Long-term Antibacterial Effect Research Articles

Long‐Term Antibacterial Effects and Physical Properties of a Chlorhexidine‐Containing Glass Ionomer Cement

Many regions in the world do not have electricity, water, or access to dental facilities that allows the treatment of caries with dental handpieces and rotary burs. For restorative techniques used in these regions, an antibacterial self-adherent glass ionomer material would contribute considerably. This study aimed to test if chlorhexidine diacetate (Fluka BioChemika, Buchs, Switzerland)- or chlorhexidine digluconate (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany)-added ChemFil Superior glass ionomer cement (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany) had any long-term antibacterial effect against certain oral bacteria and to test the new formulation's physical properties. ChemFil Superior was used as a control. Chlorhexidine diacetate (powder) was added to the powder and chlorhexidine digluconate (liquid) was mixed with the powder in order to obtain 0.5, 1.25, and 2.5% concentrations of the respective groups. Setting time, compressive strength, and acid erosion were tested according to ISO 9917-1. Working time, hardness, diametral tensile strength, and biaxial flexural strength were also determined. Long-term antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, L. acidophilus, and C. albicans were tested with the agar diffusion method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparison (p < 0.05). Regarding the immediate antibacterial effect for S. mutans, all the tested groups showed inhibitions of the strain compared with the control group (p < 0.05), with larger zones for the higher concentration groups and all the diacetates. For L. acidophilus, all the groups were effective compared with the control, but the greatest antibacterial effect was observed with the 2.5% diacetate group. The 2.5% group of chlorhexidine diacetate showed antibacterial activity up to 90 days against S. mutans and up to 60 days against L. acidophilus. The working and setting time, acid erosion test, diametral tensile strength, and biaxial flexural strength of the tested groups were not different from the control ChemFil group. However, the 1.25 and 2.5% groups of chlorhexidine diacetate had significantly lower compressive strengths than the control group. Lower hardness values were obtained with the 0.5 and 2.5% chlorhexidine digluconate groups in comparison with the control group. The results of this in vitro investigation demonstrated that chlorhexidine diacetate or digluconate added to the ChemFil Superior glass ionomer material can exhibit long-term antibacterial effects against S. mutans and L. acidophilus without compromising the physical properties of the material.

Free radical generation and coupled thiol oxidation by lactoperoxidase/SCN −/H 2O 2

The lactoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of glutathione (GSH) and thiocyanate (SCN −) was studied. Oxidation of SCN − was recorded by ultraviolet spectroscopy and by electron spin resonance (ESR). Consumption of GSH was measured by amperometric titration. One or two moles of GSH was oxidized per mole of H 2O 2 added, depending on the reaction conditions. Omission of SCN − prevented the oxidation of GSH. The oxidation of GSH required only catalytic amounts of SCN −, which was therefore recycled. Iodide (I −) could replace SCN −, while chloride or bromide were ineffective. The apparent Michaelis constant for SCN − was 17 μM. Oxidation of SCN − gave rise to two reactive intemediates, one stable and one unstable. The stable intermediate ( −OSC ·  N −(?)) decayed by a second-order reaction with a rate constant of 1.1 M −1 s −1. The decay of the unstable radical was very fast. The data (a) explain the short- and long-term antibacterial effects of lactoperoxidase-halide-H 2O 2 system. (b) point to possible deleterious effects due to glutathione depletion, (c) are of relevance for free radical disease involving sulphur-centered free radicals, and (d) support previous ovservations on lipid peroxidation/halogenation in biological membranes, liposomes, and unsaturated fatty acis.

An evaluation of antiseptics used for hand disinfection in wards

The antibacterial effectiveness of hand antiseptics commonly used in wards was studied by laboratory and in-use tests and their acceptability assessed by means of a questionnaire passed to hospital staff. To determine the immediate and long-term antibacterial effects of the preparations the in-use tests were performed by groups of students. The greatest immediate reduction in bacterial counts on hands was obtained by products containing chlorhexidine. The long-term antibacterial effect was recorded with emulsions containing 3% hexachlorophane, 2% Irgasan CF3R or 4% chlorhexidine when used constantly on several consecutive days. Considerable discrepancies were recorded in the antibacterial effectiveness of some preparations when comparing laboratory and in-use test results. Therefore it is suggested that antiseptics should be tested by in-use tests which more closely resemble practical conditions before their use, or further trial, in hospital.