with maximum intensity, and frequency 3x/week for 6 weeks. The data collection technique was carried out using test instruments, namely the 20-meter sprint test to measure speed and the Illinois agility test to measure agility. Measurement of speed and agility was carried out twice, namely pretest and posttest. The data analysis technique used a Paired Sample T-Test with SPSS version 25 with a significant level of 5%. Based on the results of the statistical analysis show that there was a significant difference in average agility and speed between the pretest and posttest (p ? 0.001). Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the long- term resistance training intervention was effective in increasing the speed and agility of young healthy males.

MicroRNA levels in hemodialysis patients following resistance training: Associations with functional performance, inflammatory profile, sestrins-2, and nitric oxide.

Investigate the effects of long-term resistance training (RT) on expression of the four selected microRNAs (miRNA or mir) and further association with biomarkers related to functional performance in older end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing hemodialysis. Twenty-five older hemodialysis patients (glomerular filtration rate <15mL/min/1.73m2 aged 68.28±1.06) were recruited for the study. Patients were allocated to two groups (control, n=12 and RT, n=13). The RT group completed 24weeks of training, with sessions held three times per week on alternate days. Blood samples were collected pre- and post- intervention for miRNA and biochemical assays. Results were considered significant at P<0.05. RT promoted benefits in inflammatory profile, nitric oxide, sestrins-2, anthropometric data, and functional performance. Trained subjects presented a 51% decrease in miRNA-31 after intervention. In addition, miRNA-1 increased 128% after RT protocol. miRNA-1 significantly correlated with functional performance, inflammatory profile, sestrins-2, and nitric oxide (all P<0.05). These results suggest that the upregulation of miRNA-1 could be associated with physiological benefits promoted by RT in hemodialysis patients, providing novel understanding for potential regulatory miRNA effects on physiological RT response. These findings might point out to strategic direction for future studies.

Ten-year resistance training background modulates somatosensory P3 cognitive brain resonse in older men: A magnetoencephalograpy study.

The brain electrophysiological component P3, associated with good cognitive abilities, deteriorates during healthy aging. Both cognitive functions and P3 component amplitude respond positively to exercise, but the effects of resistance training on P3 are much less studied. Short-term resistance training interventions in older adults indicate modulation towards larger P3 amplitude, but this association has not been studied with a longitudinal study design. We investigated magnetoencephalographically recorded P3 (P3m) in a unique study design of nine aged men (mean age 77.7 y) with quasi-supervised resistance training background over a 10-year period and eight controls of similar age (mean age 77.5 y) with no training background. We elicited P3m utilizing lower limb electrical stimulation, as the resistance training program was mostly directed to lower limbs. Somatosensory oddball paradigm was performed with the right foot's fourth toe as standard (90%) and hallux as deviant (10%). Participants were asked to respond to deviants with a button press using their left index finger. Topographic maps showed bilateral temporoparietal activation for P3m in both groups. No amplitude differences were found in active P3m regions between groups. However, the groups differed in hemispheric activity of P3m. The exercise group showed stronger activation in the right frontotemporal and parietal sensor-groups compared to the left sensor-groups, and the control group showed stronger activation in right frontotemporal sensor-group compared to left. The control group showed shorter P3m latency in the right temporal sensor-group than the exercise group, but the latencies in other sensor-groups were similar. In aging, the brain utilizes compensatory areas to perform cognitive tasks. Our results suggest modulation in topographic distribution of P3m activity in aging men with long-term resistance training background compared to their controls. This might arise from a difference in age-related compensatory mechanisms in P3m generation.

The short- and long-term effects of resistance training with different stability requirements.

The aim of this study was to assess the short- and long-term effects of resistance training (RT) with different stability requirements. Fifty-nine men underwent a 3-week familiarization period followed by a 7-week training period. During familiarization, all participants trained four sessions of squats with a Smith machine, free weights and free weights standing on a wobble board. After week-3, participants were randomized into a low (Smith machine), medium (Free-weight) or high (Wobble board) stability RT program, and Control group. All participants were tested pre-, after week-3 and post-intervention. Ten repetition maximum (10RM), rate of force development (RFD), electromyography (EMG) and maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) were tested in all three squat conditions in addition to countermovement jump (CMJ) on stable and unstable surfaces, and muscle thickness. After familiarization, greater 10RM loads (21.8–27.3%), MVIC (7.4–13.5%), RFD (29.7–43.8%) and CMJ (4.9–8.5%) were observed in all conditions. Between week 3 and 10, the Free-weight and Wobble board groups similarly improved 10RM in all conditions. Smith machine group demonstrated greater improvement in the trained exercise than the medium and high stability exercises. All training groups showed similar improvement in muscle thickness, RFD and MVIC. There was no CMJ improvement on the stable surface, but the Wobble board group demonstrated significantly greater improvement on the unstable surface. In conclusion, low, medium or high stability RT resulted in similar improvements in trained and non-trained testing conditions except for greater CMJ on the unstable surface in the Wobble group. Greater 10RM strength in trained than non-trained exercise was only observed in low stability group. Familiarization was associated with substantial improvements in 10RM and CMJ, with greater improvement associated with higher stability requirements. These findings suggest that high stability can increase strength, muscle thickness and explosive measurements similar to training with lower stability.

Acute and Long-term Effects of Resistance Training on Executive Function

The current body of evidence suggests that both acute and chronic exercise have a positive impact on executive function (i.e., top-down mental processes for achieving internal goals). Previous reviews have mainly focused on the effects of aerobic exercise, whereas possible benefits following resistance training have received far less attention. Therefore, the present review examines both the acute and long-term effects of resistance training on the three core facets of executive function (inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility). Comparing the effects of resistance training on different subcomponents, benefits were most pronounced for inhibitory control in both the acute and long-term exercise paradigms. Although some studies also reported positive effects of resistance training on working memory and cognitive flexibility, the interpretation of these improvements is limited due to heterogeneous findings and a small number of studies. Thus, it is premature to conclude that resistance training selectively benefits the inhibitory aspect of executive function. Further, it remains unclear how frequency, duration, and intensity of resistance training influence such cognitive enhancements. Consequently, future studies are encouraged to address possible influences of exercise characteristics on the subcomponents of executive function, and to further examine the effects of resistance training across all age groups.

장기간 저항운동이 골감소증 노인여성의 신체조성, 체력 및 골밀도에 미치는 영향 : 3년간의 증례보고

This case study evaluated the long-term effects of resistance training (RT) on body composition, physical fitness and bone mineral density (BMD) in a osteopenia elderly woman.] The subject was a 65-yearelderly woman (lumbar BMD:–2.4g/cm2, height: 155.5 cm, weight: 59.1 kg, body fat: 28.2%, muscle mass: 23.5 kg). In January 2014, She was diagnosed with osteopenia and overweight. The chest, back and lower extremity were performed 60~75% of 1RM, and the core was used for the maximum number of repetitions, and the subject completed 12~20 times, 3 sets, rest times 1-min between sets and 3-min between exercise, and a total of 60-min per day included warm-up 10-min, resistance training 40-min and cool-down 10-min, 2~3 times per week, and for 3 years from January 2014 to January 2017. Body composition (weight, muscle mass, body fat and BMI), physical fitness (hand grip strength, sit-up, sit & reach and standing on one leg with eyes closed) and BMD (lumbar and neck of femur) were measured to 6 month interval and total 7 times. Body fat and muscle mass showed an change at after 6 months RT, and after 12 months RT, BMI increased compared to at before RT. Hand grip strength, sit-up, sit & reach and standing on one leg with eyes closed showed progressively increase at after 6 months RT compared to at before RT. BMD in lumbar showed progressively increase at after 6 months RT compared to at before RT, and BMD in neck of femur showed continually maintain at after 6 months RT compared to at before RT. In our case, long-term resistance training positively effects body composition, physical fitness and BMD in a osteopenia elderly woman, and suggested that physical fitness and BMD may be improved by early change to lower body fat and increased muscle mass.

Efeitos de longo prazo do treinamento resistido na pressão arterial: uma revisão sistemática

Studies assessed the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on blood pressure (BP); however, few studies have evaluated the effects of long-term resistance training on variations of this response. The aim of the study was to verify through a systematic review, the long-term effect of resistance training on BP. Searches were made on Medline through Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science and Lilacs databases. Overall, 751 articles were found, of which 22 were further analyzed. The analysis followed the PRISMA checklist (Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies) and was divided according to two resistance training models: traditional resistance training (TRT), resistance training alone; or combined resistance training (CRT), resistance training associated with aerobic exercise. Greater BP reductions occurred for CRT compared to TRT. However, further studies are needed to better explicit the resistance training variables (number of exercises, repetitions, number of sets, intervals, speed of execution and load intensity), in order to identify the best training model and improve the methodological quality of experiments in an attempt to reduce the risk of bias.

The effects of creatine supplementation with and without an Extract of Artemisia dracunculus on resistance training adaptations: preliminary findings

Background Co-ingesting creatine (5 g) with large amounts of glucose (e.g., 95 g) has been shown to enhance creatine and carbohydrate storage in muscle. It has been speculated that creatine transport is mediated in part by glucose and insulin. The increases in creatine retention are accompanied by an undesired caloric load and as a result, additional research has been undertaken to assess the effect of co-ingesting creatine with nutrients that may enhance insulin sensitivity. Co-ingestion of creatine (Cr) with an antihyperglycemic extract of Artemisia dracunculus (Russian tarragon (RT)), has been shown to influence plasma Cr levels comparable to co-ingestion of Cr and glucose [1]. However, other research has shown that short term (5 days) co-ingestion of Cr and RT (Cr+RT) did not enhance whole body creatine retention or muscle free creatine content [2]. The purpose of this on-going investigation was to compare the long-term effects of resistance training in combination wit he ither Cr+RT, or Cr with carbohydrate (Cr+CHO), or carbohydrate (PL) ingestion. Methods

Effects of long-term resistance training and simultaneous electro-stimulation on muscle strength and functional mobility in multiple sclerosis

Background: Resistance training studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) often use short intervention periods. Furthermore, training efficiency could be optimized by unilateral training and/or electrical stimulation. Objective: To examine the effect(s) of unilateral long-term (20 weeks) standardized resistance training with and without simultaneous electro-stimulation on leg muscle strength and overall functional mobility. Methods: A randomized controlled trial involving 36 persons with MS. At baseline (PRE) and after 10 (MID) and 20 (POST) weeks of standardized (ACSM) light to moderately intense unilateral leg resistance training (RESO, n = 11) only or resistance training with simultaneous electro-stimulation (RESE, n = 11, 100 Hz, biphasic symmetrical wave, 400 µs), maximal isometric strength of the knee extensors and flexors (45°, 90° knee angle) and dynamic (60–180°/s) knee-extensor strength was measured and compared with a control group (CON, n = 14). Functional mobility was evaluated using the Timed Get Up and Go, Timed 25 Foot Walk, Two-Minute Walk Test, Functional Reach and Rivermead Mobility Index. Results: Maximal isometric knee extensor (90°, MID: +10 ± 3%, POST: +10 ± 4%) in RESO and knee flexor (45°, POST: +7 ± 4%; 90°, POST: +9 ± 5%) in RESE strength increased (p < 0.05) compared with CON but RESO and RESE did not differ. Also, impaired legs responded positively to resistance training (unilateral leg strength analysis) and functional reaching increased significantly in RESO (+18%) compared with CON. Dynamic muscle strength and the remaining functional mobility tests did not change. Conclusion: Long-term light to moderately intense resistance training improves muscle strength in persons with MS but simultaneous electro-stimulation does not further improve training outcome.

Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Arterial Stiffness in Young Men

Background and ObjectivesIncreased central arterial stiffness is an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Acute aerobic exercise reduces arterial stiffness, while acute resistance exercise may increase arterial stiffness, but this is not a universal finding. We tested whether an acute resistance exercise program was associated with an increase in arterial stiffness in healthy young men.Subjects and MethodsThirteen healthy subjects were studied under parallel experimental conditions on 2 separate days. The order of experiments was randomized between resistance exercise (8 resistance exercises at 60% of 1 repeated maximal) and sham control (seated rest in the exercise room). Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) and aortic augmentation index as indices of aortic stiffness were measured using applanation tonometry. Measurements were made at baseline before treatments, 20 minutes, and 40 minutes after treatments (resistance exercise and sham control).ResultsThere was no difference in resting heart rate or in arterial stiffness between the two experimental conditions at baseline. At 20 minutes after resistance exercise, heart rate, carotid-femoral PWV and augmentation index@75(%) were significantly increased in the resistance exercise group compared with the sham control (p<0.05). Brachial blood pressure, central blood pressure and pulse pressure were not significantly increased after resistance exercise.ConclusionAn acute resistance exercise program can increase arterial stiffness in young healthy men. Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of long-term resistance training on arterial stiffness.

Effects of resistance training on the inflammatory response

Resistance training (RT) is associated with reduced risk of low grade inflammation related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The majority of the data studying cytokines and exercise comes from endurance exercise. In contrast, evidence establishing a relationship between RT and inflammation is more limited. This review focuses on the cytokine responses both following an acute bout, and after chronic RT. In addition, the effect of RT on low grade systemic inflammation such as individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes is reviewed. Cytokines are secreted proteins that influence the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of immune cells and other organ systems. Cytokines function as intracellular signals and almost all cells in the body either secrete them or have cytokine receptors. Thus, understanding cytokine role in a specific physiological situation such as a bout of RT can be exceedingly complex. The overall effect of long term RT appears to ameliorate inflammation, but the specific effects on the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha are not clear, requiring further research. Furthermore, it is critical to differentiate between chronically and acute Interleukin-6 levels and its sources. The intensity of the RT and the characteristics of the training protocol may exert singular cytokine responses and as a result different adaptations to exercise. More research is needed in the area of RT in healthy populations, specifically sorting out gender and age RT acute responses. More importantly, studies are needed in obese individuals who are at high risk of developing low grade systemic inflammatory related diseases. Assuring adherence to the RT program is essential to get the benefits after overcoming the first acute RT responses. Hence RT could be an effective way to prevent, and delay low grade systemic inflammatory related diseases.

The two‐year period of body weight based resistance training in the elderly individuals

The present study investigated the long-term effects of resistance training with only body weight on the lower limb muscle function in elderly individuals. 17 untrained elderly individuals (mean±S.D., 65.5±5.0yr) completed the 2-year resistance training program. The exercise session consisted mainly of structural exercises for large muscle groups (10–50 reps, 1–3 sets). Subjects performed it twice a month at the training class, and were also asked to perform the same exercises at their home at least once a week. Before and after each training period (1st and 2nd Tr), the maximum isometric force (Fmax), unloaded velocity (Vmax) and power output (Pmax) were determined from force-velocity relations by using the servo-controlled dynamometer. Also, vertical jump height (VJ) was measured with a jump gauge. Fmax and Pmax significantly increased after the 1st Tr and were maintained during the period of 2nd Tr. On the other hand, Vmax and VJ did not change after 1st Tr, but significantly increased after 2nd Tr. Increases in Fmax after 1st Tr were positively correlated with the exercise intensity (body mass/Fmax) determined by pre-training measurements (p<0.05), whereas these after 2nd Tr were not correlated with the exercise intensity determined by 1st Tr measurements. The results indicate that, in elderly individuals, resistance training with body weight can be effective in improving the strength of the lower-limbs, but progressive increases in exercise intensity are required for a continuous gain in strength for a long period. On the other hand, prolonged exercise training is effective for improving the speed of multi-joint exercise movement.

Effects of Long-Term Resistance Training and Detraining on Strength and Physical Activity in Older Women

Resistance training (RT) increases strength in older adults, but there have been few studies of long-term RT or detraining in older adults. Postmenopausal participants (51–71 years of age) were randomized to RT or a control group for Year 1. For Year 2, participants chose whether to resistance train or not. Three groups emerged: train/train (n = 8: 60 ± 4 years), train/no train (n = 11: 62 ± 3 years), or controls (n = 17; 58 ± 6 years). Both training groups increased strength (p &lt; .05) in Year 1. In Year 2, train/train maintained strength, whereas train/no train lost strength for knee extension (p &lt; .001) but not for arm pulldown. Controls did not change. Reported physical activity levels were significantly increased in trainers in Year 1 and remained high regardless of RT in Year 2 (p &lt; .05). Therefore, sustained changes in strength and physical activity behavior might be possible even if RT is discontinued.

The Effect of Long-Term Resistance Training on Anthropometric Measures, Muscle Strength, and Self Concept in Pre-Pubertal Boys

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 2 school years (21 months) of a twice-weekly resistance training program on stature, muscle strength, and self-concept among prepubertal boys. The experimental group (E, n = 27) aged 9.2 ± 0.3 yrs, participated in progressive resistance training, while the control group (C, n = 22) aged 9.4 ± 0.3 yrs, participated in standard physical education classes (as advised by the Ministry of Education). Training sessions included 1–4 sets of 3–6 exercises, with 5–30 repetitions/set. The load ranged between 30% and 70% 1RM. No differences were observed in the gain in body height between groups. Muscle strength increased significantly more in E (e.g., knee extensors: 0.51 ± 0.13 to 0.77 ± 0.16 kg/kg body mass), compared with C (0.34 ± 0.12 to 0.54 ± 0.11 kg/kg body mass). One minor injury was reported throughout the study. Initial scores of self-concept were high in both groups, with no training effect. The results demonstrate that among prepubertal boys, a twice-weekly low-to-moderate-intensity resistance training program over a period of 2 school years (21 months) can result in enhancement in muscle strength with no detrimental effect on growth.

Effects of Long-term Resistance Training on Body Composition and Resting Metabolic Rate 1140

Effects of Long-term Resistance Training on Body Composition and Resting Metabolic Rate 1140

Effect of a Sustained Program of Resistance Training on the Acute Growth Hormone Response to Resistance Exercise in Older Adults

We have previously shown that an episode of resistance exercise provokes an acute rise in circulating growth hormone (GH), and that this rise is severely blunted in older men and women. To determine whether this impairment simply reflects the decreased physical fitness of older people, we studied the effects of long-term resistance training on circulating levels of GH and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and on the acute GH response to exercise in 5 men and 9 women, aged 69.6 +/- 1.1 yrs (SEM). Subjects were randomly assigned to either an exercise program, consisting of 12 weight-lifting exercises (3 sets of 8 repetitions, 3 times each week) or to a control group. After testing maximum baseline strength by the 1 RM method, subjects returned to the laboratory for assessment of basal GH and IGF-I levels and the GH response to exercise. Venous blood was drawn at baseline, after each of 12 exercises (3 sets of 8 repetitions at 85% 1 RM), and every 2 minutes into the first 10 minutes of recovery. The exercise circuit with blood sampling was repeated at 15, 30 and 52 weeks for both groups. Basal GH and IGF-I values did not change in either group throughout the training period nor did the GH secretory response to exercise. Three exercisers had a peak GH concentration greater than 8 micrograms/l after 30 weeks of training, although only one of these showed a significant increase (29 micrograms/l) after 52 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)