London Clubs Research Articles

Crime and punishment in Cote d'Ivoire

Falling commodity prices in Cote d'Ivoire's primary products (cocoa and coffee) and the resulting austerity measures imposed by the government as part of the structural adjustment measures demanded by the Paris Club, the International Monetary Fund, and the London Club along with the death of the first president of the country, Mr.Felix Houphouet-Boigny, turned the once peaceful country into a war zone. This paper examines the issues of crime and punishment in the years leading up to and during the civil war. Available information indicate that the “politics of exclusion” which followed the death of President Houphouet-Boigny led to ethnic hatred, ethnic cleansing, religious intolerance, xenophobic rhetoric, human rights violations, brutal rapes and other forms of sexual violence, armed robberies, and extra-judicial massacres. The government of Cote d'Ivoire should realize that bringing those responsible for these atrocities to justice, should be a priority.

Gender at Stake: The Role of Eighteenth-Century London Clubs in Shaping A New Model of English Masculinity

The English club, as an arena of exclusive male sociability, contributed to the refashioning of a new model of politeness, which did not posit refinement and masculinity as opposites. Some of the main aims of clubs were to preserve their members’ masculine identity and to reinforce their cohesion by developing a strong male affiliation network. The success of clubs in England enabled to establish a unique model of male sociability, proving that being an Englishman did not imply being unsociable and rough. The club was an exclusive social space, where a man can perform his masculinity through his activities, his conversations and his behaviour. The visibility of gender and social performance induced the respect and support of his fellow clubmen and could determine a man’s future social and political success. The eighteenth-century club thus played a crucial role in the process of gender identification and of social recognition. This article shows that masculinity was a social construction as well as a social performance. Being a man obeyed gendered norms, which corresponded to gendered social manners and practices. During the first half of the eighteenth century, the ideal of the gentleman served as a means to shape the Englishman’s masculine identity, but it revealed the limits and the paradoxes of politeness, thus questioning the French model.

De beginjaren 1923-1930 van De Letterkundige Kring, PEN-centrum voor Nederland

In 1923 a few leading Dutch writers took the initiative of founding a dining club, a private society of kindred spirits and their guests who regularly dine together and discuss their shared interests. The model for this Letterkundige Kring (Literary Circle) was the PEN Club in London, established two years previously, which was an association of Poets, Playwrights, Essayists, Editors and Novelists that endeavoured to set up a branch in every country in the world. To this end, the leaders of the London establishment – the chairman John Galsworthy and the founder Catherine Amy Dawson Scott, helped by her daughter Marjorie Watts – had approached several well-known literary figures in the Netherlands. Anyone who became a member of one PEN centre was automatically welcome in all the others. As one of the national PEN centres – by 1930 there were already 46, with a total of about 3000 members – this new Literary Circle endorsed the internationalist and pacifist thinking of the international PEN club: by offering hospitality to writers from all countries and actively bringing them together, the peoples they represented would by degrees be reconciled and even ultimately bring world peace within reach. This signified that the PEN club had an idealistic and, involuntarily, also a political agenda, even though it considered itself to be emphatically a-political. This article describes how The Literary Circle fared in its early years as the PEN Centre and analyses the role it played in the literary and cultural life of the Netherlands in the 1920s. The archives covering the early years of this Dutch section have largely been lost, but it has turned out to be possible to get a picture of that period on the basis of scattered archive items and reports in the press of the time. Like its mother organisation, the Dutch PEN centre was a fairly informal enterprise that was able to steer an independent course. It was from the very beginning headed by the poet P.C. Boutens. He was also the chairman of the Vereeniging van Letterkundigen (Literary Association) (1905), which concentrated mainly on protecting the material interests of writers. There was nonetheless never any cooperation between the two organisations. They were also very different in nature. Whereas the Vereeniging van Letterkundigen relied on the largest possible membership, De Letterkundige Kring deliberately limited the number of members. All that can be established is that 94 authors, many of them living in Amsterdam or The Hague, were members for varying periods in the early years. It was quite a select company, usually of older male literary figures, which one could only join by invitation. It was however possible for outsiders to more or less follow the comings and goings of both the Dutch section and those abroad in the national daily and weekly press, with which several members of the Kring were associated. One of the most important activities of the Dutch centre was the members’ dinners, to which they invited guests, the most famous of whom were Thomas Mann (in 1924) and Georges Duhamel (in 1926), both of whom were touring several PEN centres. By the same token, three prominent and active PEN members from the Netherlands – P.C. Boutens, Herman Robbers and Jo van Ammers-Küller – were received as guests of honour at distinguished PEN gatherings abroad. From 1925, Dutch writers were also able to extend their international network at the annual PEN congress, even though at that time they were still not playing any conspicuous part, either in numbers or contributions. A large part of these congresses was in fact devoted to entertainment, though serious issues were also dealt with. A lot of attention was naturally paid to the writer’s pacifist and internationalist task, but also to the intellectual and material circumstances under which he was best able to fulfil this task, such as copyright, freedom of expression and the interests of the translator. In the first few years social intercourse was the main business of the Dutch branch too. Its exclusiveness made it a somewhat inward-looking company, where young talent remained in the minority. Partly as a result of this, the dynamism of the club could have been greater, and this was not good for its reputation. But paradoxically enough, its internationalism meant that it did at the same time look outwards, which is one of the major reasons why it must have been attractive to many Dutch writers. In this way De Letterkundige Kring made an essential contribution to the internationalisation of literary life in the Netherlands.

Ramblin' Jack Elliott: The Never-Ending Highway (review)

Reviewed by: Ramblin' Jack Elliott: The Never-Ending Highway Chris Durman Ramblin' Jack Elliott: The Never-Ending Highway. By Hank Reineke. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2010. [xx, 397 p. ISBN9780810872561. $55.] Illustrations, bibliography, discography, index. Sometimes stories of "also ran" figures are more compelling than stories of "winners," and sometimes being an "also ran" is a sufficient accomplishment in itself. As [End Page 383] Hank Reineke tells, the life of American folk singer Ramblin' Jack Elliott is just that, the story of a man known to the larger public, if at all, more for his associations and friends than for his many accomplishments. Good friend to generations of American and British folk and roots musicians such as Pete Seeger, Ewan MacColl, Johnny Cash, The Grateful Dead, John Prine, and Emmylou Harris, Jack is most famous for his close friendship with his primary mentor, Woody Guthrie, and for the role he in turn played influencing a generation of musicians including Guthrie's son Arlo and Bob Dylan. Reineke, who assisted as a research consultant for Elliott's daughter, Aiyana Elliott, during the making of her documentary film The Ballad of Ramblin' Jack (2000), has written articles on American popular music for Aquarian Arts Weekly, East Coast Rocker, Blues Revue, and ISIS (the Bob Dylan Magazine). Ramblin' Jack Elliott: The Never-Ending Highway, Reineke's first book, traces Elliott—who was notoriously difficult to locate, let alone chronicle—throughout his life and long career. Reineke reveals that the book is built around the recordings Elliott made between 1954 and 2009 and that "there is purposefully little gossip or retelling of famously tall tales, real and apocryphal, to be found in this book" (p. xviii). While the book would have undoubtedly been made more colorful with the addition of more gossip and anecdotal Ramblin' Jack tales, Reineke, using hundreds of pre-existing articles and interviews, has written an engaging and comprehensive record of his life nonetheless. Ramblin' Jack's tale is the quintessential American story of a man who created himself in the image he wanted—an image that didn't necessarily correspond to the life into which he was born. Born Elliot Charles Adnopoz, Ramblin' Jack may have been the son of a Brooklyn surgeon, but he seems to have ridden straight out of the cowboy west. Reineke's biography begins appropriately at the 1940 World Championship Rodeo in Madison Square Garden, where interest in the cowboy was cemented into the nine-year-old Elliot Adnopoz. Fascination with the cowboy life would lead him to run away from home at age sixteen to join a traveling rodeo and to a life-long love of the rodeo, the cowboy life, and the songs of the cowboy. He taught himself to accompany his singing on guitar and at the age of seventeen landed right in the middle of the folk revival then burgeoning in Greenwich Village. Perhaps the American folk music scene was just very small at that time, perhaps it was particularly concentrated in New York, or perhaps Elliott was amazingly fortunate and persistent, but the list of American folk music and popular culture luminaries Elliott met there is simply amazing. The reader cannot help but be impressed by the wide range of celebrities Elliott meets and befriends throughout his life, and comparison is inevitable between Elliott and fictional characters who stumble through life bumping into great numbers of famous historical characters. By the time the nineteen-year-old Elliott met Woody Guthrie, he already knew many of the biggest names of the folk music revival. Through his friendship and apprenticeship with Guthrie, he came to know many more. Surprisingly, Elliott actually launched his career and may have left his most enduring legacy in Great Britain. Having arrived there with a new bride and the names of a few music contacts right at the height of the skiffle craze (roughly comparable to the American folk music revival), Elliott was soon making albums, singing in London clubs, and performing in the play The Big Rock Candy Mountain at the Theatre Royal in London's East End. His music appealed to many in Great Britain who were interested in American folk music, but "put off...

EI plan nuclear brasileño y la bomba atómica

The United States has voiced its opposition to the Brazilian nuclear plan. This would be based on the need to stop nuclear proliferation, preventing Brazil from being in a position to manufacture atomic bombs. In this paper, we argue that the Brazilian nuclear plan has nothing sinister, and on the contrary it responds to the strictest technical-economic rationality, and that the North American opposition is not due to the fear of proliferation but to causes of another nature, such as its interest in definitively establishing the nuclear cartel organized in the so-called London Club with the objective of exercising the most severe control over nuclear technology in the entire planet, regulating the production and trade of nuclear goods and services not only for hypothetical military purposes but primarily for commercial applications.

The rise in legal highs: prevalence and patterns in the use of illegal drugs and first- and second-generation “legal highs” in South London gay dance clubs

Aim: To assess the prevalence of use of established illegal psychoactive drugs and emergent psychoactive drugs, the so-called “legal highs”, amongst gay club-goers who are considered to be “early adopters” of drug trends.Design: Three in situ surveys were conducted in July 2010 with customers at two dance clubs (nightclubs) in an area known for its “gay-friendly” night time economy. The surveys assessed the prevalence of self-reported lifetime, past year, past month, fieldwork day use and planned use of illegal drugs and “legal highs”.Setting: This is a field study.Participants: The participants were 308 customers in two “gay-friendly” clubs in South London, United Kingdom.Measurements: Two-page research instrument was designed for in situ drug surveys.Findings: Our sample had higher rates of self-reported lifetime and recent use of established illegal drugs than the general population. Mephedrone emerged from near obscurity to become the most popular illegal drug in this survey, with 41% having taken it in the past month and 27% having either taken and/or planning to take it on the fieldwork night. Regarding second-generation “legal highs”, 11% of the sample had taken NRG-1 in the past month and 3% had taken and/or planned to take it on the fieldwork night.Conclusions: This survey suggests that the popularity of mephedrone surpasses other drugs, both legal and illegal, despite having been banned by the UK government prior to this survey being conducted. “Early adopters” of drug trends appear to be undeterred by the legal classification of emergent psychoactive substances. Given the global nature of the trade in “legal highs”, this study has implications for other countries where mephedrone use is emerging.

1744.1 "How Is It, Umpire?" The 1744 Laws of Cricket and Their Influence on the Development of Baseball in America

Last Monday afternoon, a match at cricket was play'd on our Common for a considerable Wager, by eleven Londoners, against eleven New Yorkers: game was play'd according to the London Method; and those who got most notches in two Hands, to be the Winners.1The earliest surviving laws of cricket are preserved on the edge of a handkerchief titled The Laws of the Game of Cricket. In small crowded text, the laws frame a picturesque scene of an early cricket match. batsmen wield archaic curved bats in front of two-stump wickets, the bowler is poised to release an underhand delivery, and two umpires stand on the field.2 Clearly modeled after one of cricket's most enduring paintings, Francis Hayman's Cricket in the Mary-le-bone Fields,3 the handkerchief also shows scorers with their tally sticks in the foreground.4 Eight and a half years later in November 1752, these same laws were typeset for the first time in the New Universal Magazine as The Game at Cricket, as settled by the Cricket-Club, in 1744, and play'd at the Artillery Ground, London. And finally, these same laws were printed in pamphlet form in 1755 as Game at Cricket, as Settled by the Several Cricket-Clubs, Particularly That of the Star and Garter in Pall-Mall.5From 1744-1755 the wording of the laws remained largely the same, apart from modernizing ye to the, and dropping the older practice of referring to the ball as she. Thus all three versions represent the first recognized laws of the game. While the laws themselves may not have altered, other changes are telling. titles, for instance, show a progressive adoption of this code, at least among London clubs. three different formats-from decorative handkerchief to London periodical to portable printed pamphlet- also reflect a growing desire to standardize the competitive game. 1755 pamphlet was clearly produced for distribution to those interested in a more regulated and formal game.These developments are of most interest to a baseball readership when compared to equivalent measures in baseball a century or so later. There are similarities. most obvious and fundamental is that the earliest laws of cricket, like their counterparts in baseball, are nowhere near sufficient to play the game from scratch; they simply prescribe a few elements (probably the ones most disputed) of an otherwise known custom of play.In September 1743, London's widely read Gentleman's Magazine was sourly critical of the increasing popularity of cricket, observing that noblemen, gentlemen and clergy had made butchers, coblers [sic] or tinkers their companions in the game.6 Newspaper references to the game are plentiful around this time even before its first laws were formalized. For example, in a great Cricket- Match, attended by the Prince of Wales in 1733, Surrey Men and 11 of Middlesex ... were very hard match'd: the Surrey Men beat only by three Notches.7 In another example, a great Cricket-Match in July 1740 between the Gentlemen of London and the Gentlemen of Chislehurst took place at the popular Artillery-Grounds.8 game was sufficiently familiar in 1738 for the London Daily Post and General Advertiser to describe Balls of Fat in a butchered sheep's caul as round like a Cricket-Ball.9In general, cricket in southeast England in the 1740s was far more uniform and more widely played than baseball was in America in the 1840s. Indeed it had been played by commonly accepted rules for decades. Why then did it take so long to codify the game formally?The signed Articles of Agreement by & between His Grace the Duke of Richmond and Mr. Brodrick for two cricket matches in 1727 provide a partial answer. This was a time when formally organized cricket matches, as opposed to village matches, were played on private enclosed fields. Wealthy patrons fielded a mix of gentlemen and paid talent (employees or recruits from local villages) and indulged in large wagers on the matches. …

London Clubs Management Ltdv.Revenue and Customs Commissioners

Gaming Law Review and EconomicsVol. 15, No. 1-2 CasesLondon Clubs Management Ltdv.Revenue and Customs CommissionersUpper Tribunal (Tax and Chancery Chamber)[2010] All ER (D) 123 (Nov); [2010] UKUT 365 (TCC)5 October 2010Published Online:20 Feb 2011https://doi.org/10.1089/glre.2011.15112AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View articleFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 15Issue 1-2Jan 2011 InformationCopyright 2011, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:London Clubs Management Ltdv.Revenue and Customs Commissioners.Gaming Law Review and Economics.Jan 2011.59-66.http://doi.org/10.1089/glre.2011.15112Published in Volume: 15 Issue 1-2: February 20, 2011PDF download

Shopping for answers from Marx and Spencer

Shopping for answers from Marx and Spencer

Taha Younis Hummadi

ambitious plans and developing programs. They resorted to international financial markets to borrow because of rarity of local financial resources for most of these countries. The theoretical justification was that external borrowing enhanced local saving. Until earlier of 1970s, the external debts of developing countries especially some Arab ones were few or relatively few. The debts were primarily (a formal phenomenon) and most debtors were foreign governments and international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund. The World Bank and regional developing banks. Most loans were granted as privilege (low interest), then they expanded to include many aspects. The intermediated and capital goods imports increased as well. That is why, the external indebtedness size during the above period was distinguished by the increase of developing countries needs especially some Arab countries to capitals for achieving developing projects which required a great deal of investment. That increased borrowing inquiries and resulted in the prominence of external indebtedness as well as increasing financial incidence to serve those debts remarkably. The size increase of external indebtedness accompanied by increase in these debts payments service exhausted a big ratio of local resources and consequently lead to weakening required aims fulfillment and vanishing a great deal of its exports earnings to serve its external debts then to the decline of its ability to import the requirements needed for the continuation of economic development process, and that lead to more inquiries of back payment. That resulted in the increase of external indebtedness size, so indebtedness problem became more dangerous and complicated and negative effects increased and lead to stop efforts of social and economic development. Then it deepened its dependence to debiting sides and exposed these countries to severe pressure targeted their political and economic abilities and severe monitoring and interference in internal affairs under the influence of their indebtedness increase. External indebtedness problem increase formed dangers that did not stop at social and economic limitations but they even exceeded that. That lead to exposing political decision making to more foreign pressure and interference, because the granting parties, whether from Paris or London club with International Monetary Fund and World Bank, will impose policies and programmes that the dependence of indebted countries to developed ones. The research aims at analyzing external indebtedness size to some Arab countries like Jordan, Syria and Lebanon during 1985-2005 and to state indebtedness influence extent on political decision making in these countries. It sets out from a hypothesis stating that external indebtedness size and direction in the Arab countries under discussion is increasing continuously and that lets it open to foreign interference in their internal affairs and then expose them to more political pressure that influence in one way or another the political decision making freedom.

Debt servicing and economic growth in Nigeria: an empirical investigation

In this study we reviewed and analyse the effect of external debt service payment practices on sustainable economic growth and development with particular emphasis on Nigeria. To achieve the objective of this research, we use debt payment to Multilateral Financial creditors, Paris club creditors, London club creditors, Promissory notes holders and other creditors (Non-Paris Creditors) as variables to statistically determine whether they have inverse relationship with gross domestic product (GDP) and gross fixed capital formation at current market prices (GFCF). Data pertaining to 1981 through 2004 were used with the ordinary least square multiple regression method. We found that debt payment to London club creditors, Paris club creditors, promissory notes holders and Other creditors have significant impact on the GDP and GFCF. Debt payment to Paris club creditors and debt payment to promissory notes holders are positively related to GDP and GFCF, while debt payment to London club creditors and Other creditors shows a negative significant relation to GDP and GFCF. We therefore recommend among others that government should ensure that any loan deal with either London club or Other creditors should be deal that will open Nigeria to greater trade and investment and can stimulate the private sector, since debt payment to these two creditors impact negatively on our economic growth. KEYWORDS: Debt Management, Creditors, Debtors, Gross Domestic Product

Lessons from Columbine: effective school‐based violence prevention strategies and programmes

On 20 April 1999, at Columbine High School in Colorado, two students, Eric Harris (aged 18) and Dylan Klebold (17), embarked on a massacre, killing 12 students and one teacher. The pair then committed suicide. The event provoked vigorous debate around topics such as the gun culture, bullying, violent video games, goth culture and teenage use of the internet and anti‐depressants. In nearby Boulder is the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, part of the University of Colorado. Del Elliott, a world‐renowned criminologist and sociologist, has been director there since 1993. Columbine was the catalyst for Del and a team of researchers, policy‐makers and practitioners to develop the Blueprints for Violence Prevention database of evidence‐based programmes. On 2 July 2009, Del gave the annual Social Research Unit, Dartington, lecture at the Commonwealth Club in London. This article is based on his talk.

Club Talk: Gossip, Masculinity and Oral Communities in Late Nineteenth‐Century London

Gossip is not only a guilty pleasure; it is also an important tool of social control. Nowhere is this more evident than in the nineteenth‐century gentlemen's clubs of London. This article looks at the private lives of elite men whose gossip helped shape class and gender ideals. Archival documents, private memoirs and periodical literature provide both an insider and outsider vision of a very private world. Looking at how men gossiped points to codes of gentlemanly behaviour, the importance of homosocial life, and the place of oral culture in a modern, literate age.

Eating behaviours and general practices used by Taekwondo players in order to make weight before competition

PurposeTaekwondo (TKD) is a weight‐classified combat sport. Athletes are required to make weight in order to compete in their chosen weight division. However, the weight management strategies that are often employed are frequently at the expense of nutritional health and sporting performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate eating behaviours and general practices used by Taekwondo (TKD) athletes in order to make weight before competition.Design/methodology/approachA total of 30 male, international and national, TKD athletes (average age: 23.4 years±4.6) were recruited from a known TKD Club in London, UK. Weight management behaviours, beliefs and attitudes were investigated with the use of a specially designed questionnaire.FindingsA total of 87 per cent of the TKD athletes surveyed stated that they would try to reduce body weight before competition to make weight classification and 47 per cent of the athletes reported that, in their effort to reduce weight, they would use a combination of restricting energy and fluid intake and increasing energy expenditure. A total of 80 per cent of the athletes stated that they would attempt to make weight on average six to nine times a year.Originality/valueFood and fluid restriction in combination with increased energy expenditure were the preferred methods of weight loss employed by TKD athletes in the sample.

Ruth Crawford Seeger's Worlds: Innovation and Tradition in Twentieth-Century American Music (review)

Reviewed by: Ruth Crawford Seeger's Worlds: Innovation and Tradition in Twentieth-Century American Music Beverley Diamond (bio) Ruth Crawford Seeger's Worlds: Innovation and Tradition in Twentieth-Century American Music. Edited by Ray Allen and Ellie M. Hisama. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2007. x + 297 pp., including discography, contributors, and index. The work of ruth crawford seeger is increasingly widely heard, studied, and known. The current volume was authored by a virtual who's who of those who have already brought her considerable scholarly and public attention in biographies (Hisama, Tick, Straus) and monographs on American musical modernism (Hisama, Oja, Straus) and the mid-twentieth-century folk music revival in the United States (Allen). Alongside these senior scholars are several from a new generation. As outlined in Carol Oja's foreword, the anthology grew out of the Ruth Crawford Seeger Centennial Festival (2001). Perhaps this event generated the feeling of a close-knit group, evident in the printed pages; authors are clearly in an ongoing conversation, an engagement with one another. Footnotes indicate that they have shared interview material, for instance. The originality of this compendium, as I see it, is twofold: first, its predominantly feminist perspective nuances the subject in significant and exciting new ways; second, it bridges the musicologies (as Crawford Seeger herself did) by giving her classical composition, music education, and folk music interests (nearly) equal attention. The organization of the book works well in this regard, with a fine overview by Judith Tick of the shifts in critical and scholarly representation of Crawford Seeger to begin and then a series of chapters that follow her changing interests approximately in chronological order, ending with two studies of her eldest children, Mike and Peggy. The volume's title signals that the "worlds" of the "cultivated" and "vernacular" that Crawford Seeger straddled will be the focus, arguably suggesting a sociohistorical approach. However, there is still a divide between the many approaches here with the studies of her compositions that are more heavily analytical [End Page 88] and those of her educational initiatives and folk music work that are more cognizant and probing of social contexts. What exactly are the feminist issues here? Editors Ray Allen and Ellie Hisama articulate the central one in their introduction: "Her efforts to traverse the male-dominated domain of modern composition and the female-centered worlds of children's folk music and teaching have inspired a new generation of scholars and critics to reexamine the complex dimensions of gender and cultural hierarchy in her work and in our larger society" (1). The structure of the male-dominated domains are articulated clearly, particularly in Melissa J. Graaf's exploration of gendered gate-keeping in the New York–based Composers Forum of the late 1930s. Sadly, we learn from Lydia Hamessley that many of the same attitudes persisted in the Critics Group of the Ballads and Blues Folk Club in London, which Ruth's daughter Peggy had to encounter decades later. Additionally, however, several authors, most explicitly Lyn Ellen Burkett and Taylor A. Greer, challenge the female-male as helpmate-muse model by revealing how complex the intellectual and artistic relationship between Ruth and her husband, Charles, was. Each contributed to the thinking of the other. Unequivocal demonstration (by Nancy Runhwa Rao in particular) of Ruth's influence on other American modernists, especially Elliot Carter, is a further means of dismantling the helpmate-muse gendering. On the other hand, Ruth's respect for and openness to the artistry of every musician she encountered also challenge the notion of "genius" embedded in the helpmate-muse binary. In the most personal account of the book, Bess Lomax Hawes speaks to this when she describes how Ruth respected the intent of the singers in her transcriptions, presenting an "unassailable on the record rendition" (151) of their performance without the "corrections" that many of her peers made when transcribing traditional performances. The Seegers' left-wing activism is referenced frequently, as one might expect in a feminist volume, and explored particularly in Hisama's "In Pursuit of Proletarian Music: Ruth Crawford's 'Sacco, Vanzetti'" and Jerrold Hirsch's "'Cultural Strategy': The Seegers and B. A. Botkin as Friends and...

Goldsmith and the Busy Body

AbstractAssessments of Goldsmith's contribution to the Busy Body have fluctuated widely. We examine the ten possible attributions, gathering evidence from verbal parallels, selected linguistic features, and measures of sentence-length, together with idiosyncrasies of vocabulary and syntax in the ‘doubtful’ essays themselves. We conclude that apart from the essay on London clubs, which he later acknowledged, only one piece can be attributed to Goldsmith with any confidence.

Nutrient intake and body composition in relation to making weight in young male Taekwondo players

PurposeThe purpose of the current study was to investigate the nutritional intake and body composition of Taekwondo (TKD) athletes during a two‐week period of weight management as they prepare to make weight classification for an international competition.Design/methodology/approachSeven male, 17‐28 years old, international TKD athletes were recruited from a known World Taekwondo Federation TKD Club in London. Habitual and pre‐competition dietary intake was assessed using a three‐day and a five‐day food diary, respectively. Body weight and percentage body fat (Holtain Calipers, seven sites) were measured at the beginning of the study and 24h before competition. Body weight was also measured on the day of competition.FindingsEnergy, total carbohydrate, calcium and water intakes were below recommendations for athletes, particularly, before competition and consumption of fat and salt exceeded recommendations. Compared with baseline, the two‐week weight management period induced a significant reduction in the athletes body weight (1.2 per cent, P<0.05), however, there was no significant reduction in percentage body fat which remained stable at a very low average of 3.2 per cent (±0.8). During the 24‐h prior to weigh‐in for competition, the athletes significantly reduced their body weight by a further 3.4 per cent (2.2kg, P<0.05). The dietary analysis showed that the athletes were consuming a sub‐optimal diet both habitually and pre‐competition, which may compromise their performance and short‐ and long‐term health.Originality/valueThere has been a distinctive lack of literature on nutritional studies conducted on TKD athletes. This paper helps to fill that gap.

Official Responses to Foreign Travel at the British Foreign and India Offices before 1914

Before 1914 several government departments dealt on a routine basis with Britons travelling worldwide. The contexts were extremely varied and ranged from royal travel to scientific discovery, to espionage and affected those undertaking private travel as well as those on official business. This study focuses particularly on the consular tour, on outrages committed against British travellers, and on the issue of travellers bearing arms, often for sporting purposes. By examining the administrative arrangements of the Foreign and India Offices for dealing with such issues it seeks to illuminate the way in which officials from these departments perceived the overseas. The shared assumptions that existed were, in part, inculcated in the leading public schools and universities and were reinforced in the gentlemen's clubs of London's West End and in various learned societies. This article explores a neglected aspect of the official mind at a time when assumptions of British pre-eminence were beginning to be challenged.

Sex, Leisure and Jewish Youth Clubs in Inter-War London

The inter-war years witnessed dramatic social and cultural change in London; higher wages, better transport and cheaper entertainments opened up commercial leisure to the masses; including second-generation Jewish adolescents. Both Jewish and gentile communal leaders feared that increased adolescent autonomy and regular interaction between the sexes during leisure time would heighten sexual awareness and experimentation. The Anglo-Jewish response was to use youth clubs to mould and control young people and their sexual identity. This article examines the extent to which leisure was responsible for increasing Jewish adolescent sexual precocity and how successful Jewish youth clubs were in controlling juvenile behaviour.

A Flight to Domesticity? Making a Home in the Gentlemen's Clubs of London, 1880–1914

I 1888 The Society Herald described the typical day of a young bachelor: “He breakfasts, lunches, dines, and sups at the club. He is always at billiards, which he doesn’t understand, he writes innumerable letters, shakes hands a dozen times a day, drinks coffee by the gallon, and has a nod for everybody. He lives, moves, and has his being within his club. As the clock strikes 1 a.m. his little body descends the stairs and goes out through the big front door like a ray of moonlight, and until the same morning at ten of the o’clock no human being has the slightest knowledge of his existence or his whereabouts.” For this man, as for hundreds of other upper-class men in London, clubland constituted an entire world. For thousands more, clubs formed the backdrop of their lives; in the middle of the city, clubs afforded private spaces dedicated to relaxation and camaraderie. Both married and single men regarded their club as a central part of their lives, functioning as a surrogate home. According to contemporary ideals, the family was supposed to act as the space of refuge from the chaos of the hectic modern world, and yet in the late nineteenth century clubs were taking over this essential role. John Ruskin’s classic definition of the home centered on its role as a shelter from the physical and emotional toils of the world. John Tosh notes that in