Long-chain Aliphatic Amines Research Articles

Novel Thermotropic Mesophases of Copper Complexes with Long-Chain Aliphatic Amines

Abstract A novel class of liquid crystalline complexes was prepared by the interaction of copper nitrate with long-chain primary amines (such as octyl-, decyl-, dodecyl- and octadecylamine) or with the secondary didodecylamine. Analysis has shown that primary amines form tetracoordinated complexes, whereas, with the secondary one the ratio of copper to ligand was 1:2. The mesomorphic phase behavior of the complexes was established by optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry and it was found to depend, as expected, on the amine employed for their synthesis. Further work with X-ray diffraction and other techniques is in progress for a more complete identification of these new mesophases.

The relaxation processes of several long-chain aliphatic ketones and amines in glassy media

The dielectric absorption of 2-alkanones (CH 3(CH 2) n COCH 3) (where n = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16) and 1-aminoalkanes (CH 3(CH 2) n NH 2) (where n = 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11) has been studied in a polystyrene matrix between 80 and 300 K in the frequency range 10–10 5 Hz. 2-alkanone with n = 8 has also been examined in polyphenylether, glassy o-terphenyl and a polypropylene matrix. For both series two sets of absorption peaks were obtained, one around 80–150 K and the other in approximately the 170–300 K region. The lower-temperature absorption can be accounted for by a model involving segmental motion about the CC bonds with consequent displacement of the polar end group. The enthalpy of activation for this intramolecular motion is independent of whether the polar end group is -CH 2Br, -COCH 3, or -CH 2NH 2. The higher-temperature absorption may be ascribed to a molecular relaxation process.

Comparison of the relationships between the retention of dansyl derivatives of aliphatic amines and eluent composition for normal-and reversed-phase liquid-solid TLC systems

Dansyl derivatives of four long-chain primary aliphatic amines and five secondary aliphatic amines were chromatographed in two adsorption systems: heptane+diisopropyl ether — silica and water+methanol — octadecyl cilica. In the normal-phase system RM (log k′) values were approximately linearly dependent on the log concentration of diisopropyl ether in the eluent; the separation selectivity of dansyl C8−C12 primary amines was poor. For the reversed-phase system the derivatives of both primary and secondary amines were well separated, the log k′ values being linearly dependent on per cent concentration of methanol in the eluent.

Gellants for Control of Petroleum Spills on Water

By adding appropriate amounts of a gelling agent, Hercules Inc.'s Amine D (mixture of long-chain aliphatic amines) mixed with 15% ethanol and 15% benzyl alcohol, and small amounts of solid carbon dioxide, liquid hydrocarbon materials spilled on water in laboratory experiments simulating small offshore petroleum spills were converted into gels which could be removed by skimming. The strengths of the gels formed at 25/sup 0/C in fresh water, which were hydrocarbon-specific at low gelling agent/hydrocarbon volume ratios (X), rapidly increased with increasing x but tended to approach the same maximum value at X 0.15:1-0.20:1 with all materials tested, except for pentane, which formed only weak gels. The gel strengths descreased with increasing temperature (10-40/sup 0/C) and were lower in salt water, especially at low X. The optimum concentrations (X) of gelling agent at 25/sup 0/C were 0.1:1 for Avgas 145, 0.1:1-0.12:1 for cyclohexane, 0.12:1 (in fresh water) or 0.18:1 (in salt water) for No. 2 fuel oil, 0.12:1 for isooctane, and 0.18:1 for pentane.

Rapid direct determination of trace amounts of salicylic acid in deproteinized serum by means of high-pressure liquid--liquid chromatography.

A simple method for the quantitative analysis of salicylic acid in blood serum is described. A liquid--liquid chromatographic system, consisting of a long-chain aliphatic amine as the stationary phase and dilute aqueous perchloric acid as the mobile phase, enables the direct injection of deproteinized serum into the system. No change in the chromatographic properties of the system was noticed after 2000 injections of deproteinized serum. Quantitative analysis is possible using peak area or peak height measurements. The method has a high precision: relative standard deviations of 0.4% and 5% are found for samples containing 10 micrograms and 10 ng injected salicylic acid respectively. The detection limit is found to be about 1 ng slicylic acid, corresponding to 40 ppb salicylic acid in serum. Simultaneously administered drugs such as indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid, caffeine and phenacetin, and metabolites of salicylic acid do not interfere with the analysis. The time course of the concentration of salicylic acid in serum is demonstrated after oral administration of 1 g sodium-salicylate. The phase system was also found to be suitable for the analysis of salicylic acid in urine.

Ion-pair phase systems for the separation of carboxylic acids, sulphonic acids and phenols by high-pressure liquid chromatography

Liquid-liquid systems consisting of long-chain aliphatic amines as the stationary phase and aqueous solutions of acids as the mobile phase for the separation of acidic compounds by high-pressure liquid chromatography are described. Ion-pair formation and liquid-liquid distribution are involved in the distribution of acids in such phase systems. The influence of the type of amine, pH, type and concentration of the eluent acid, temperature and addition of methanol to the aqueous mobile phase on the retention and selectivity was investigated. The suitability of the phase systems for the separation of carboxylic and sulphonic acids and the unique possibilities of adjusting retentions were demonstrated with test mixtures of acidic compounds. Some applications of the phase systems in the analysis of aromatic carboxylic acids in clinical and forensic chemistry are considered.

Use of long-chain alkylamines for preconcentration and determination of traces of molybdenum, tungsten and rhenium by atomic-absorption spectroscopy—II: Molybdenum in soils, sediments and natural waters

Molybdenum is extracted as the thiocyanate complex with the quaternary long-chain aliphatic amine Aliquat 336 in chloroform, followed by evaporation of the solvent, dissolution in MIBK, and atomic-absorption spectroscopy. The method is simple, rapid and sensitive, with few interference problems for the determination of the Mo content of soils and sediments in the range 0·1–1·0 ppm with a relative standard deviation better than 5% when 1-g samples are used. Quantitative extraction from large volumes of aqueous solution has also been confirmed, allowing the determination of Mo in natural waters in the ppM range.

The thermal decomposition of the extracted complexes formed by uranyl chloride with long-chain aliphatic amines

The thermal decomposition of the extracted complexes formed by uranyl chloride with long-chain aliphatic amines

The extraction of zirconium(IV) from sulphuric acid solutions by long-chain aliphatic amines

The extraction of zirconium(IV) from sulphuric acid solutions with long-chain aliphatic amines has been investigated. Secondary amines are more efficient extractants for zirconium than tertiary amines; the efficiency increases with the chain length of the alkyl group and is reduced when the alkyl chain in the tertiary amine is branched. The organic solutions from the extraction by tri- n-octylamine (TOA) have been examined by i.r. and NMR spectroscopy and the mechanism of the extraction by TOA has been studied.

Lethal effects of aqueous formulations containing fatty amines or acids against eggs and larvae of Aedes aegypti.

Various aqueous ovicidal formulations, some of which pose minimum hazards for higher organisms, are described for use against Aedes aegypti (L.). These ovicides appear to attack mainly layers of the eggshell which resist water permeability, an attack which causes the egg to dehydrate and collapse under ambient conditions. Humidity effects were studied before and after treatment. Basic and acidic formulations containing both nonpolar and polar compounds were found effective against either dry or moist eggs exposed to ambient conditions after treatment. The basic mixture contained a nonpolar long-chain aliphatic amine such as octylamine emulsified in an aqueous solution of a polar compound such as ethanolamine or urea, and the acidic mixture contained a nonpolar fatty acid such as octanoic acid in aqueous polar mer-capto acid. Nonpolar compounds alone in water were ovicidal under special conditions. An emulsion of fatty acid in water was effective against eggs exposed to high humidity before or after treatment, and aqueous fatty amines were ovicidal for eggs exposed to high humidity after treatment. Fatty amines, ranging widely in chain length and polarity, were evaluated against both larvae and eggs, Relative larvicidal activities correlated roughly with ovicidal activities, The least larvicidal of these amines, 6-amino-l-hexanol, used at 0,6% in water with 0.1 % decyl alcohol and 6% urea, provided a good ovicide, Of all the ovicides tested, it is presumably the least hazardous to higher organisms.

Quantitative determination of water in tri- n-butyl phosphate nitric acid-organic diluent and long chain tertiary aminesnitric acid-organic diluent systems by gas chromatography

The purpose of this work is to describe a simple, rapid and precise method of determination of water contained in organic solutions of tri- n-butyl phosphate and long-chain aliphatic tertiary amines, in the presence of nitric acid. Such systems are today widely used for the recovery of uranium and plutonium from nitric acid solutions of spent nuclear fuels [1].

The extraction of thorium (IV) from sulphuric acid solutions by long-chain aliphatic amines

The partition of thorium (IV) between aqueous sulphuric acid solutions and organic solutions of long-chain aliphatic amines has been investigated. The organic phases have been examined by i.r. and high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The effect of amine structure and the mechanism of thorium extraction are discussed.

Thermal stability of long-chain aliphatic amine salts

Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis have been applied to the determination of the stability of chlorides, nitrates and bisulfates of some long-chain (at least eight carbon atoms per chain) primary, secondary and tertiary normal aliphatic amines. All compounds investigated are thermally stable at least up to their melting point. The decomposition is exothermal in all cases, and the weight-loss corresponds to a total vaporization of the salts. Some of the salts are sufficiently stable for use as metal extractants from molten salt media.

The extraction of uranium(VI) from sulphuric acid solutions by long-chain aliphatic amines

The partition of uranium(VI) between sulphuric acid solutions and organic solutions of long-chain aliphatic amines has been investigated, and an i.r. study has been made of the organic phases. The effects of amine structure and organic solvent and the mechanism of uranium extraction are discussed.

The extraction of thorium from nitric acid solutions by long-chain aliphatic amines

The partition of thorium between nitric acid solutions and solutions of long-chain aliphatic amines in benzene is described. The organic phase was examined by infrared spectroscopy. Tertiary amines are more efficient extractants for thorium than are secondary amines; the efficiency is enhanced when the alkyl chain is branched and is strongly influenced by the organic solvent used as diluent.

Extraction of cobalt (II) from hydrochloric acid solutions by long-chain aliphatic amines

Extraction of cobalt (II) from hydrochloric acid solutions by long-chain aliphatic amines

Extraction of uranium (VI) from hydrochloric acid solutions by long-chain aliphatic amines

Extraction of uranium (VI) from hydrochloric acid solutions by long-chain aliphatic amines

Surface Viscosity of Monomolecular Films of Long-Chain Aliphatic Amides, Amines, Alcohols, and Carboxylic Acids

Surface Viscosity of Monomolecular Films of Long-Chain Aliphatic Amides, Amines, Alcohols, and Carboxylic Acids

Extraction of uranium (VI) from nitric acid solutions by long-chain aliphatic amines

Extraction of uranium (VI) from nitric acid solutions by long-chain aliphatic amines

Determination of small amounts of long-chain aliphatic tertiary amines in aqueous solution

Determination of small amounts of long-chain aliphatic tertiary amines in aqueous solution