Long-term Drainage Research Articles

Management of COVID-19 Infection Associated Lung Abscess with Secondary Pleural Empyema Using Percutaneous Intracavitary Drainage: Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Background/Objectives: COVID-19-related pulmonary complications, such as lung abscesses and pleural empyema, are rare but serious. This study presents a case series of three patients with COVID-19-associated lung abscesses complicated by pleural empyema, managed conservatively with percutaneous intracavitary drainage (ICD) and lavage. We assess the efficacy and safety of this treatment and compare our findings with the current literature. Methods: A retrospective analysis of three cases treated at the Clinic of Thoracic Surgery and Intensive Care Unit in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, was conducted. All patients developed severe lung involvement post-COVID-19, with abscesses rupturing into the pleural cavity. Conservative management included percutaneous ICD and daily lavage with isotonic saline, avoiding extensive surgery due to the patients' critical condition. Clinical, radiological, and functional outcomes were followed, and results were compared to similar cases in the literature. Results: Among 496 critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection, three patients (age 42-60) developed lung abscesses and bacterial superinfection. In all patients, the germs involved were identified (monomicrobial infection in 1, polymicrobial in 2 patients). The abscesses were treated with percutaneous ICD and lavage, leading to clinical improvement in all cases. Long-term drainage (94-290 days) was necessary to obtain healing, and none of the patients required lung resection or decortication. Serial CT scans showed resolution of the abscesses and empyema. All were successfully discharged, and long-term follow-up (30-32 months) revealed minor radiological sequelae and mild respiratory impairment. The literature review found three studies summarizing 45 patients with lung abscesses complicating COVID-19 infections, but only one study addressed the use of percutaneous ICD. The mortality reported in this group was high (50-65%). Conclusions: Conservative treatment with percutaneous ICD and lavage is effective in managing lung abscesses and pleural empyema in critically ill COVID-19 patients, offering a viable alternative to surgery in high-risk cases. This method may be beneficial in multidisciplinary care for non-surgical candidates.

Clean Intermittent Catheterisation via a Mitrofanoff Is Superior to Long Term Suprapubic Catheters for Bladder Drainage

AimSome children require long-term drainage of the bladder but do not tolerate clean intermittent catheterisation (CIC) urethrally. We aimed to compare long term suprapubic catheter (SPC) drainage vs Mitrofanoff conduit (allowing CIC) by comparing the survival of the drainage methods and rates of urinary tract infection (UTI). MethodRetrospective review of a single surgeon's experience (2007–2023). Data collection included diagnosis, age at procedures, date of surgery, date of most recent follow-up and date and reason for unplanned surgery. For SPCs, initial insertion of SPC and then conversion to a Foley catheter under GA was taken as normal (event free survival) and only further operations were counted as complication events. For Mitrofanoffs, any subsequent operation was counted as a complication.Data were given as a number (%) or median (interquartile range) as appropriate. Data analysed by Fisher exact and Mann–Whitney U-test. Kaplan Meier (KM) survival of drainage routes was compared, P < 0.05 taken as significant. ResultsThere were 45 patients (n = 86 SPC episodes) compared to 108 patients (n = 110 Mitrofanoff procedures). Data were available in 73 SPC episodes and 109 Mitrofanoff episodes, including 3 redo procedures (one from another centre). There was no difference in gender (SPC group, 67 % male vs. Mitrofanoff group, 77 %; N.S.). There was no difference in age at procedure [7.5 (2.9–11.5) years vs 8.3 (5.9–11.4) years respectively; N.S.)KM comparison showed that Mitrofanoff have a better event-free survival than SPC (91 % vs 52 % at 1 year; 80 % vs. 13 % at 5 years; P < 0.0001). Paired data showed a significant (86 %) reduction in rate of UTI with conversion from SPC to Mitrofanoff drainage in 15 patients; SPC: 0.13 (0–0.46) UTIs/month vs subsequent Mitrofanoff: 0.02 (0–0.08) UTI/month, P = 0.04). ConclusionSPCs had a much higher rate of unplanned surgery than Mitrofanoffs, creating a considerable unplanned burden of care for families and clinical staff. For long-term bladder drainage CIC via a Mitrofanoff conduit should be considered in preference to SPC where urethral CIC is not possible.

Intermediate Disturbances Enhance Microbial Enzyme Activities in Soil Ecosystems.

The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH) posits that maximal plant biodiversity is attained in environments characterized by moderate ecological disturbances. Although the applicability of the IDH to microbial diversity has been explored in a limited number of studies, there is a notable absence of experimental reports on whether soil microbial 'activity' demonstrates a similar response to the frequency or intensity of environmental disturbances. In this investigation, we conducted five distinct experiments employing soils or wetland sediments exposed to varying intensities or frequencies of disturbances, with a specific emphasis on disturbances associated with human activity, such as chemical contamination, hydrologic changes, and forest thinning. Specifically, we examined the effects of bactericide and heavy metal contamination, long-term drainage, tidal flow, and thinning management on microbial enzyme activities in soils. Our findings revealed that microbial enzyme activities were highest at intermediate disturbance levels. Despite the diversity in experiment conditions, each trial consistently demonstrated analogous patterns, suggesting the robustness of the IDH in elucidating microbial activities alongside diversity in soils. These outcomes bear significant implications for ecological restoration and management, as intermediate disturbance may expedite organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycles, crucial for sustaining ecosystem services in soils.

Pleuropneumonectomy for the treatment of tuberculosis

The OBJECTIVE was to reduce the risk of complications and mortality after pleuropneumonectomy in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by pleural empyema.METODS AND MATERIALS. The immediate and long-term results of surgical treatment were analyzed in 910 patients who underwent pneumonectomy between 1984 and 2021. Among these, 342 patients (37.6 %) underwent pleuropneu- monectomy (Group I), while 568 patients (62.4 %) underwent pneumonectomy (Group II). Group I was further divided into two subgroups. Subgroup Ia consisted of 278 patients (main group) who received stump-free suturing of the main bronchus according to D. B. Giller’s method, long-term drainage management of the pleural cavity using an original technique, and the proposed staged surgical tactics. Subgroup Ib comprised 64 patients who were treated using traditional methods for the main bronchus and puncture management of the pleural cavity.RESULTS. Postoperative complications were more frequent after pleuropneumonectomy (PPE); however, the mortality rate in Subgroup Ia and Group II did not significantly differ. In contrast, the hospital mortality rate in Subgroup Ib, which utilized traditional approaches for the treatment of the main bronchus and puncture management of the pleural cavity, was 2.3 times higher than the mortality rate after pneumonectomy (PE). The incidence of complications, mortality, recurrence of tuberculosis, and empyema differed significantly between Subgroups Ia and Ib, with the best outcomes observed in Subgroup Ia. These results are attributed to the applied method of treating the main bronchus, pleural cavity management, and differentiated surgical tactics.

Metallic protection of soil carbon: divergent drainage effects in Sphagnum vs. non-Sphagnum wetlands.

The established paradigm assumes that drainage may decrease the vast soil organic carbon (SOC) reservoir in global wetlands. Yet drainage can also promote SOC stabilization by fostering the accrual of metal-bound organic carbon (bound OC) upon oxygen exposure. Here, this emergent mechanism is tested for the first time at a regional scale, using literature data and a nationwide, pairwise survey of drained wetlands across China. We show that long-term (15-55 years) drainage largely increased metallic protection of SOC (bound OC%) in non-Sphagnum wetlands, but consistently decreased bound OC% in Sphagnum wetlands following replacement of the 'rust engineer' Sphagnum by herbaceous plants. Improved SOC stock estimates based on 66 soil profiles reveal that bound OC increases can compensate for the loss of unbound SOC components in non-Sphagnum wetlands with substantial accrual of reactive metals. Metallic stabilization of wetland SOC is hence a widespread but overlooked mechanism that is heavily influenced by vegetational shifts. Incorporating this novel mechanism into models will improve prediction of wetland SOC dynamics under shifting hydrological regimes.

Phenolic compounds weaken the impact of drought on soil enzyme activity in global wetlands.

Soil enzymes play a central role in carbon and nutrient cycling, and their activities can be affected by drought-induced oxygen exposure. However, a systematic global estimate of enzyme sensitivity to drought in wetlands is still lacking. Through a meta-analysis of 55 studies comprising 761 paired observations, this study found that phosphorus-related enzyme activity increased by 38% as result of drought in wetlands, while the majority of other soil enzyme activities remained stable. The expansion of vascular plants under long-term drought significantly promoted the accumulation of phenolic compounds. Using a 2-week incubation experiment with phenol supplementation, we found that phosphorus-related enzyme could tolerate higher biotoxicity of phenolic compounds than other enzymes. Moreover, a long-term (35 years) drainage experiment in a northern peatland in China confirmed that the increased phenolic concentration in surface layer resulting from a shift in vegetation composition inhibited the increase in enzyme activities caused by rising oxygen availability, except for phosphorus-related enzyme. Overall, these results demonstrate the complex and resilient nature of wetland ecosystems, with soil enzymes showing a high degree of adaptation to drought conditions. These new insights could help evaluate the impact of drought on future wetland ecosystem services and provide a theoretical foundation for the remediation of degraded wetlands.

Response of C:N:P stoichiometry to long-term drainage of peatlands: Evidence from plant, soil, and enzyme

Drought induced by climate warming and human activities regulates carbon (C) cycling of peatlands by changing plant community composition and soil properties. Estimating the responses of peatlands C cycling to environmental changes requires further study of C: nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P) stoichiometric ratios of soil, plants, and enzyme activities. However, systematic studies on the stoichiometry of above-ground and below-ground ecosystems of peatlands post drainage remain scarce. This study compared stoichimetric ratios of plant and soil and stoichimetric ratios of enzyme activities with different functions in two different parts of a minerotrophic peatland, a natural undisturbed part and a part that had been drained for almost 50 years, in Northern China. For the shrub plants, the average C:N:P ratios of leaf in natural and drained peatland were 448:17:1 and 393:15:1, respectively. This indicated that the growth rate of shrub plants is higher in the drained peatland than in the natural peatland, which makes P element more concentrated in the photosynthetic site. However, from the perspective of the dominant plant, the mean C:N:P ratio of Carex leaf was 650:25:1 in the natural peatland, but was 1028:50:1 for Dasiphora fruticosa in drained peatland. This indicated that the intensification of P-limitation of plant growth after drainage. Soil C:N:P ratios of above water table depth (AWT) were 238:15:1 and 277:12:1, but were 383:17:1 and 404:19:1 for below water table depth (BWT) in the natural and the drained peatland, respectively. Soil C:P ratios were greater than the threshold elemental ratio of C:P (174:1), but the soil C:N ratios were less than the threshold elemental ratio of C:N (23:1), which suggested that P was the most limiting nutrient of soil. The soil microbial activities were co-limited by C&P in Baijianghe peatlands. However, the microbial metabolic P limitation was intensified, but the C limitation was weakened for the above water table depth soil after long-term drainage. There are connection between plant-microbe P limitation in peatlands. The P limitation of microbial metabolism was significant positively correlated with soil C:N but negatively with soil moisture. The increase in the lignocelluloses index suggested considerable decomposition of soil organic matter after peatland drainage. These results of stoichiometric ratios from above- to below ground could provide scientific base for the C cycling of peatland undergone climate change.

Effect of drainage on microbial transformation processes of soil organic carbon in two typical wetlands of China

Wetlands store one third of global soil organic carbon (SOC) and are strongly affected by artificial drainage. The impact of drainage-induced water-table decline on carbon cycling in different wetlands, particularly microbial transformation processes, remains unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we collected soil samples from two typical wetlands of China (a nutrient-poor bog located in Dajiuhu and a nutrient-rich fen in Hongyuan) and conducted an incubation experiment with the addition of 13C-labeled glucose to analyze the effects of short- and long-term drainage on SOC decomposition, extracellular enzyme activity, microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE), and microbial carbon accumulation efficiency (CAE). The results showed that both short- and long-term drainage significantly increased SOC decomposition rates in both wetlands (from 1.47 μg C·g-1·h-1 in submerged soils to 2.47 μg C·g-1·h-1 in drained soils), microbial biomass carbon derived from glucose (from 0.21 mg C·g-1 to 1.00 mg C·g-1) and CAE (from 0.29 to 0.73), but did not alter CUE (ranging from 0.34 to 0.86). Long-term drainage increased α-glucosidase activity in the Dajiuhu wetland and decreased β-glucosidase and phenol oxidase activities in the Hongyuan wetland. In conclusion, drainage enhanced the 'microbial carbon pump' and its efficiency in wetlands mainly via increasing microbial intracellular metabolism (including respiration), but also acce-lerated SOC decomposition.

Effects of long-term drainage and afforestation on carbon utilization function of soil microbial communities vary between the types of subtropical moss peatlands

Subtropical moss peatlands are valuable delicate ecosystems that play crucial roles in biodiversity preservation, carbon sequestration, and water retention. However, driven by economic interests, a large area of subtropical moss peatlands in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of China has been used for drainage and afforestation of a Cryptomeria japonica forest, leading to changes in the ecological functions of the peatlands. The Biolog EcoPlate™ method was used to study the differences in the carbon utilization functions of the soil microbial communities between a typical natural Sphagnum fen (SF), a natural Polytrichum bog (PB) and a Cryptomeria swamp forest that were formed by long-term drainage and afforestation (more than 20 years) in the region. Combined with measurements of the soil physicochemical properties, the effects of drainage and afforestation on different types of moss peatlands and the underlying mechanisms were explored. The results showed that long-term drainage and afforestation significantly increased the soil microbial carbon utilization activity and functional diversity in the SF, but no significant effects were observed in the PB. Drainage and afforestation did not significantly alter the proportion structures of the soil microbial carbon source utilization in the SF or PB but did significantly affect soil microbial preferences for specific carbon source utilization in the SF. Carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids and polymers were the main carbon sources utilized by the microbial communities in the three vegetation types. The soil volumetric water content (SVW) and available phosphorus (AP) content were significant factors affecting the functional characteristics of soil microbial carbon utilization. There was a significant negative correlation between the SVW and the activity of soil microbial carbon source utilization and functional diversity, and there was a significant positive correlation between the AP and polymer utilization activity. Moreover, the SVW significantly and indirectly affected overall carbon source utilization by influencing the utilization of carbohydrates. In the restoration of subtropical moss peatlands affected by drainage and afforestation, in addition to emphasizing vegetation restoration, the SF restoration should be focused on the restoration of water conditions, while the PB restoration should be focused on the restoration of nutrients (such as AP).

The effects of long-term drainage and wildfires on water table level and water chemistry of the Great Vasyugan Mire

In this paper, we assessed long-term changes in water table level of the Great Vasyugan Mire, water chemistry and the removal of mineral and organic substances in the mire-river system in the taiga zone of Western Siberia under the conditions of forest reclamation, pyrogenic factor and climate change. In the drained area of the Great Vasyugan Mire, a significant decrease in water table levels and an increase in the amplitude of their fluctuations by 1.6 times were noted. The effect of the pyrogenic factor is expressed, on the contrary, in an increase in water table levels due to surface burnout. In the water of the drained part of the Great Vasyugan Mire, an increase in the concentrations of Са2+, Mg2+, Fetotal, Cl-, К+, Na+, Cl-, SО42–, NO3-, DOC was noted. An increase in the content of NH+4, Feобщ, Cl-, SO42-, NO-3, and DOC is observed in river waters. An indicator of the effect of the pyrogenic factor on the chemical composition is an increase in the pH value and the content of K+, Na+, SО42–, NО–3, HCО3– ions, as well as Са2+, Mg2+, Feобщ. In connection with the overgrowth of the ditches, the process of self-healing of the mire is observed, and backwater zones are formed near the ditches and the amplitude of level fluctuations increases, as a result, the chemical composition of the waters of the drained and natural areas of the Great Vasyugan Mire in certain periods has minimal differences. Studies have shown that the removal of mineral and organic substances from the drained area of the great Vasyugan Mire prevailed in the high-water year 2018 and amounted to 2054 tons, of which the removal of DOC was equal to 47% or 969 tons. In the future, climate change, an increase in air temperature and precipitation in the region are likely, will contribute to the removal of biogenic elements and organic substances from mires and increase their concentration in river waters.

Driving Mechanism Controlling Cultivated Tropical Peat Physicochemical Characteristics and Stoichiometry: Case Study of a Microtopographical Sequence

Contrasting to the large body of knowledge documenting peatland characteristics and their trends across major rivers, limited study was found in studying peat physicochemical and stoichiometry variability at the drained and cultivated site across microtopographical sequence. This study aimed to investigate peat physicochemical properties and stoichiometry in an old oil palm plantation/OPP in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, across a 3.1 km of a topo-hydrosequence transect perpendicular to the Leidong River and raised hummock. 20 peat cores (0-50 and 50-100 cm depth) from 10 sampling points were collected to determine their physicochemical properties and stoichiometry and analyze the driving mechanisms controlling them. This current study suggested that the long-term drainage and cultivation practices may partially alter the trends and patterns of peat’s physicochemical properties. It was indicated by diverse trends, in which several peat properties behave oppositely against their natural patterns. The soil’s chemical characteristics and stoichiometry throughout 0-100 cm depth were considered homogeneous, which exhibited oppositely with peat physical parameters. The prominent properties and stoichiometry mainly controlled peat variances were bulk density, pH, total N, available P, C:N, and N:K. Flooding experience and distance from the river were the driving mechanisms controlling peat properties and stoichiometry at the study site. This study’s results demonstrated peat physicochemical characteristics and stoichiometry trends that were observed at microtopographical features with a relatively small tributary may resemble those studies representing the extensive landscapes

Enhanced microbial contribution to mineral-associated organic carbon accrual in drained wetlands: Beyond direct lignin-iron interactions

Drainage poses a major threat to the tremendous soil organic carbon (SOC) reservoir in wetlands. However, drainage-induced carbon loss may be mitigated by the accumulation of mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) via both microbial processes and iron (Fe)-organic matter (especially lignin) interactions, which remains under-investigated in wetlands. Here using a novel analytical approach, we quantitatively examined the response of MAOC to drainage and the driving mechanisms in four distinct wetlands. Contrary to the prevailing assumption, MAOC consisted a significant fraction (7%∼91%) of wetland SOC, and increased with mineral-bound (microbial-dominated) sugars, but decreased with Fe-bound lignin phenols in SOC assessed after removal of reactive soil minerals. Furthermore, mineral-bound sugars increased with clay and reactive aluminum instead of Fe, and overrode Fe-bound lignin regarding contribution to MAOC after long-term drainage. These results indicate that microbial processes leading to microbial sugars accumulation played a prominent role in wetland MAOC accrual after long-term drainage, especially in soils rich in reactive Al and clay. Our study highlights the prevalent yet under-investigated microbial regulation on MAOC accrual in wetlands during long-term drainage. Given the large stock and persistence of MAOC in wetlands, its increase may partly compensate for particulate organic carbon loss during drainage, and may underpin wetland SOC stabilization in the long term.

Shifting relationships between SOC and molecular diversity in soils of varied carbon concentrations: Evidence from drained wetlands

The molecular diversity of soil organic matter (SOM) is considered to be a critical factor influencing soil organic carbon (SOC) persistence, and is found to show a positive relationship with SOC in many upland soils with relatively low SOC concentrations. However, the SOM diversity-SOC relationship remains under-investigated in high-SOC soils such as wetlands, which exhibit divergent SOC accumulation mechanisms compared to upland soils and may induce contrasting shifts in SOM composition during drainage-induced SOC changes. Here we utilized three contrasting wetlands (i.e., two fens and a bog) that encompassed a wide SOC range and experienced decades of artificial drainage to investigate shifts in SOM diversity after drainage. The molecular diversity of SOM was assessed based on SOM pyrolysis products using pyrolysis–gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and its influencing factors (including plant inputs, soil minerals, and extracellular enzyme activity, etc.) were evaluated. We observed divergent responses of SOM diversity to long-term drainage in the investigated wetlands. While SOM diversity increased with SOC concentration in the low-SOC (i.e., ≤ 60 mg g−1 soil) fen after drainage, it did not change in high-SOC (i.e., > 60 mg g−1 soil) wetlands after drainage regardless of SOC variations. While plant inputs (e.g., root mass) drove SOC accumulation in these wetlands, microbial processing rather than plant inputs dominated increases in SOM diversity, thereby resulting in the decoupling of SOC concentration and SOM diversity in high-SOC soils. These findings suggest that SOC and SOM diversity had a non-linear relationship in divergent soils. In organic-rich soils such as peatlands, SOM diversity did not increase with SOC accumulation after drainage, in contrast to low-SOC soils. Our study provides a novel, molecular diversity-based perspective on understanding wetland SOC stability in the context of drainage caused by increasing human activity and/or climate changes.

A novel method for repeated cerebrospinal fluid sampling and long-term monitoring of intracranial pressure in rats.

Cannulation implantation into the cisterna magna is an important procedure in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. The disadvantages of existing techniques include the risk of brain damage, compromised muscle mobility, and the complexity of the procedures. In the present study, the authors describe a modified, simple, and reliable procedure for long-term cannulation implantation into the cisterna magna in rats. The device consists of four parts: the puncture segment, the connection segment, the fixing segment, and the external segment. Intraoperative ICP monitoring and post-operative computed tomography (CT) scans were performed, which confirmed the accuracy and safety of this method. There were no limitations on the daily activities of the rats when long-term drainage was carried out for 1 week. This new technique offers an improved method of cannulation and will be a potentially useful method for CSF sampling and ICP monitoring in neuroscience research.

External validation of a simplified prognostic model for survival in patients with extrinsic malignant ureteral obstruction treated with tandem ureteral stents – a retrospective cohort study

Introduction Prognostic models of survival can identify patients with extrinsic malignant ureteral obstruction who will benefit from long-term drainage as offered by tandem ureteral stents. The study aims to validate a simplified prognostic model published by Cordeiro et al. and to identify additional prognostic predictors in a cohort of patients drained solely with tandem ureteral stents. Methods Medical records of consecutive patients who underwent drainage of malignant ureteral obstruction with tandem ureteral stents between 2007 and 2020 were reviewed retrospectively; patients with benign ureteral obstruction were excluded. Risk factors for survival included were: [1] the number of malignancy-related events (categorized as ≥4 and <4) and [2] the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Index (categorized as ≥2 and <2)]. Patients with ≥1 risk factor were grouped as intermediate-unfavorable risk and those without risk factors as favorable risk. The Kaplan–Meier and log-rank tests were used for survival analysis. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to identify predictors of outcome. Results The study cohort consisted of 65 patients; the median age was 60 years (IQR 51–72). The median follow-up time from diagnosis of hydronephrosis was 51 months (IQR 38–64). Estimated probabilities of survival at 1 month, 6 months 1 year, and 2 years were 100%, 87%, 75% and 57%, respectively in the favorable risk group (n = 40), and in the intermediate-unfavorable risk group (n = 25), 96%, 72%, 52%, and 20%, respectively, (p = .003). On multivariable analysis, the presence of ≥4 malignancy-related events (HR = 2.04, 95% CI [1.07–3.86], p = .03) and lung metastasis (HR = 2.37, 95% CI [1.0–5.6], p = .05) were associated with shorter survival. Conclusions Our findings validate the prognostic model published by Cordeiro et al. The model can be applied when counseling patients being considered for drainage with tandem ureteral stents.

PENANGGULANGAN BANJIR BANJIR SISI AIRSIDE BANDAR UDARA INTERNASIONAL JENDERAL AHMAD YANI SEMARANG

AbstractSemarang is one of the cities that often occurs flood disaster due to very high rainy weather. This resulted in the Ahmad Yani airport runway being inundated with water as high as approximately 50 cm around the airside which could disrupt flight operations. Therefore it is necessary to have a flood prevention activity to minimize the situation. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors resulting from flooding on the airside of Ahmad Yani airport and to determine the design of short-term and long-term drainage systems. In calculating the planned flood discharge (R24) using data such as rainfall, channel measurement data, and the condition of the channel. Based on this data, the researcher will calculate the planned rainfall for the Q2, Q5, Q10, Q25, Q50, and Q100 years. To calculate the data, we use the Normal Distribution, Log Normal Distribution, Pearson III Log Distribution, and Gumbel Distribution. Then from these calculations the Gumbel distribution method was chosen because it is closer. Based on data processing using the Rational method, the peak flood discharge value (QP) is obtained when Q2 all channels are able to accommodate the planned flood discharge, Q5 there is 1 channel unable to accommodate, namely in DU1-P2, Q10 there is 1 channel unable to accommodate, namely in DU1- P2, Q25 there are 1 channel that is not able to accommodate, namely in DU1-P2, Q50 there are 2 channels that are unable to accommodate, namely in DU1-P2 and S1B-P7, Q100 there are 2 channels that cannot accommodate, namely in DU1-P2 and S1B-P7. For the short-term drainage system design for flood management, it includes: repairing damaged channels, improving the foundation of the west side BRC fence, repairing pump station access roads, improving airside embankments, and pumping operations. In the design of the long-term flood control drainage system, the dimensions of the drainage channel on the airside side are added because there are 2 (two) channels that are not able to accommodate the planned discharge at the 50-year return period (Q50) with the addition of dimensions in the channel DU1-P2 b = 3, 5 h = 0.5 and S1B-P7 b = 2.7 h = 0.9.Keywords: Flood, Ej Gumbel, prevention.

PENANGGULANGAN BANJIR BANJIR SISI AIRSIDE BANDAR UDARA INTERNASIONAL JENDERAL AHMAD YANI SEMARANG

AbstractSemarang is one of the cities that often occurs flood disaster due to very high rainy weather. This resulted in the Ahmad Yani airport runway being inundated with water as high as approximately 50 cm around the airside which could disrupt flight operations. Therefore it is necessary to have a flood prevention activity to minimize the situation. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors resulting from flooding on the airside of Ahmad Yani airport and to determine the design of short-term and long-term drainage systems. In calculating the planned flood discharge (R24) using data such as rainfall, channel measurement data, and the condition of the channel. Based on this data, the researcher will calculate the planned rainfall for the Q2, Q5, Q10, Q25, Q50, and Q100 years. To calculate the data, we use the Normal Distribution, Log Normal Distribution, Pearson III Log Distribution, and Gumbel Distribution. Then from these calculations the Gumbel distribution method was chosen because it is closer. Based on data processing using the Rational method, the peak flood discharge value (QP) is obtained when Q2 all channels are able to accommodate the planned flood discharge, Q5 there is 1 channel unable to accommodate, namely in DU1-P2, Q10 there is 1 channel unable to accommodate, namely in DU1- P2, Q25 there are 1 channel that is not able to accommodate, namely in DU1-P2, Q50 there are 2 channels that are unable to accommodate, namely in DU1-P2 and S1B-P7, Q100 there are 2 channels that cannot accommodate, namely in DU1-P2 and S1B-P7. For the short-term drainage system design for flood management, it includes: repairing damaged channels, improving the foundation of the west side BRC fence, repairing pump station access roads, improving airside embankments, and pumping operations. In the design of the long-term flood control drainage system, the dimensions of the drainage channel on the airside side are added because there are 2 (two) channels that are not able to accommodate the planned discharge at the 50-year return period (Q50) with the addition of dimensions in the channel DU1-P2 b = 3, 5 h = 0.5 and S1B-P7 b = 2.7 h = 0.9.Keywords: Flood, Ej Gumbel, prevention.

Research on influencing factors and remedial measures of coal seam water blocking effect

Coalbed methane development primarily relies on hydraulic fracturing and drainage gas extraction processes. The intrusion of external fluids and long-term drainage and extraction contribute to the water blocking effect, which becomes one of the crucial factors affecting production capacity. In this study, the coal reservoir of a certain coalbed methane in Hancheng, Shaanxi Province, was selected as the research object. The experimental method was employed to comprehensively evaluate the correlation between factors such as coal sample moisture content, permeability, porosity, properties of external liquids, and water blocking damage. The results indicated that there was a positive correlation between coal sample moisture content, liquid surface tension, and water blocking damage. On the other hand, coal sample pore permeability characteristics, liquid contact angle with rock samples, and water blocking damage showed a negative correlation. Building upon the aforementioned research, an investigation into remedial measures for water blocking damage was conducted. Additionally, a chemical treatment study using the compound surfactant system JSS-1 as a water-blocking agent was performed to manage the water blocking effect. The results demonstrated that JSS-1 as a water-blocking agent significantly reduced the surface tension of the wellbore fluid and improved its wetting behavior on the coal-rock surface. The laboratory experiments confirmed the capability of JSS-1 in managing the water blocking effect.

Long-term drainage water recycling affects soil health and soil properties

Drainage water recycling (DWR) using drainage and subirrigation (DSI) has increased the resiliency of crop production and improved water quality in the midwestern United States, but the effects on soil properties and soil health parameters have not been determined. This research evaluated (1) reservoir nutrient concentrations of a long-term DWR site over time, (2) the effects of a DWR system on soil properties at four depths in a corn (<i>Zea mays</i>)–soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> L.) rotation compared to free drainage (FD) and nondrained (ND) soil, and (3) the influence of DWR on soil health parameters after a 17-year corn–soybean rotation compared to ND. Different laboratory methods for estimating these soil health parameters were compared. In the initial years of the study (2002 to 2007), concentration of salts (potassium [K] and sodium [Na]) and dissolved nutrients (nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P]) were higher in the reservoir water. Mean concentrations were 1.8 mg L⁻¹ for nitrate-N (NO₃-N) and 0.36 mg L⁻¹ for orthophosphate (PO₄-P) in the reservoir during the study. The concentration of salts and ions in the reservoir were not restrictive for use as irrigation water for plants. The DWR treatment had a soil texture that was 11% lower in silt (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.001) and 13% higher in clay (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.001) concentration at 21 to 30 cm soil depth compared to ND. The water table fluctuations appeared to influence cation (calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], and K) movement in soils while the FD and DWR treatments had lower soil test P in the topsoil. No significant interaction in soil analysis methods × treatments were observed (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.1), indicating the absence of an effect of analysis methods (Haney soil test, Soil Health Management Assessment Framework, and Cornell Soil Health Assessment) on assessment of soil properties. DWR did not alter soil properties or soil health parameters.

Evaluation of Complications of Short-term and Long-term Drainage Following Mastectomy with Removal of Axillary Lymph Nodes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in Iran and round the globe. Seroma formation is the most common primary complication after mastectomy (partial/radical). Nowadays, drainage is used as a routine method to reduce seroma formation after mastectomy, although there is no consensus about the appropriate time to perform drainage after this surgery. This study evaluated the effects of short-term and long-term drainage after mastectomy along with removal of axillary lymph nodes. This randomized clinical trial was performed on 88 women who underwent mastectomy with ALND in hospitals in Yazd (were randomly divided into two groups). Suction drains were inserted for all patients at completion of surgery. The data collection tool was a researcher-made form based on variables. In the first group, the drain was removed 24 hours after surgery and the patients were discharged, but the second group was discharged with the drain in place after 24 hours and the drain was removed 5 days after surgery. Data were analyzed with SPSS18 using T-Test, Chi square, and Mann-Whitney U test. The results showed that 28 (31.8%) participants had formed seroma, of whom 22 (50%) were in the 1-day drainage group and 6 (13.6%) were in the 5-day drainage group. There was a statistically significant correlation among seroma frequency, mean aspiration volume, mean number of aspirations, mean seroma volume in sonography one week after surgery, and mean seroma volume in sonography between the two groups three weeks after surgery (P<0.05). Based on the results, it can be concluded that long-term drainage reduces the risk of seroma formation after mastectomy with removal of axillary lymph nodes compared to short-term drainage. Complementary study be performed by considering other underlying factors such as comorbidities to obtain the best drain removal time in breast cancer patients.