Omega-3 Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Lipids at the plant–animal interface: a stable isotope labelling method to evaluate the assimilation of essential fatty acids in the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus

AbstractLinking production, transfer and subsequent bioavailability of nutritionally significant matter from phytoplankton to higher trophic levels is a fundamental aspect in understanding marine food webs. The plant–animal interface is of interest because of the highly variable transfer between producers and consumers, and the myriad of factors that influence it. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are dietary nutrients that are necessary for normal function in all consumers, yet it remains unclear how efficiently they are transferred through marine food webs. We introduced a 13C-labelled carbon source to the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina to quantify primary production of two omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We investigated transfer and assimilation efficiencies of these EFAs from phytoplankton to the calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus in an 8-day feeding experiment. We found low production of both EFAs in R. salina. Assimilation efficiencies of both EFAs ranged from 5 to 15% throughout the experiment, remaining slightly higher on average for DHA. This was mirrored in more efficient trophic transfer of DHA (up to 28%, compared to 13% for EPA). These results add to previously scarce experiments empirically quantifying the assimilation and transfer efficiency of EFAs in a basic marine planktonic food chain.

The composition and oxidative stability of vegetarian omega-3 algal oil nanoemulsions suitable for functional food enrichment.

Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCn3PUFA) nanoemulsion enriched foods offer the potential to address habitually low oily fish intakes. Nanoemulsions increase LCn3PUFA bioavailability, although they may cause lipid oxidation. The present study examined the oxidative stability of LCn3PUFA algal oil-in-water nanoemulsions created by ultrasound using natural and synthetic emulsifiers during 5 weeks of storage at 4, 20 and 40 °C. Fatty acid composition, droplet size ranges and volatile compounds were analysed. No significant differences were found for fatty acid composition at various temperatures and storage times. Lecithin nanoemulsions had significantly larger droplet size ranges at baseline and during storage, regardless of temperatures. Although combined Tween 40 and lecithin nanoemulsions had low initial droplet size ranges, there were significant increases at 40 °C after 5 weeks of storage. Gas chromatograms identified hexanal and propanal as predominant volatile compounds, along with 2-ethylfuran, propan-3-ol and valeraldehyde. The Tween 40 only nanoemulsion sample showed the formation of lower concentrations of volatiles compared to lecithin samples. The formation of hexanal and propanal remained stable at lower temperatures, although higher concentrations were found in nanoemulsions than in bulk oil. The lecithin only sample had formation of higher concentrations of volatiles at increased temperatures, despite having significantly larger droplet size ranges than the other samples. Propanal and hexanal were the most prevalent of five volatile compounds detected in bulk oil and lecithin and/or Tween 40 nanoemulsions. Oxidation compounds remained more stable at lower temperatures, indicating suitability for the enrichment of refrigerated foods. Further research aiming to evaluate the oxidation stability of these systems within food matrices is warranted. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Characterization of glycerophospholipid molecular species in muscles from three species of cephalopods by direct infusion-tandem mass spectrometry

More than 200 molecular species of glycerophospholipids (GP) including glycerophosphocholine (GPC), glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE), glycerophosphoserine (GPS), lysoglycerophosphocholine (LGPC), lysoglycerophosphoethanolamine (LGPE) and lysoglycerophosphoserine (LGPS), as well as 18 kinds of sphingomyelin (SM) were characterized by using a direct infusion-tandem mass (MS/MS) spectrometry method for lipids from the muscles of cephalopods Sepiella maindroni, Octopus ocellatus and Loligo chinensis for the first time. The majority of the GP molecular species contained long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Therefore, cephalopods can be a good possible source of dietary GP carrying n-3 LC-PUFA. The total lipids were composed of phospholipid (PL, 72.29–83.32 wt% of total lipids), cholesterol (12.70–23.60 wt% of total lipids), triacylglycerol (1.86–2.93 wt% of total lipids), diacylglycerol (0.15–1.09 wt% of total lipids), monoacylglycerol (0.06-0.18 wt% of total lipids) and free fatty acid (0.72–1.86 wt% of total lipids). For PL, phosphatidylcholine (44.47–62.30 mol%), phosphatidylethanolamine (22.57–39.08 mol%), phosphatidylserine (6.15–10.18 mol%), phosphatidylglycerol (0.68–3.11 mol%), phosphatidylinositol (2.41–7.15 mol%) and lysophosphatidylcholine (1.84–5.24 mol%) were detected. Furthermore, the total lipids from the muscles of cephalopods Sepiella maindroni, Octopus ocellatus and Loligo chinensis contained 41.80–50.02 mol% of saturated fatty acids, 11.53–21.54 mol% of monounsaturated fatty acids and 36.67–40.82 mol% of PUFA, whilst DHA (15.25–26.71 mol%) and EPA (6.29–16.57 mol%) were found to account for the majority of the PUFA. With these data presented, cephalopod muscle can be considered as a healthy food for humans.

A systematic review and analysis of long-term growth trials on the effect of diet on omega-3 fatty acid levels in the fillet tissue of post-smolt Atlantic salmon

Elucidating the specific effects of diet on the fatty acid composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), particularly health beneficial omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFA), remains an area of intense commercial interest given the increasing market restrictions placed on the supply of fishmeal and fish oil. The present study conducted a systematic review and subsequent analysis of published nutritional data from long-term growth trials using post-smolt Atlantic salmon to provide a summary of currently available information and to identify the most significant drivers of omega-3 levels in Atlantic salmon fillet tissue. Overall, there were relatively few studies which met the selection criteria and this had implications for further explanation of some results. Statistically significant regression models were generated for fillet DHA and fillet n-3 LC PUFA. Fish weight was a significant predictor in both models, and dietary 22:6n-3 (DHA) was an intuitive predictor of fillet DHA. Furthermore, dietary EPA and dietary 22:1 isomers were significant predictors of fillet n-3 LC PUFA.

Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Hormonal Profile and Ovarian Stromal Blood Flow in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Background: In Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) life style and dietary changes are recommended as the first line of management; however, the optimal nutritional management is not certain yet. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly long-chain (omega-3) PUFAs, is known to improve overall human health and its widely used in managing infertility, but its role in PCOS management is still uncertain. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess if omega-3 fatty acids supplementation for Polycystic ovary syndrome patients will have a positive effect on body weight, Hirsutism score, Menstrual cyclicity, hormonal status and Doppler flow to the Uterine and Ovarian stromal arteries.Study Design: A randomized prospective trial.Patients and Methods: A total of 67 patients with Polycystic ovary syndrome were randomized into two groups. Group I patients who received omega-3 fatty acid 1 gram daily capsules and group II patients who received no treatment for 3 months. Changes in weight, BMI, menstrual cycle length, modified Ferriman Gallway score, serum FSH, LH ,free Testosterone levels and Doppler of ovarian stromal and uterine arteries between baseline and the 3 months study period were compared between the 2 groups. Results: After 3 months supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid capsules, there was a statistically significant decrease in menstrual cycle length in the study group in comparison to the control group. Also, there was a statistically significant decrease in the pulsatility index (PI) of the uterine artery Doppler in the study group, but there was no change in the weight, BMI, ovarian stromal blood flow. Also, measures of FSH, LH and free testosterone did not show statistically significant changes for either group. Conclusion: Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation is effective in improving menstrual cyclicity and uterine artery blood flow in patients with PCOS and may be an helpful option for some patients with PCOS especially those who have defective endometrial receptivity and subsequent infertility or repeated miscarriages because of increased uterine artery resistance.

Dietary Oily Fish Intake and Frailty. A Population-Based Study in Frequent Fish Consumers Living in Rural Coastal Ecuador (the Atahualpa Project)

Oily fish are recommended as part of a healthy diet due to their high content of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), proteins, and other nutrients. There is preliminary evidence of beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFAs in the prevention of sarcopenia (a major component of frailty). In this study, we aimed to assess the relationship between dietary oily fish intake and a measure of frailty – the Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS) score – in community-dwelling older adults living in rural coastal Ecuador. A total of 363 Atahualpa residents were enrolled. The mean fish servings per week were 8.8 ± 5.2 and mean EFS score was 5 ± 2.8 points. A linear regression model showed no association between the amount of oily fish intake and EFS scores. However, an interaction model, with participants stratified according to their median age and fish intake in quintiles, showed a significant effect for both variables on the EFS score (ß coefficient = 0.104; 95% C.I.: 0.003–0.206; p = 0.044). At the lowest quintile of fish intake, younger individuals have lower EFS scores than their older counterparts. As the consumption of oily fish increases, mean EFS scores margins were found to be progressively reduced in subjects aged 60–69 years but were largely unaffected in persons aged ≥70 years. It appears that oily fish intake has a positive effect on the frailty status of younger subjects but is superseded by the effects of age in the older population.

Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins promote M1/M2 microglia polarization in a fatty-acid-dependent manner

Inhibiting M1 microglia phenotype while stimulating the M2 microglia has been suggested as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases. Our hypothesis is that the type of dietary fatty acids (FAs) into human postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) could modulate the plasticity of microglia. We isolated TRLs at the postprandial hypertriglyceridemic peak from blood samples of healthy volunteers after the ingestion of a meal rich in saturated FAs (SFAs), monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) or MUFAs plus omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated FAs. We observed that postprandial TRL-MUFAs enhance M2 microglia polarization, whereas postprandial TRL-SFAs made polarized microglia prone to an M1 phenotype. In addition, in contrast to dietary SFAs, dietary MUFAs primed for a reduced proinflammatory profile in the brain of mice fed with the different FA-enriched diets. Our study underlines a role of postprandial TRLs as a metabolic entity in regulating the plasticity of microglia and brings an understanding of the mechanisms by which dietary FAs are environmental factors fostering the innate immune responsiveness. These exciting findings open opportunities for developing nutraceutical strategies with olive oil as the principal source of MUFAs, notably oleic acid, to prevent development and progression of neuroinflammation-related diseases.

The NEURAPRO Biomarker Analysis: Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids Improve 6-Month and 12-Month Outcomes in Youths at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis

BackgroundNEURAPRO was a multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) (fish oil) in 304 individuals at ultra-high risk for psychotic disorders. The study failed to show benefits of n-3 PUFAs over placebo. Although the randomized controlled trial design is placed at the top of the evidence hierarchy, this methodology has limitations in fish oil randomized controlled trials, as not only is the test agent present in the intervention group, but also n-3 fats are present in the diet and the body tissue of all participants. MethodsAnalysis of biomarker data (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA], docosahexaenoic acid [DHA], n-3 index, EPA+DHA) collected as part of NEURAPRO was conducted on 218 participants with longitudinal biomarker data to determine if n-3 PUFAs measured in erythrocytes at baseline and month 6 predicted clinical outcomes. ResultsIncreases of the n-3 index, EPA, and DHA predicted less severe psychopathology and better functioning at both follow-up time points. Higher baseline levels and increases of n-3 index also predicted overall clinical improvement at month 6 (n-3 index baseline: adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 1.79 [1.30–2.48]; n-3 PUFA increase: adjusted odds ratio [95% CI] = 1.43 [1.16–1.76]) and at month 12 (n-3 index baseline: adjusted odds ratio [95% CI] = 2.60 [1.71–3.97]; n-3 PUFA increase: adjusted odds ratio [95% CI] = 1.36 [1.06–1.74]). ConclusionsThese data suggest that n-3 PUFAs can exert therapeutic effects in ultra-high-risk individuals. This finding has implications for early intervention and treatment guidelines, as n-3 PUFA supplementation can easily and safely be used in a wide variety of settings, from primary care to specialist services.

Long-chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Natural Ecosystems and the Human Diet: Assumptions and Challenges.

Over the past three decades, studies of essential biomolecules, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 family (LC-PUFAs), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), have made considerable progress, resulting in several important assumptions. However, new data, which continue to appear, challenge these assumptions. Based on the current literature, an attempt is made to reconsider the following assumptions: 1. There are algal classes of high and low nutritive quality. 2. EPA and DHA decrease with increasing eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. 3. Animals need EPA and DHA. 4. Fish are the main food source of EPA and DHA for humans. 5. Culinary treatment decreases EPA and DHA in products. As demonstrated, some of the above assumptions need to be substantially specified and changed.

Polyunsaturated fatty acid production by Yarrowia lipolytica employing designed myxobacterial PUFA synthases

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), particularly the omega-3 LC-PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been associated with beneficial health effects. Consequently, sustainable sources have to be developed to meet the increasing demand for these PUFAs. Here, we demonstrate the design and construction of artificial PUFA biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding polyketide synthase-like PUFA synthases from myxobacteria adapted for the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Genomic integration and heterologous expression of unmodified or hybrid PUFA BGCs yielded different yeast strains with specific LC-PUFA production profiles at promising yield and thus valuable for the biotechnological production of distinct PUFAs. Nutrient screening revealed a strong enhancement of PUFA production, when cells were phosphate limited. This represents, to the best of our knowledge, highest concentration of DHA (16.8 %) in total fatty acids among all published PUFA-producing Y. lipolytica strains.

Interaction between dietary fatty acids and genotype on immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after vaccination: A transcriptome study.

A pivotal matter to aquaculture is the sourcing of sustainable resources as ingredients to aquafeeds. Levels of plant delivered oils as source of fatty acids (FA) in aquafeeds have reached around 70% resulting in reduced levels of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in salmon fillet composition. EPA and DHA can modulate inflammation and immune response, so it is crucial to understand how fish immune response is affected by low LC n-3 PUFA diet and if this diet can have a detrimental effect on vaccine response. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) can produce EPA/DHA from α-linolenic acid (ALA) and this endogenous capacity can be explored to develop families with higher tolerance to low LC n-3 PUFA diets. Here we analyze innate and adaptive immune response in Atlantic salmon to a commercial vaccine after being fed low levels of EPA and DHA, and we also compare three strains of salmon selected by their endogenous capacity of synthesizing LC- n-3 PUFA. A total of 2,890 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified (p-value adjusted < 0.1) when comparing vaccinated fish against control non-vaccinated. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG analysis with 442 up/downregulated genes revealed that most DEGs were both related to immune response as well as part of important immune related pathways, as “Toll-like receptor” and “Cytokine-Cytokine interaction”. Adaptive response was also addressed by measuring antigen specific IgM, and titers were significantly higher than in the pre-immune fish at 62 days post-immunization. However, diet and strain had no/little effect on vaccine-specific IgM or innate immune responses. Atlantic salmon therefore display robustness in its response to vaccination even when feed low levels of LC n-3 PUFA.

Effects of Nutritional Supplements and Dietary Interventions on Cardiovascular Outcomes: An Umbrella Review and Evidence Map.

The role of nutritional supplements and dietary interventions in preventing mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes is unclear. To examine evidence about the effects of nutritional supplements and dietary interventions on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in adults. PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library from inception until March 2019; ClinicalTrials.gov (10 March 2019); journal Web sites; and reference lists. English-language, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses of RCTs that assessed the effects of nutritional supplements or dietary interventions on all-cause mortality or cardiovascular outcomes, such as death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Two independent investigators abstracted data, assessed the quality of evidence, and rated the certainty of evidence. Nine systematic reviews and 4 new RCTs were selected that encompassed a total of 277 trials, 24 interventions, and 992129 participants. A total of 105 meta-analyses were generated. There was moderate-certainty evidence that reduced salt intake decreased the risk for all-cause mortality in normotensive participants (risk ratio [RR], 0.90 [95% CI, 0.85 to 0.95]) and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive participants (RR, 0.67 [CI, 0.46 to 0.99]). Low-certainty evidence showed that omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) was associated with reduced risk for myocardial infarction (RR, 0.92 [CI, 0.85 to 0.99]) and coronary heart disease (RR, 0.93 [CI, 0.89 to 0.98]). Folic acid was associated with lower risk for stroke (RR, 0.80 [CI, 0.67 to 0.96]; low certainty), whereas calcium plus vitamin D increased the risk for stroke (RR, 1.17 [CI, 1.05 to 1.30]; moderate certainty). Other nutritional supplements, such as vitamin B6, vitamin A, multivitamins, antioxidants, and iron and dietary interventions, such as reduced fat intake, had no significant effect on mortality or cardiovascular disease outcomes (very low- to moderate-certainty evidence). Suboptimal quality and certainty of evidence. Reduced salt intake, omega-3 LC-PUFA use, and folate supplementation could reduce risk for some cardiovascular outcomes in adults. Combined calcium plus vitamin D might increase risk for stroke. None.

Intakes of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and non-fried fish in relation to incidence of chronic kidney disease in young adults: a 25-year follow-up.

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing rapidly in many countries and has become a major public health concern. Although intakes of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCω3PUFA) and its food source-fish-may have renal protective effects, little is known about the longitudinal association between these dietary factors and CKD incidence. A total of 4133 healthy individuals of black and white race aged 18-30 at baseline (1985-1986) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study were enrolled and followed up over 25years. LCω3PUFA and fish intake were assessed by an interview-based dietary history questionnaire at baseline, year 7 (1992-1993) and 20 (2005-2006). Four hundred and eighty-nine incident cases of CKD were identified. After adjustment for potential confounders, LCω3PUFA intake was inversely associated with CKD incidence [HR = 0.73 (95% CI 0.60-0.89), P = 0.002, with one standard division (0.19g/day) increment in LCω3PUFA]. This inverse association was persisted among females [0.64 (95% CI 0.48, 0.84; P = 0.002], but not males (Pinteraction = 0.070). A marginal significant inverse association was also found between non-fried fish consumption and CKD incidence (HR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.73, 1.01; P = 0.073). Dietary LCω3PUFA intake was inversely associated with incidence of CKD among American young adults over 25years of follow-up. The suggestive evidence of the inverse association between non-fried fish consumption with CKD incidence needs further confirmation.

Heterotrophic Aurantiochytrium sp. supplementation to layer diets sustainably increases the omega-3 concentration of eggs

ABSTRACT1. The consumption of adequate amounts of the long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) has been associated with beneficial effects on human health. Eggs are commonly consumed worldwide, and their omega-3 content can be easily altered by changing the diets of laying hens and so represent an important target for enrichment.2. In this study, the effect of supplementing laying hens with DHA-rich, Aurantiochytrium limacinum at three different inclusion levels was investigated over a 24-week period.3. Significant increases in egg DHA concentrations were observed after four weeks and were maintained for the duration of the 24-week study. The supplemented eggs in the current study had a DHA content of 82, 101, and 129 mg/yolk when supplemented with 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% treatments, respectively, which meets the EU criteria to be considered ‘high in omega-3ʹ.4. Using the sustainably grown protist Aurantiochytrium limacinum to supplement layer diets increased the egg DHA concentration and decreased the n-6/n-3 ratio, improving the nutritional value of the eggs for human consumers.

Omega-3 Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Meta-analysis.

Previous studies have suggested that intervention with omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (N-3 LCPUFAs), especially docosahexaenoic acid, can reduce the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. However, conflicting results have been reported. We conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the effect of intervention with N-3 LCPUFAs on the incidence of BPD in preterm infants. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for articles published from database inception to October 1, 2018. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which the effect of intervention with N-3 LCPUFAs on the incidence of BPD was examined. Two independent authors conducted the literature search and data extraction. The risk ratio was determined, and subgroup analyses were performed. After applying the inclusion criteria, 14 RCTs with 3531 preterm infants were included in the study. Intervention with N-3 LCPUFAs revealed no significant effect on the incidence of BPD in preterm infants (risk ratio: 0.99; 95% confidence interval: 0.84-1.18; Z = 0.08; P = .93). Our secondary subgroup analysis, which was stratified by gestational age, birth weight, dosage of docosahexaenoic acid, and duration of intervention, also revealed no significant effects. The populations, protocols, and pharmaceutical ingredients of N-3 LCPUFAs vary among the included RCTs. The results of our meta-analysis indicate that intervention with N-3 LCPUFAs cannot prevent BPD in preterm infants. These findings provide no support for intervention with N-3 LCPUFAs in preterm infants.

Erythrocyte Long Chain Omega 3 Fatty Acids Are Associated with Higher Lean Mass in Postmenopausal Women Newly Diagnosed with Breast Cancer (P05-024-19)

ObjectivesCancer contributes to adverse changes in body composition that may increase risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Skeletal muscle is a main driver of cardiometabolic health. We hypothesize that higher intake of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3PUFAs) is associated with muscle health. This study evaluates whether LCn3PUFA exposure assessed in diet and in blood is associated with markers of muscle health in women with breast cancer. MethodsThis is a cross-sectional analysis evaluating LCn3PUFA exposure and markers of muscle health in women (N = 150) prior to treatment for breast cancer. Exposure to LCn3PUFAs was assessed by a diet history questionnaire (DHQ), a question specifically about supplement usage and biomarker of LCn3PUFAs in red blood cells (RBC). Body composition were measured at the same visit using dual x-ray absorptiometry. Linear regression models were used to test for associations. Results13% (N = 19) of women reported using fish oil supplements (e.g., Supplement Users) and had significantly higher levels of RBC LCn3PUFAs than Supplement Non-users. In Supplement Non-users, there was a positive association between reported dietary exposure by DHQ and RBC LCn3PUFA levels. The n3 index (e.g., sum of RBC EPA + DHA) and DHA (22:6n3) were positively associated with appendicular lean mass/BMI. There were no significant correlations between RBC LCn3PUFAs with grip strength and or other measurements of body composition. ConclusionsAs a biomarker of intake, RBC LCn3PUFAs are positively associated with appendicular lean mass, a measure of skeletal muscle mass. A future study should prospectively evaluate whether higher LCn3PUFA exposure (as measured in blood) is associated with maintaining better muscle health during and following cancer treatment. Funding SourcesFunding was provided by the National Cattleman’s Beef Association, NIH (JKG) CA186720, Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center and the Carol S. Kennedy Professorship.

1583-P: Intake of Fish and Related Nutrients in Association with Obesity in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)

Although cardiovascular risk and mortality increases in the presence of comorbid obesity among patients with T2D while fish intake is known to decrease such risks, the association between obesity and fish intake is only poorly understood. Thus, we aimed to clarify these possible associations, including the effects of fish-related nutrients. Analyzed were 1891 Japanese patients with T2D (mean age, 62 y; men, 62%) who completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire. BMI&amp;gt;25 was defined as obesity. Associations between obesity and intake of fish and related nutrients were analyzed by quintiles. Vitamin B12 (VB12) (correlation coefficient, 0.97), vitamin D (VD) (0.94), and long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3) (0.74) were significantly and potently associated with fish intake. Odds ratio (OR) for obesity was significantly decreased to approximately 0.6 in patients in Q4 (men, 80-108g; women, 77-103g) and Q5 (&amp;gt;108g; &amp;gt;103g) of fish intake compared to Q1 (&amp;lt;37g; &amp;lt;40g) (Table). Intake of all three nutrients showed significant inverse trends with obesity, as did fish intake. Results were unchanged even after additional adjustment by use of medications, including insulin. Dietary instructions for daily fish intake of ≥100g could be provided to decrease the risk of obesity in Japanese patients with T2D. Underlying mechanisms via the related nutrients examined await further investigation. Disclosure M. Hatta: None. K. Fujihara: None. Y. Matsubayashi: None. Y. Takeda: None. R. Nedachi: None. D. Ishii: None. C. Horikawa: None. N. Kato: None. H. Maegawa: Research Support; Self; Antares Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme Corp., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. H. Sone: Research Support; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Kowa Pharmaceutical Europe Co. Ltd., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk Inc., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Teijin Pharma Limited.

Associations and effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cognitive function and mood in healthy adults: a protocol for a systematic review of observational and interventional studies

IntroductionThe association between long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), brain health, cognitive function and mood has been the subject of intensive research. Marine-derived omega-3 PUFAs, such as docosahexaenoic acid and...

The NEURAPRO Biomarker Analysis: Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids Improve 6-Month and 12-Month Outcomes in Youth at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis

Background: NEURAPRO was a multicenter, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial RCT of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) ('fish oil') therapy provided for 6 months in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychotic disorders, followed by an additional 6-month follow-up period. The study was conducted in 10 specialized early psychosis treatment services in Australia, Asia, and Europe, in 304 participants who received either n-3 PUFA together with cognitive behavioral case management (CBCM) or placebo with CBCM. In the intention to treat analysis, NEURAPRO failed to replicate findings of a previous single-center study. Although the RCT design is placed at the top of the evidence hierarchy, this methodology has limitations in fish oil RCTs, since the test agent is not only present in the intervention group but n-3 PUFA are present in the diet and in the body tissue of all participants, potentially influencing outcomes. Methods: We conducted a biomarker analysis in NEURAPRO participants to determine if n-3 PUFA (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA; docosahexaenoic acid, DHA; n-3 index; EPA+DHA) levels measured in erythrocyte membranes at baseline and at month 6 (end-of supplementation) predicted clinical outcomes 6 and 12 months after study entry in the participants irrespective of their original treatment group allocation in the trial. Findings: Of the 304 participants, 285 (94%) had biomarker data at baseline and 218 (72%) participants had biomarker data at baseline and a subsequent time point (209 at month 6; 9 at transition to psychosis). Increases of the n-3 index, EPA and DHA consistently predicted less severe psychopathology and better functioning at both follow-up time points. Higher baseline levels and increases of the n-3 index also predicted overall clinical improvement at month 6 (n-3 index baseline: adjusted odds ratio (95%CI)=1.79 (1.30-2.48); n-3 PUFA increase: adjusted odds ratio (95%CI)=1.43 (1.16-1.76) and at month 12 (n-3 index baseline: adjusted odds ratio (95%CI)=2.60 (1.71-3.97); n-3 PUFA increase: adjusted odds ratio (95%CI)=1.36 (1.06-1.74). The transition to psychosis rate was lower than expected in this study (5.0% at month 6; 10.1% at month 12). No association was observed between n-3 PUFA measures and transition to psychosis. Interpretation: These data suggest that n-3 PUFA can exert protective and therapeutic effects in UHR individuals. This finding may have implications for early intervention and clinical treatment guidelines since n-3 PUFA supplementation can easily and safely be used in a wide variety of settings, from primary care to specialist services. Trial Registration: The trial was registered at the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ID 12608000475347). Funding Statement: This work was supported by grant 07TGF-1102 from the Stanley Medical Research Institute, grant 566529 from the NHMRC Australia Program (Drs McGorry, Hickie, and Yung, and Amminger), and a grant from the Colonial Foundation. Drs Amminger and Yung were supported by NHMRC Senior Research Fellowships 1080963 and 566593, respectively; and Dr Nelson was supported by NHMRC Career Development Fellowship 1027532. Dr McGorry was supported by Senior Principal Research Fellowship 1060996 from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC). Declaration of Interests: Drs Amminger, Hickie, Yung, and Nelson have received National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) funding. Dr McGorry reported receiving grant funding from National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression and unrestricted research funding from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, Pfizer, and Novartis, as well as honoraria for educational activities with AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Roche, and the Lundbeck Institute. No other conflicts were reported. Ethics Approval Statement: The National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) National Statement on Human Research was adhered to and appropriate ethical approval was obtained by each site (Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne Health Research Ethics Committee; Sydney, Australia: Sydney South West Area Health Service Ethics Review Committee; Basel, Switzerland: Ethics Commission for Basel; Zurich, Switzerland: Cantonal Ethics Commission Zurich; Jena, Germany: University Clinic Jena Ethics Commission; Copenhagen, Denmark: Capital Region Research Ethics Committee; Hong Kong: Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster; Vienna, Austria: Medical University of Vienna Ethics Commission; Singapore: National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board; and Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Academic Medical Centre Medical Ethics Committee). Written informed consent was obtained for those younger than 17 years, parental or guardian consent was sought. Participants received financial compensation.

Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake in Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder.

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) play a central role in neuronal growth and in the development of the human brain, and a deficiency of these substances has been reported in children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). In this regard, supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is used as adjuvant therapy in ADHD. Seafood, particularly fish, and some types of nuts are the main dietary sources of such fatty acids in the Spanish diet. In order to assess the effect of the intake of common foods containing high amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a food frequency questionnaire was administered to parents of children with ADHD (N = 48) and to parents of normally developing children (control group) (N = 87), and the intake of dietary omega-3 LC-PUFA, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), was estimated. Children with ADHD consumed fatty fish, lean fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and chicken eggs significantly less often (p < 0.05) than children in the control group. The estimated daily omega-3 LC-PUFA intake (EPA + DHA) was significantly below that recommended by the public health agencies in both groups, and was significantly lower in children with ADHD (p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.45) compared to normally developing children. Dietary intervention to increase the consumption of fish and seafood is strongly advised and it is especially warranted in children with ADHD, since it could contribute to improve the symptoms of ADHD.