Long-lived Modes Research Articles

Long-lived isospin excitations in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene.

Numerous correlated many-body phases, both conventional and exotic, have been reported in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG)1-24. However, the dynamics associated with these correlated states, crucial for understanding the underlying physics, remain unexplored. Here we combine exciton sensing and optical pump-probe spectroscopy to investigate the dynamics of isospin orders in MATBG with WSe2 substrate across the entire flat band, achieving sub-picosecond resolution. We observe remarkably slow isospin dynamics in a broad filling range around ν = 2 and between ν = -3 and -2, with lifetimes of up to 300 ps that decouple from the much faster cooling of electronic temperature (about 10 ps). This non-thermal behaviour demonstrates the presence of abnormally long-lived modes in the isospin degrees of freedom. This observation, not anticipated by theory, implies the existence of long-range propagating collective modes, strong isospin fluctuations and memory effects and is probably associated with an intervalley coherent or incommensurate Kekulé spiral ground state. We further demonstrate non-equilibrium control of the isospin orders previously found around integer fillings. Specifically, through ultrafast manipulation, it can be transiently shifted away from integer fillings. Our study demonstrates a unique probe of collective excitations in MATBG and paves the way for actively controlling non-equilibrium phenomena in moiré systems.

Quasibound and quasinormal modes of a thick brane in Rastall gravity

In this work, we study the gravitational quasinormal modes of the thick brane in Rastall gravity. Using the asymptotic iteration and direct integration methods, we solve the quasinormal frequencies of the Rastall thick brane. We also obtained the waveforms of these quasinormal modes through numerical evolution. The results indicate that although the Rastall thick brane lacks a bound zero mode, when the Rastall parameter λ ≳ 0, a long-lived quasinormal mode appears. This long-lived quasinormal mode may restore the four-dimensional effective Newtonian potential on the brane on a large scale. This may provide a new perspective for the localization of gravity on thick branes, that a thick brane does not necessarily require the gravity to be localized, perhaps quasi-localized is sufficient.

Long-lived quasinormal modes and overtones’ behavior of holonomy-corrected black holes

Long-lived quasinormal modes and overtones’ behavior of holonomy-corrected black holes

Overview of fast particle experiments in the first MAST Upgrade experimental campaigns

MAST-U is equipped with on-axis and off-axis neutral beam injectors (NBI), and these external sources of super-Alfvénic deuterium fast-ions provide opportunities for studying a wide range of phenomena relevant to the physics of alpha-particles in burning plasmas. The MeV range D-D fusion product ions are also produced but are not confined. Simulations with the ASCOT code show that up to 20% of fast ions produced by NBI can be lost due to charge exchange (CX) with edge neutrals. Dedicated experiments employing low field side (LFS) gas fuelling show a significant drop in the measured neutron fluxes resulting from beam-plasma reactions, providing additional evidence of CX-induced fast-ion losses, similar to the ASCOT findings. Clear evidence of fast-ion redistribution and loss due to sawteeth (ST), fishbones (FB), long-lived modes (LLM), Toroidal Alfvén Eigenmodes (TAE), Edge Localised Modes (ELM) and neoclassical tearing modes (NTM) has been found in measurements with a Neutron Camera (NCU), a scintillator-based Fast-Ion Loss Detector (FILD), a Solid-State Neutral Particle Analyser (SSNPA) and a Fast-Ion Deuterium-α (FIDA) spectrometer. Unprecedented FILD measurements in the range of 1–2 MHz indicate that fast-ion losses can be also induced by the beam ion cyclotron resonance interaction with compressional or global Alfvén eigenmodes (CAEs or GAEs). These results show the wide variety of scenarios and the unique conditions in which fast ions can be studied in MAST-U, under conditions that are relevant for future devices like STEP or ITER.

Hyperbolic response and low-frequency ultra-flat plasmons in inhomogeneous charge-distributed transition-metal monohalides

Plasmon, the collective oscillations of free electron gas in materials, determines the long-wavelength excitation spectrum and optical response, are pivotal in the realm of nanophotonics and optoelectronics. In this study, using the first-principles calculations, we systematically investigated the dielectric response and plasmon properties of bulk transition-metal monohalides MXs (M = Zr, Mo; X = Cl, F). Due to the strong electronic anisotropy, MXs exhibit a broadband type-II hyperbolic response and direction-dependent plasmon modes. Particularly, local field effect (LFE) driven by the charge distribution inhomogeneity, significantly modifies the optical response and excitation spectra in MX along the out-of-plane direction. Taking into account LFE, the energy dissipation along the out-of-plane direction is almost completely suppressed, and an ultra-flat and long-lived plasmon mode with a slow group velocity is introduced. This finding reveals the role of charge density in modifying the optical response and excitation behavior, shedding light on potential applications in plasmonics.

Delocalized nonlinear vibrational modes and discrete breathers in a body centered cubic lattice

Body centered cubic (bcc) lattice with nearest and next-nearest interactions described by the β-FPUT interatomic potential is considered. Exact dynamical solutions in the form of zone-boundary delocalized nonlinear vibrational modes (DNVMs) are analyzed. 31 such solutions are revealed from the analysis of only the symmetry of the bcc lattice. Frequency response of DNVMs for the case of soft- and hard-type anharmonicity is calculated. In the case of hard-type anharmonicity, four DNVMs have frequencies bifurcating from the upper edge of the phonon spectrum and growing with the amplitude. Various quasi-discrete breathers are obtained by superimposing localizing functions upon these DNVMs. Our work demonstrates a practical approach to finding quasi-discrete breathers in higher-dimensional lattices. The obtained spatially localized long-lived vibrational modes inspire the search for various discrete breathers in bcc metals.

Long-lived quasinormal modes and oscillatory tails of the Bardeen spacetime

Long-lived quasinormal modes and oscillatory tails of the Bardeen spacetime

Observation of Doppler shift modulated by the internal kink mode using conventional reflectometry in the EAST tokamak

In this paper we present a new experimental observation using a conventional reflectometry technique, poloidal correlation reflectometry (PCR), in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). The turbulence spectrum detected by the PCR system exhibits an asymmetry and induced Doppler shift during the internal kink mode (IKM) rotation phase. This Doppler shift is the target measurement of Doppler reflectometry, but captured by conventional reflectometry. Results show that the Doppler shift is modulated by the periodic changes in the effective angle between the probing wave and cutoff layer normal, but not by plasma turbulence. The fishbone mode and saturated long-lived mode are typical IKMs, and this modulation phenomenon is observed in both cases. Moreover, the value of the Doppler shift is positively correlated with the amplitude of the IKM, even when the latter is small. However, the positive and negative frequency components of the Doppler shift can be asymmetric, which is related to the plasma configuration. A simulated analysis is performed by ray tracing to verify these observations. These results establish a clear link between and IKM rotation, and are helpful for studying the characteristics of IKM and related physical phenomena.

From regular black holes to horizonless objects: quasi-normal modes, instabilities and spectroscopy

We study gravitational and test-field perturbations for the two possible families of spherically symmetric black-hole mimickers that smoothly interpolate between regular black holes and horizonless compact objects accordingly to the value of a regularization parameter.One family can be described by the Bardeen-like metrics, and the other by the Simpson-Visser metric.We compute the spectrum of quasi-normal modes (QNMs) of these spacetimes enlightening a common misunderstanding regarding this computation present in the recent literature.In both families, we observe long-living modes for values of the regularization parameter corresponding to ultracompact, horizonless configurations. Such modes appear to be associated with the presence of a stable photon sphere and are indicative of potential non-linear instabilities.In general, the QNM spectra of both families display deviations from the standard spectrum of GR singular BHs.In order to address the future detectability of such deviations in the gravitational-wave ringdown signal, we perform a preliminary study, finding that third generation ground-based detectors might be sensible to macroscopic values of the regularization parameter.

On the stability and deformability of top stars

Topological stars, or top stars for brevity, are smooth horizonless static solutions of Einstein-Maxwell theory in 5-d that reduce to spherically symmetric solutions of Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton theory in 4-d. We study linear scalar perturbations of top stars and argue for their stability and deformability. We tackle the problem with different techniques including WKB approximation, numerical analysis, Breit-Wigner resonance method and quantum Seiberg-Witten curves. We identify three classes of quasi-normal modes corresponding to prompt-ring down modes, long-lived meta-stable modes and what we dub ‘highly-damped’ modes. All mode frequencies we find have negative imaginary parts, thus suggesting linear stability of top stars. Moreover we determine the tidal Love and dissipation numbers encoding the response to tidal deformations and, similarly to black holes, we find zero value in the static limit but, contrary to black holes, we find non-trivial dynamical Love numbers and vanishing dissipative effects at linear order. For the sake of illustration in a simpler context, we also consider a toy model with a piece-wise constant potential and a centrifugal barrier that captures most of the above features in a qualitative fashion.

Photonic Bound States in the Continuum in Nanostructures.

Bound states in the continuum (BIC) have garnered considerable attention recently for their unique capacity to confine electromagnetic waves within an open or non-Hermitian system. Utilizing a variety of light confinement mechanisms, nanostructures can achieve ultra-high quality factors and intense field localization with BIC, offering advantages such as long-living resonance modes, adaptable light control, and enhanced light-matter interactions, paving the way for innovative developments in photonics. This review outlines novel functionality and performance enhancements by synergizing optical BIC with diverse nanostructures, delivering an in-depth analysis of BIC designs in gratings, photonic crystals, waveguides, and metasurfaces. Additionally, we showcase the latest advancements of BIC in 2D material platforms and suggest potential trajectories for future research.

Quasinormal modes and stability of higher dimensional rotating black holes under massive scalar perturbations

We consider the stability of six-dimensional singly rotating Myers-Perry black holes under massive scalar perturbations. Using Leaver's continued fraction method, we compute the quasinormal modes of the massive scalar fields. All modes found are damped under the quasinormal boundary conditions. It is also found that long-living modes called quasiresonances exist for large scalar masses as in the four-dimensional Kerr black hole case. Our numerical results provide a direct and complement evidence for the stability of six-dimensional MP black holes under massive scalar perturbation.

Discovery of enhanced lattice dynamics in a single-layered hybrid perovskite.

Layered hybrid perovskites exhibit emergent physical properties and exceptional functional performances, but the coexistence of lattice order and structural disorder severely hinders our understanding of these materials. One unsolved problem regards how the lattice dynamics are affected by the dimensional engineering of the inorganic frameworks and their interaction with the molecular moieties. Here, we address this question by using a combination of spontaneous Raman scattering, terahertz spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. This approach reveals the structural dynamics in and out of equilibrium and provides unexpected observables that differentiate single- and double-layered perovskites. While no distinct vibrational coherence is observed in double-layered perovskites, an off-resonant terahertz pulse can drive a long-lived coherent phonon mode in the single-layered system. This difference highlights the dramatic change in the lattice environment as the dimension is reduced, and the findings pave the way for ultrafast structural engineering and high-speed optical modulators based on layered perovskites.

Programmable Quantum Simulations of Bosonic Systems with Trapped Ions.

Trapped atomic ion crystals are a leading platform for quantum simulations of spin systems, with programmable and long-range spin-spin interactions mediated by excitations of phonons in the crystal. We describe a complementary approach for quantum simulations of bosonic systems using phonons in trapped-ion crystals, here mediated by excitations of the trapped-ion spins. The scheme enables a high degree of programability across a dense graph of bosonic couplings, utilizing long-lived collective phonon modes in a trapped-ion chain. As such, it is well suited for tackling hard problems such as boson sampling and simulations of long-range bosonic and spin-boson Hamiltonians.

Investigation of energetic ion losses induced by long-lived saturated internal mode with energetic particle diagnostics in the HL-2A tokamak

Several sets of energetic particle diagnostics, including a set of neutron flux monitoring systems, a solid-state neutral particle analyzer and a fast ion loss probe (FILP), have been used to investigate the energetic ion losses induced by the long-lived saturated internal mode (LLM) in the HL-2A tokamak. Clear experimental evidence for different levels of energetic ion losses induced by LLM, sawtooth and minor disruption has been observed. A numerical calculation for the evolution of neutron emissions was carried out with the FBURN code, and it shows that the neutron emission drop rate linearly increases with the LLM amplitude and no threshold perturbation amplitude exists, illustrating that the loss mechanism for LLM induced energetic ion loss is dominantly convective. In addition, measurement results of the FILP demonstrate that LLM tends to expel energetic ions with relatively low energy (keV) and high pitch angle (), and can suppress the prompt loss of energetic ions with high energy and low pitch angle to a certain degree. Furthermore, the physical process for LLM induced energetic ion loss can be explained by orbit calculations, which show that LLM induced lost energetic ions will transport from center to peripheral region first, and then get lost out of plasma. The experimental observations are successfully reproduced by calculations using the ORBIT code combined with both the NUBEAM code and the MARS-K code. The paper clearly describes the whole physical process of LLM induced energetic ion loss for the first time in the HL-2A tokamak.

Collective density fluctuations of strange metals with critical Fermi surfaces

Recent spectroscopic measurements in a number of strongly correlated metals that exhibit non-Fermi liquid like properties have observed evidence of anomalous frequency and momentum-dependent charge-density fluctuations. Specifically, in the strange metallic regime of the cuprate superconductors, there is a featureless particle-hole continuum exhibiting unusual power-laws, and experiments suggest that the plasmon mode decays into this continuum in a manner that is distinct from the expectations of conventional Fermi liquid theory. Inspired by these new experimental developments, we address the nature of low-energy collective modes and the particle-hole continua for different "solvable" lattice models of non-Fermi liquids that host a critical Fermi surface -- a sharp electronic Fermi surface without any low-energy electronic quasiparticles. We scrutinize theoretically the possible existence of a long-lived zero-sound mode, which is renormalized to the plasma frequency in the presence of long-ranged coulomb interactions, and its decay into the continuum over a wide range of frequencies and momenta. Quite remarkably, some of the models analyzed here can account for certain aspects of the universal experimental observations, that clearly lie beyond the purview of standard Fermi liquid theory.

Internal Kink Instabilities Driven by Poloidal Flow via Non-Resonant Excitation in Tokamaks

Non-resonant excitation due to plasma inertia may be dominant in inducing internal kink (IK) instabilities. Poloidal rotation can effectively modify plasma inertia and cause non-resonant excitation to occur. An extended dispersion relation including poloidal rotation is established to study the IK mode and the fishbone (FB) mode. It is found that in rotating plasmas, even for a stable IK mode (i.e., the perturbed potential energy of background plasma δWc is positive) and in the absence of energetic particles (EPs), poloidal rotation can drive the IK mode via non-resonant excitation. Moreover, the IK mode is easy to be driven by poloidal rotation in weak magnetic shear plasmas. Similar to toroidal rotation, when poloidal rotation frequency exceeds a threshold, the FB mode can transform into a branch of a non-resonant mode. The real frequency of the mode, being independent of the precessional frequency of EPs, is just equal to the poloidal rotation frequency. Thus, the non-resonant mode is characterized by the long-lived mode (LLM) observed in toroidal rotating plasmas. The critical gradient of the poloidal rotation profile plays a crucial role in causing the resonant mode to evolve into a non-resonant one; for instance, only for a very peaked poloidal rotation profile can the FB mode transform into the LLM. In addition, the diamagnetic drift frequency of thermal ions can stabilize the FB and the IK modes.

Exciting the long-lived Higgs mode in superfluid Fermi gases with particle removal

Experimental evidence of the Higgs mode in strongly interacting superfluid Fermi gases had not been observed until recently [Behrle et al., Nat. Phys. 14, 781 (2018).]. Due to the coupling with other collective modes and quasiparticle excitations, generating stable Higgs-mode oscillations is challenging. We study how to excite long-lived Higgs-mode oscillations in a homogeneous superfluid Fermi gas in the BCS-BEC crossover. We find that the Higgs mode can be excited by time-periodically modulating the scattering length at an appropriate amplitude and frequency. However, even for a modulation frequency below twice the pairing-gap energy, quasiparticles are still excited through the generation of higher harmonics due to nonlinearity in the superfluid. More importantly, we find that persistent Higgs-mode oscillations with almost constant amplitude can be produced by removing particles at an appropriate momentum, and the oscillation amplitude can be controlled by the number of removed particles. Finally, we propose two ways to experimentally realize particle removal.

Higher rank chirality and non-Hermitian skin effect in a topolectrical circuit

While chirality imbalances are forbidden in conventional lattice systems, non-Hermiticity can effectively avoid the chiral-doubling theorem to facilitate 1D chiral dynamics. Indeed, such systems support unbalanced unidirectional flows that can lead to the localization of an extensive number of states at the boundary, known as the non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE). Recently, a generalized (rank-2) chirality describing a 2D robust gapless mode with dispersion ω = kxky has been introduced in crystalline systems. Here we demonstrate that rank-2 chirality imbalances can be established in a non-Hermitian (NH) lattice system leading to momentum-resolved chiral dynamics, and a rank-2 NHSE where there are both edge- and corner-localized skin modes. We then experimentally test this phenomenology in a 2-dimensional topolectric circuit that implements a NH Hamiltonian with a long-lived rank-2 chiral mode. Using impedance measurements, we confirm the rank-2 NHSE in this system, and its manifestation in the predicted skin modes and a highly unusual momentum-position locking response. Our investigation demonstrates a circuit-based path to exploring higher-rank chiral physics, with potential applications in systems where momentum resolution is necessary, e.g., in beamformers and non-reciprocal devices.

First observations of confined fast ions in MAST Upgrade with an upgraded neutron camera

Spherical tokamaks are key to the successful design of operating scenarios of future fusion reactors in the areas of divertor physics, neutral beam current drive and fast ion physics. MAST Upgrade, which has successfully concluded its first experimental campaign, was specifically designed to address the role of the radial gradient of the fast ion distribution in driving the excitation of magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities, such as toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes, fish-bones and long-lived mode, thanks to its two tangential neutral beam injection systems, one on the equatorial plane and one that is vertically shifted 65 cm above the equatorial plane. To study the fast ion dynamics in the presence of such instabilities, as well as of sawteeth and neo-classical tearing modes, several fast ion diagnostics were upgraded and new ones added. Among them, the MAST prototype neutron camera (NC) has been upgraded to six, equatorial sight-lines. The first observations of the confined fast ion behavior with the upgraded NC in a wide range of plasma scenarios characterized by on-axis and/or off-axis heating and different MHD instabilities are presented here. The observations presented in this study confirm previous results on MAST but with a higher level of detail and highlight new physics observations unique to the MAST Upgrade. The results presented here confirm the improved performance of the NC Upgrade, which thus becomes one of the key elements, in combination with the rich set of fast ion diagnostics available on the MAST Upgrade, for a more constrained modeling of the fast ion dynamics in fusion reactor relevant scenarios.