London Charter Research Articles

Virtual Archaeology as an Integrated Preservation Method

<p>This paper focuses on virtual archaeology as a scientific activity, that complies with the London Charter, as a sustainable activity, that complies with the UNESCO Charter on the Preservation of Digital Heritage, and as an integration activity to structure and preserve all related information.</p>

Propuesta para profundizar en La Carta de Londres y mejorar su aplicabilidad en el campo del patrimonio arqueológico

<p>The application of the computer-based visualisation to the field of comprehensive management of archaeological heritage has many possibilities. However, these possibilities may see their expectations dashed, if we don’t pay attention to the more theoretical part of the discipline. The London Charter has been a very important step forward in this direction but it is still possible to build on its principles and to increase their applicability conditions. In this sense this paper proposes that any project in the field of computer-based visualisation applied to the world's archaeological heritage should meet the following principles: interdisciplinary, purpose, complementarity, historical accuracy, authenticity, efficiency and transparency of science.</p>

Concerning the Paradox of Paradata. Or, “I don’t want realism; I want magic!”

<p>Traditional written historical investigation and analysis have from the beginning consisted of a sometimes unstable mixture of fact and conjecture, hard evidence and inspired imagination. To encourage 3-D modelling of cultural heritage artefacts to be taken seriously as historical scholarship this inevitable and ambiguous balance can be highlighted and to a significant degree documented and modulated by London Charter principles. This enhances the scholarly integrity of these models as examples of serious research based historical investigation, and helps avoid the dangers of inflated or unverified “media hype” which can compromise or discredit such work .</p>

'Judgment of the Law': Justice Robert H. Jackson and the Foundations of the London Charter

'Judgment of the Law': Justice Robert H. Jackson and the Foundations of the London Charter

Digital visualization as a scholarly activity

Thought processes are enhanced when ways are found to link external perception with internal mental processes by the use of graphic aids. Such aids range from scribbled diagrams to sophisticated linkages between thought, images, and text such as those employed by Leonardo da Vinci. These tools allow visual perception to be harnessed in the dynamic processes associated with the creation or discovery of new knowledge. Digital humanists are applying digital versions of these age-old tools in many areas of research, from the graphs generated by text analysis applications to virtual reality models of ancient buildings, methods known collectively as 'digital visualization'. This article begins with a brief review of the current application of visualization in the digital humanities before moving on to establish a context for digital visualization within 'traditional' humanities scholarship. This provides a context for an examination of what is required in order to ensure that digital visualization work is performed with identifiable intellectual rigour. The London Charter is used as a case study for a possible framework for the development of appropriate methods and standards. Digital visualization as a scholarly methodology is discussed and demonstrated as being part of a continuum of established academic practice rather than something that is in some way new, 'revolutionary', or lacking in rigorous scholarly value.

The Principle of Legality in International and Comparative Criminal Law Chapter 3: Nuremberg and Tokyo

This is a draft Chapter 3 of a book, Kenneth S. Gallant, The Principle of Legality in International and Comparative Criminal Law (Cambridge Univ. Press 2009). Chapter 3 covers World War II and the Nuremberg, Tokyo, and other post-War trials. It emphasizes the issues of legality/retroactivity that were raised during the War concerning war crimes and international prosecutions, and that were raised in the negotiations leading up to the London Charter. This chapter also focuses particularly on the French view of legality in the London negotiations and at Nuremberg and Tokyo - which has been far more influential than it has been given credit for being. The Chapter will also cover legality as dealt with by a number of different nations in the aftermath of World War II. The discussion of the Judgment focuses on the claim in the Judgment that nullum crimen was not a limitation of sovereignty or law-making authority at the time. It concludes that this was correct at the end of World War II - and one of the points of the book is that this is no longer so.

Hersch Lauterpacht and the Development of International Criminal Law

Hersch Lauterpacht (1897-1960) was arguably the last century`s most influential international lawyer. His work was based on an attack on sovereignty and embraced the domestic analogy - the view that there was no good reason to differentiate between the legal (and moral) principles applicable in the domestic and the international realm. This applied likewise (and perhaps above all) to principles of criminal responsibility. From 1940 onwards, Lauterpacht argued that the defence of superior orders was no longer good law - a view that found its way eventually to the British Military Manual. In 1944, he published the first article on the coming war-crimes trial. Lauterpacht was also instrumental in the insertion of the notion of `crimes against humanity` in the London Charter. He went to Nuremberg and parts of the speeches of the British Special Prosecutor, Hartley (later Lord) Shawcross, came from his pen. Lauterpacht`s writings embody much of the ethos of present-day international criminal law. Their strengths and weaknesses continue to account for much of the debate over the politics of war-crime trials today.

Hersch Lauterpacht and the Development of International Criminal Law

Hersch Lauterpacht (1897-1960) was arguably the last century`s most influential international lawyer. His work was based on an attack on sovereignty and embraced the domestic analogy - the view that there was no good reason to differentiate between the legal (and moral) principles applicable in the domestic and the international realm. This applied likewise (and perhaps above all) to principles of criminal responsibility. From 1940 onwards, Lauterpacht argued that the defence of superior orders was no longer good law - a view that found its way eventually to the British Military Manual. In 1944, he published the first article on the coming war-crimes trial. Lauterpacht was also instrumental in the insertion of the notion of `crimes against humanity` in the London Charter. He went to Nuremberg and parts of the speeches of the British Special Prosecutor, Hartley (later Lord) Shawcross, came from his pen. Lauterpacht`s writings embody much of the ethos of present-day international criminal law. Their strengths and weaknesses continue to account for much of the debate over the politics of war-crime trials today.

Putative Threat to National Security as a Nuremberg Defense for Genocide

Otto Ohlendorf, SS group leader and Lieutenant General of Police, director of the Reich Security Main Office that was responsible for domestic intelligence and public opinion analysis, and lawyer and economist, was the best- known defendant in the subsequent Nuremberg trial of the Einsatzgruppen commanders (case 9) for the mass murder of Jews and others in the rear areas of the invading German armies during the first two years of the Russian campaign. Having admitted, as a witness in the precedent trial before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg, that his Einsatzgruppe D operating in the southern Ukraine during one short year under his command executed some 90 thousand Jews and other civilians, Ohlendorf could not deny the charges, particularly because almost daily detailed con temporary Einsatzgruppen reports were submitted in evi dence. Nor could he claim "superior orders" because the IMT (London) Charter ruled out such a defense, except as miti gation. Ohlendorf and some of his fellow defendants in the same case contended that they were convinced at the time that Soviet Jewry was a mainstay of bolshevism and therefore constituted a direct threat to the security of the Third Reich. Ohlendorf was convicted of crimes against humanity and was executed at Landsberg prison on 7 June 1951.

War Crimes Cases (Israel).

States — Beginning of State Existence — Trial in Israel in respect of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity Committed during Second World War.War Crimes — Crimes Against Humanity — Crimes Against the Jewish People — National Group of Accused and National Group of Victims — London Charter of 1945 and Control Council Law No. 10 — Punishment by Israel of War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity.

In re Zuhlke

War Crimes — Crimes against Humanity — Meaning of — Relation between National Criminal Law and International Treaty — London Charter of August 8, 1945 — Incorporation of Treaty Provisions in Municipal Law by Reference — Concurring Authoritative Treaty Texts.

In re Zuhlke.

War Crimes — Plea of Superior Orders — Test of Law of Accused’s Own Legal System — Admissibility of the Plea as Distinguished from its being Well-founded — International Military Tribunal — Article 8 of London Charter of August 8, 1945, and Minor War Criminals.

City of London charter

City of London charter