Long-term Development Plan Research Articles

Prediction of global potential growth areas for Panax ginseng based on GMPGIS system and MaxEnt model

The suitable habitat for the endangered and valuable medicinal herb Panax ginseng is gradually decreasing. It is crucial to investigate its suitable growing areas in China for global protection and sustainable utilization of P. ginseng. In this study, 371 distribution points of P. ginseng were collected, and 21 environmental factors were used as ecological indicators. The geographic information system for global medicinal plants(GMPGIS) system, MaxEnt model, and Thiessen polygon method were used to analyze the potential suitable areas for P. ginseng globally. The results showed that the key environmental variables affecting P. ginseng were precipitation in the hottest quarter(Bio18) and the coefficient of temperature seasonality(Bio4). The suitable habitats for P. ginseng were mostly located in the "One Belt, One Road" countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Russia. The highly suitable habitats were mainly distributed along mountain ranges in southeastern Shandong, southern Shanxi and Shaanxi, northern Jiangsu, and northwestern Henan of China. Data analysis indicated that the current P. ginseng planting sites were all in high suitability zones, and the Thiessen polygon results showed that the geographic locations of P. ginseng production companies were unbalanced and urgently needed optimization. This study provides data support for P. ginseng planting site selection, scientific introduction, production layout, and long-term development planning.

Integrating climate change adaptation policies in spatial development planning in hyperarid regions of Kerman province, Iran

In recent years, lifestyle changes and urbanization of societies, as well as macro-environmental changes, i.e. climate changes (CCs), have caused changes in the land spatial structure and the transfer of resources between different economic sectors of the land. The development of long-term spatial development plans (SDPs) needs to be compatible with CCs, especially in hyperarid areas with low supplies and high demands. In this research, machine learning methods; including Cellular Automata (CA), Random Forest (RF) and regression models through PLUS model were used to simulate the amount of supplies and demands based on land cover (LC) maps during the years 2000, 2010 and 2020 in the hyperarid areas of Kerman, Iran. Then, the best predicted model (Kappa = 0.94, overall accuracy = 0.98) was used to simulate changes in LC classes under climate change scenarios (CCSs) for 2050. The results showed the efficiency of machine learning in simulating land cover changes (LCCs) under CCSs. Findings revealed that SDPs of these areas are not compatible under any possible consideration of CCSs. The modeling results showed that spatial development plans under CCSs is not environmentally efficient and there is no compatibility between supplies, based on agricultural lands, and demands, based on increased population, by 2050. Overall, under the scenario of RCP 8.5, man-made, agriculture and natural LC classes with 106.9, 2.9, and 18.6% changes, respectively, showed the greatest changes compared to 2020. Population control, adjustment of infrastructures, and changes in LC plans can reduce socio-economical and socio-environmental problems in the future of hyperarid areas to some extent.

Issues and Problems Affecting Post-Disaster Reconstruction Activities in Indonesia

Efforts to mitigate the danger of disasters continue. Both long-term and short-term Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) activities have been undertaken by governments and International Organizations. One type of long-term post-disaster activity is rehabilitation and reconstruction, which are an important part of the catastrophe recovery phase Long-term reconstruction activities are activities that have uncertainty. The reconstruction necessitates the integration of long-term development plans that account for various catastrophic risks and the possibility of mitigating future dangers. Based on past research, uncertainty variables show a problem with the activity of reconstruction activities. Numerous countries, including Malaysia, Nepal, America, and Estonia, have conducted research on the challenges and issues associated with construction activity. This research variable was developed from several studies conducted in several countries to obtain more comprehensive variables for study in the disaster-prone. Assessment instruments were developed using questionnaires distributed to a sample of respondents who met the initial criteria. Relative importance index (RII) is used in data processing procedures, and this paper examines the concerns and difficulties experienced during the reconstruction process. The data analysis found that the most dominant aspect that influences the construction period is the delay in project completion. With the value of the Relative Importance Index (RII) at the High-Medium (H–M) level (0.6 RI 0.8) with a value of 0.769 and all research variables are included in the High-Medium (H–M), namely (0.6 ≤ RI ≤ 0.8).

Multibranch Modelling of Flow and Water Quality in the Dhaka River System, Bangladesh: Impacts of Future Development Plans and Climate Change

Long-term development and pollution clean-up plans are a continuing feature of megacities such as Dhaka, Bangladesh. Bangladesh needs to deal with a legacy of past pollution and manage current pollution from a rapidly expanding economy. Surveys in the rivers around Dhaka show extremely high pollution and very low dissolved oxygen levels, with subsequent ecological impacts. Millions of people are not on public treatment of effluents and thousands of factories discharge into the rivers. The Bangladesh Government is planning to install over 12 large Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) over the next 20 years. To assess the efficacy of these, a water quality model has been applied to the Dhaka River System. Results show that the proposed plan has beneficial effects in the short term for the most densely populated areas of Dhaka, along the Turag and Buriganga Rivers, and in the medium term in other parts of the city (Tongi Khal). However, in several reaches dissolved oxygen levels will remain low or very low due to the lack of STP capacity, remaining misconnections of untreated sewage and large effluent loads. The proposed STPs, while certainly beneficial, will need to be upgraded in the future if the predicted rates of population growth are confirmed and industrial pollution is not significantly reduced alongside. Climate change is expected to have an impact on the Dhaka River System water quality, with increased monsoon flows and lower summer flows, but these changes will not greatly affect the extremes of water quality to any great extent due to the overwhelming impact of pollutant discharges into the system.

Causality between residential electricity consumption and explanatory factors

This research adds to the assessment of the causal relationships between residential electricity consumption and its explanatory factors. Johansen cointegration, autoregressive distributed lag model, the vector error correction model, and Wald causality tests are used. In both the short and long run, a unidirectional causality towards electricity consumption is identified. The sustainable development of the electricity sector in Cameroon, as defined by the national development strategy for 2030 and the long-term electricity sector development plan for 2030, requires an increase in GDP per capita, the adoption of a compact less energy-intensive urban model, the strengthening of control over the evolution of the number of subscribers on the distribution networks, and the reduction of CO2 emissions from thermal electricity generation.

Industries Based on the Petrochemical Industry in Iraq-Plastics Industry as a Model

This study came to discuss the subject of industries dependent on petrochemical industries in Iraq (plastic as a model) during the period 2005–2020, and the study concluded that the plastic industries contribute to areas of advancement and progress and opportunities to deal efficiently with the challenges posed by the new variables, the most important of which is the information revolution. communications and trade liberalization, and this is what contributes to the competitiveness of these industries. And because the petrochemical industry in Iraq has an active role in establishing plastic industrial clusters and clusters of micro, small, and medium industries by providing the necessary feedstock for these industries in various fields and industrial sectors, such as plastic packaging industries and building, And the industries feeding the automobile industry, textiles, machinery and equipment manufacturing, and other industries, depending on the availability of various petrochemical products and feedstocks. The study recommended developing strategies and approving medium and long-term development plans through which results can be benefited from in the field of developing small, medium, and micro industries, as well as coordination and cooperation between agencies. , and the bodies concerned with the development of small and medium enterprises in the Arab countries, encouraging the establishment of projects for small and medium industries, reviewing policies and legislation, and updating them to ensure facilitating financing procedures and encouraging and stimulating the participation of the private sector in the development of small and medium enterprises in addition to the government sector.
 
 Paper type: Research paper

Assessment of river response to water abstractions in the Weyib Watershed, Ethiopia

The studies aimed to examine the impact of water abstractions on runoff and streamflow using the MIKE 11 NAM model. A field survey of water abstraction was conducted to ascertain the actual withdrawal from the Weyib watershed. The baseline period from 1986-2000 was considered based on low human interventions of water abstractions to simulate existing from 2013 to 2022, short-term from 2026 to 2035, and 2036 to 2045 for long-term developments. The annual water withdrawals for those development periods were 10.22, 31.25, and 77.42 Mm3, respectively. The mean annual streamflow in the baseline period was 15.16 m3/s, whereas for existing, short-term, and long-term developments depicted as 10.81 m3/s, 9.55 m3/s, and 8.42 m3/s, respectively. The mean annual runoff for the natural baseline was 132.53 mm, and it dropped down by 37.64 mm, 48.70 mm and 58.54 mm for existing, short-term and long-term developments, respectively. In comparison to the baseline period (7177.93 Mm3), the cumulative volume streamflow of the river was decreased by 2038.01, 2637.12, and 3169.84 Mm3 owing to the development periods, respectively. The streamflow and surface runoff dropped significantly due to increasing water abstraction. The beneficiaries need to employ efficient irrigation water extraction practices for sustainable water development. To cope up with the challenges of water abstraction, the long-term development plan needs to be revised, and Ethiopia's proposed irrigation water charges policy must be implemented. Article highlights MIKE 11 NAM model sensitive parameters identified and performance evaluated for future studies in data-scare regions. Estimation of water balance for Weyib watershed. Impacts of water abstractions on the runoff and streamflow assessed.

Evaluation of China's provincial digital economy development level and its coupling coordination relationship.

Based on the Office for National Statistics' delineation of the scope of the digital economy industry, this paper selects indicators from five industrial dimensions: digital product manufacturing, digital product service, digital technology application, digital factor drive and digital efficiency improvement, and constructs an evaluation system to measure the development level of China's digital economy at the provincial level. It is found that there is a wide gap in the development of China's provincial digital economy, with the eastern coastal provinces and cities having a high level of digital economy development. The coupling and coordination model was then applied to examine the interrelationships between the five industrial dimensions of the digital economy, and it was found that most of the coupling and coordination relationships of the five industrial dimensions are at the stage of medium-high coupling and low coupling and coordination, and each province and city has different coupling and coordination characteristics. The numerical evaluation results provide an intuitive understanding of the differences and deficiencies in the development of the digital economy in different regions, and serve as a reference for the medium and long-term digital economy development planning of provinces and municipalities as well as the whole country. In the future, the state should invest more in the digital economy in the central and western regions, and each province should cultivate and develop the digital economy in accordance with its own local conditions.

Indonesia's Marine Economic Potential As A Maritime Country

This nation has economic potential that is no less flashy and dazzling in terms of natural resources and the environment. The main purpose of this article is to emphasise the importance of Indonesia's marine economic potential as a maritime country in achieving Indonesia's prosperity and glory as a maritime country. Fisheries, marine tourism, marine transportation, offshore energy and mineral resources, marine industry, marine buildings, and marine services are all goals for the marine economic spectrum. This marine resource's potential economic value is estimated to be at least $8.22 trillion per year. This article was written using qualitative and descriptive literature studies. A literature review was used as the research method to analyse the journal. Reviewing related libraries is what a literature review entails. (Review of related literature/review of literature) The findings indicate that the Indonesian government already has a policy in place for Indonesia's marine strategy, which refers to Indonesia's Development Vision, which is contained in Law Number 17 of 2007 concerning the National Long-Term Development Plan 2005-2025 and Law Number 32 of 2014 concerning Marine. This policy is reflected in a number of concepts, including Blue Economy, Maritime Domain Awareness, World Maritime Axis, and Nusantara Insight. To realise Indonesia as an independent, advanced, and strong archipelagic country based on national interests, this great potential must be managed and utilised holistically, integrated thematically, and distributed spatially proportionally through an integrated development planning process supported by harmonious spatial planning and the implementation of sustainable development that can run in harmony.

코로나19 엔데믹 이후의 평생학습도시 활성화 방안 연구

The purpose of this study is to present measures to revitalize lifelong learning cities through analysis of the status of lifelong learning cities after the COVID-19 pandemic.
 The result of study are as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the basic status of lifelong learning cities, comprehensive development plans and mid- to long-term development plans were operated systematically, but global governance and network construction were analyzed to be insufficient. Second, as a result of analyzing the operation status of lifelong learning cities, various online and offline programs were operated centering on insufficient human resources. Third, this is the analysis of the response status of COVID-19. The need for online and offline educational infrastructure (space, people, programs, etc.) was emphasized.
 The plan to revitalize the lifelong learning city after the pandemic, which combines the results of the above research, is as follows. First, we need to establish a macro post-corona response strategy that takes into account all aspects of hardware, software, humanware, and ecoware. Second, we need to create a hybrid lifelong education learning sharing space where informal, informal, and accidental learning experiences can occur online and offline. Third, we need to establish a network and spread best practices for the advancement of a sustainable global lifelong learning city led by local governments. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for revitalizing lifelong education in lifelong learning cities after the pandemic.

The Assessment of Sedimentation Problems in Kenyir Hydropower Reservoir, Malaysia

Lakes may take a while to respond to management interventions because of the management implications of incremental development and degradation issues. This includes the requirement for the ongoing participation of key lake basin management institutions and their operations. This study’s objective is to assess the impacts of land use activities along the Kenyir Lake Basin based on the sedimentation problem level. There are a few hydrological methods that are necessary indicators to measure the level of sediment production, such as Total Suspended Solid (TSS), area of sub-catchment, river discharge measurement, and annual sediment load production. The results showed that the sub-catchment of Besar River released the lowest annual average estimation at 3833.70 kg/km2/year, and the sub-catchment of Kenyir River produced the highest annual average estimation at 128,070.86 kg/km2/year for annual sediment load flow produced from tributary rivers into Kenyir Lake. Kenyir Lake Basin’s downstream and midstream regions had higher sediment load values than its upstream regions. This study highlighted the significance of the effects of anthropogenic factors, hydrological, geomorphological, growth, and developmental factors, and climate changes as the key variables attributing to the sedimentation phenomenon along the Kenyir Lake Basin. The construction of a long-term lake or reservoir catchment development and management plan, combined with the formation of a vision and comprehensive strategic plan, are vital components of sound management practice. The efficient implementation of the suggested watershed management programmes depends on the active involvement of all significant catchment stakeholders.

An Empirical Study on the Current Situation of Intercultural Communication Competence in English Reading Teaching in Secondary Vocational Schools

With the economic globalization, intercultural communication is becoming more and more frequent. To communicate with people of different cultural backgrounds effectively and appropriately, people need intercultural communication competence. The National Medium and Long-Term Plan for Education Reform and Development (2010-2020) points out that it is necessary “to train a large number of international talents”; English Curriculum Standards for Secondary Vocational Schools (2018) makes it clear that “one of the tasks of English course for secondary vocational school is to equip students with intercultural communication competence in daily life and professional situations”. Most studies on intercultural communication competence are aimed at college students and senior high school students, and there are few studies on secondary vocational school students. In addition, there are few empirical studies on intercultural communication competence training in English reading teaching in secondary vocational schools in China. So, it is necessary to take this as a starting point to conduct empirical study on intercultural communication competence training in secondary vocational schools. This study adopts a combination of quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods to investigate the current situation of intercultural communication competence among secondary vocational students. Questionnaires and student interviews are adopted to collect and analyze data.

한국형 자치경찰의 맞춤형 복지정책 발전방안

In the case of police officers, with the full implementation of the self-governing police system, welfare points are paid to public officials in charge of autonomous police duties at the level of customized welfare points paid to public officials in each city and province, and appropriate welfare benefits are selected according to the preferences and needs of each employee. In order to boost morale, such as improving the welfare and treatment of police field workers, each provincial and provincial autonomous police committee is implementing customized welfare support for local police. In the case of police officers, it is difficult to say that proper benefits are being given to police officers who have special characteristics in their work that are different from general public officials. In this regard, this study suggested short- to mid- to long-term development plans for the following customized welfare support for public officials performing autonomous police affairs. First, as a short-term plan, measures such as support for overseas travel expenses, improvement of working environment, education support, and dispatch of resident police officers are needed. As a mid- to long-term development plan for customized welfare support, expansion of the scope of payment, development of welfare options based on the specificity of the autonomous police work, vitalization of linkage with welfare point-related organizations, promotion, and welfare system based on the specificity of the autonomous police job establishment is required.

Development of Small-Scale Integrated Farming Design: towards Optimizing Agricultural Learning Media

Learning about integrated farming could be done by visiting site locations directly. This is a problem for universities that are located in urban areas. The distance of the integrated agricultural location from the campus often raises a significant cost burden. Therefore, providing a learning model around the university would be more efficient, and students could interact and practice directly. The design concept was compiled based on a literature review. The design was produced by direct observation at Condongcatur experimental garden, then continued SWOT analysis. The design was created using software based on the information gathered. The design development included a general description of the experimental garden, landscape biophysical aspect, concept planning, and design. The resulting design was then validated by experts descriptively using a questionnaire. Meanwhile, user acceptance was measured qualitatively through an interview. Based on the results obtained, theoretically, a small-scale integrated farming design has been successfully compiled and met the requirements to be developed as an agricultural learning model. The design also received a good response from the management, which would then be followed up in the long-term development plan of the experimental garden.

Ordering and Utilization of Abandoned Land in the Region of Palu City, Sigi Regency and Parigi Moutong Regency (Agrarian Reform Perspective)

The control of abandoned land is an effort to maximize the objectives of Article 33, paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution, whereby land is utilized for the most excellent possible welfare of the people. Article 15 of the Basic Agrarian Law is also mandated to maintain the land, increase soil fertility, and pay attention to the interests of economically weak parties. In addition, it is the responsibility of a person or legal entity that has mastered or has rights over land, namely, to work actively so that the land becomes neglected or deliberately abandoned. The objectives that will be the target and achievement of this research are answering legal problems, obtaining solutions on how to control abandoned land in Central Sulawesi, and developing knowledge and understanding of science in the field of Law, especially Agrarian Law. This is empirical research, namely, from experience, observations based on field data, and information obtained from direct interviews with various sources and agencies related to this research. Areas of land designated as abandoned land result in the termination of the legal relationship between the holder of land rights and the land that is controlled and the status of the land as state land, namely land that is directly controlled by the state. Prevention, control, and utilization of abandoned land are essential steps and prerequisites for carrying out national development programs, especially in the agrarian sector, which the 1945 Constitution has mandated, Basic Agrarian Law, and the National Long-Term Development Plan (RPJPN). Keywords: abandoned areas, abandoned lands, agrarian reforms. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/132-03 Publication date: May 31 st 2023

An Analytical Study of Family Investment in Education at the Pre-school Level in China - A Comparative Analysis Based on Eastern, Central and Western China

Since the publication of China's National Medium- and Long-Term Education Reform and Development Plan in 2010 and the active development of preschool education, the development of preschool education has gradually received attention from all sectors and the positive effects of the expansion of preschool education in China are evident. However, as the national household share of preschool education still falls short of international standards, the issue of education consumption by households affected by their individual economic development in the expansion of preschool education cannot be ignored. This paper examines the relationship between factors such as household socio-economic income and cultural background and education expenditure of preschool children's families, based on a regression analysis of macro data from the provincial statistical bureaus of the three provinces and micro data from the China Household Tracking Survey in 2018, from the perspective of combining macro and micro data in Guangdong, Henan and Gansu provinces selected in the eastern, central and western regions of China respectively. The study found that for the families themselves, the higher the economic level, the higher the expenditure on preschool education. Also, the higher the level of education of the mother, the higher the expenditure on preschool education. For different regions, the more economically developed the region, the more parents are willing to spend more on their children's pre-school education.

Marxism in “Metamorphosis” by Franz Kafka: A Marxist metaphor

Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina is now a role model for statesmen of the world. Especially Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina is being admired more by the world as a global leader. As a visionary statesman, Sheikh Hasina helped transform Bangladesh from an underdeveloped country to a developing country and is working hard to formulate and implement future long-term development plans to make Bangladesh a developed country. As a result, it is not an exaggeration to say that he is a developer and a great planner. Her vision and mission of governing the country is now the subject of global discussion. This article provides a brief overview of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina's visionary leadership in formulating and implementing multifaceted development plans.

Mainstreaming the Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) into long-term development plans; Its impact on sustainable development in Non-Annex I Party states

Though the importance of the Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) in mitigating Global emissions have been covered extensively by the literature, however, there has been little effort by researchers to find out the connections between the successful implementation of the NAMAs of respective Parties and sustainable development in the long run. This paper, based on the results from expert interviews via Skype and telephone with the NAMA focal persons of Ethiopia, Indonesia, and Georgia seeks to fill this gap in the literature by finding out how NAMAs, when implemented can lead to the attainment of overall economic growth and sustainable development in the long run. The paper covers seven NAMAs, with three seeking support for preparation and the other four seeking support for implementation as shown in table 1 below. The findings of this paper have shown significant connections between the NAMAs of the countries under study and overall economic growth based on their impact on the performance of other sectors of their respective economies when successfully implemented. This will contribute significantly to the achievement of sustainable development goals by poorer countries. There is, therefore, the need for developed countries to intensify their support in the areas of capacity building, financial, and technical support to poorer countries to enable them successfully implement their NAMAs as recommended by the Cancun agreement.

ANALYSIS OF LEGAL PRODUCT FORM AND CONTENT MATERIAL IN PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

The amendment to Article 3 of the Indonesian Constitution is responsible for the removal of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) authority, to determine the State Policy Guidelines. This explains that the national development is presently guided by the following policies, (1) Law Number 25/2004 on the National Development Planning System, (2) Law Number 17/2007 on the National Long-Term Development Plan 2005-2025, and (3) Presidential Regulation on the National Medium-Term Development Plan. These laws are considered unable to guarantee the continuity and harmony of development between the central and local governments. In the absence of State Policy Guidelines (GBHN), the continuity of an important existing long-term regulation by a new government is not guaranteed. In this case, a state policy is needed to ensure the continuity of development, leading to a discourse to revive the PPHN (Principles of State Policy). Therefore, this study aims to analyze the legal product form and content material of the PPHN, by using a normative juridical method through secondary data. The results showed that PPHN was needed to ensure the continuity of Indonesia's development, with the formulation authority provided to the MPR, the most representative state institution. The material of PPHN was also philosophical and strategic, due to emphasizing state goals according to Paragraph IV of the Indonesian Constitution Preamble. This was outlined in MPR legal products as State Regulations, which guided national institutions in preparing work programs during their term of office.

Analysis of China Unicom Corporate Governance Problems and Solutions

Tian Guoqiang, an economist, pointed out that "the mixed ownership economy with cross-shareholding and mutual integration of state-owned capital, collective capital and private capital is an important form of realizing the basic economic system. “The implementation of mixed ownership is conducive to expanding the functions of state-owned capital, maintaining and increasing its value, improving its competitiveness, and helping all kinds of ownership capital learn from each other, promote each other and develop together (Tian, 2005). This shows that China has taken a big step in the reform of mixed ownership with mixed ownership enterprises as the main body. In enterprise management, corporate governance determines the long-term development plan and strategic direction of enterprises. Therefore, the reform of corporate governance structure of mixed ownership enterprises is of great significance to deepen the reform of mixed ownership and the related development of China's economic field (Tian, 2005).The purpose of this paper is to explore the establishment of corporate governance framework of mixed ownership enterprises under China's national conditions, analyze the existing problems of China Unicom, such as the imperfect structure of the board of directors and the loopholes in the professional manager system, and put forward solutions such as optimizing the structure of the board of directors, strengthening the construction of managers, and establishing equity incentive mechanism, so as to improve the corporate governance structure of China Unicom. And provide solutions and experience for the follow-up development of China's state-owned enterprises.