Logit Regression Model Research Articles

Spending points during crises: Adaptive behavior on E-loyalty programs

This study investigates the impact of macro-level dynamics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, on customer point-usage behavior in e-commerce, focusing on how global crises alter consumer spending and loyalty program engagement. Using big data from SPK, an F&B holding company, and employing binary logit and panel regression models, this study highlights significant shifts in post-pandemic customer behavior. The findings reveal that both customers with low and high usage levels decreased their spending, transaction frequency, and point accumulation. However, the former showed an increased propensity to use points for purchases, with heightened redemption rates and average points used per transaction, whereas the latter exhibited a decline in these areas. These results underscore the importance of understanding customer-specific responses to economic crises for designing effective loyalty program strategies in e-commerce, and offer valuable insights for the development of promotional strategies and theories in this domain.

Profitability in rural restaurants and owners' motivation to agritourism: A case from Nepal

AbstractRural Restaurants (RR) are located in rural areas primarily to serve the owner's business interests. However, they also play a crucial role in providing economic opportunities for rural communities and are regarded as a center for rural economy. Rural areas often face challenges such as depopulation due to limited access to public services, inadequate infrastructure, geographical remoteness, economic hardships, educational barriers, and other factors. Thus, this study aims to investigate the profitability of RRs and owners' motivations for agritourism development, as profitability and business expansion are typically positively correlated. Data from 105 samples collected in rural Nepal in 2022 and 2023 were analyzed using Tobit and Ordered Logit regression models, respectively. The study conceptualizes and confirms various contributors to RR profitability, including factors related to the supply side, demand appeal, and those influenced by pandemic‐related factors. Additionally, we explored how owners' motivations for agritourism are influenced by the restaurant's characteristics, quality‐related factors, and other attributes. Policymakers need to support RR owners in developing agritourism initiatives and contribute to quality control through effective enforcement of consumer laws by a responsible and robust quality control team.

Influence of education on the level of quality of young salaried employment in Metropolitan Lima, 2022.

The connection between education and job quality is a topic of growing interest for labor market dynamics, since low quality salaried jobs can limit the development of the potential capabilities of the young workforce and, with it, the opportunity to move up the social pyramid structure. The level of quality of salaried employment is a multidimensional phenomenon; to measure it, a synthetic index was constructed from the perspective of the working class, considering the characteristics of the job. The objective of this article is to analyze the influence of the level of education on the level of quality of employment of the young salaried population, according to the size of the company, in Metropolitan Lima in the year 2022, from Amartya Sen's theory of human capabilities. Regarding the methodology, we used data from the National Household Survey, information provided by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics for the year 2022 . The final sample size was 3 552 observations. In addition, a partial proportional odds ordinal logit regression model with robust variance was fitted. Among the main results, it was obtained that salaried employment was mostly of low quality in Metropolitan Lima in the year 2022. In addition, it was verified that the size of the firm and the level of education have a direct relationship with the level of quality of salaried employment. (p<0.05). The study concludes that the level of education is a key factor in the level of quality of salaried employment, but its influence depends on other conversion factors (gender, poor) that the young labor force possesses and on the size of the firm.

Impacts of Direct Cash Assistance, Social Security Enrollment, and Employment Stability on the Welfare of Hand-Rolled Cigarette Workers in Central Java

This research investigates the relationship between Direct Cash Assistance (BLT) from the Tobacco Product Excise Profit Sharing Fund (DBHCHT), BPJS Employment, employment status, and the welfare of hand-rolled cigarette workers in Central Java, Indonesia. Given the significant shifts from manual to mechanized production in the tobacco industry, the study addresses the crucial aspect of worker welfare amidst these changes. The analysis focuses on four key areas: Pati, Kudus, Demak, and Jepara, utilizing data collected from 451 hand-rolled cigarette workers through structured interviews. The methodology involves an ordered logit regression model to evaluate how financial assistance, health and accident insurance coverage through BPJS Employment, and permanent versus contractual employment statuses impact the welfare of these workers, with welfare quantified in terms of income and asset ownership. The results indicate a positive correlation between the provision of BLT DBHCHT and improved welfare indices, highlighting the effectiveness of direct financial aid in enhancing living standards. Additionally, enrollment in BPJS Employment is significantly associated with better welfare outcomes, underscoring the importance of robust social security systems for protecting worker welfare. The study also finds that permanent employment contributes to higher welfare levels compared to contractual work, suggesting that job security plays a crucial role in promoting worker well-being. These findings underscore the necessity for targeted policy interventions aimed at improving socio-economic conditions for laborers within Indonesia's tobacco sector. They also advocate for an expanded scope of welfare indicators in future studies to include more comprehensive assessments of worker well-being, incorporating health, educational attainments, and psychosocial factors.

Effect of social capital on enrolment of informal sector occupational groups in the national health insurance scheme in Ghana: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundEnrolment of informal sector workers in Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) is critical to achieving increased risk-pooling and attainment of Universal Health Coverage. However, the NHIS has struggled over the years to improve enrolment of this subpopulation. This study analysed effect of social capital on enrolment of informal sector workers in the NHIS.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 528 members of hairdressers and beauticians, farmers, and commercial road transport drivers’ groups. Descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, and multinomial logit regression model were used to analyse the data.ResultsSocial capital including membership in occupational group, trust, and collective action were significantly associated with enrolment in the NHIS, overall. Other factors such as household size, education, ethnicity, and usual source of health care were, however, correlated with both enrolment and dropout. Notwithstanding these factors, the chance of enrolling in the NHIS and staying active was 44.6% higher for the hairdressers and beauticians; the probability of dropping out of the scheme was 62.9% higher for the farmers; and the chance of never enrolling in the scheme was 22.3% higher for the commercial road transport drivers.ConclusionsSocial capital particularly collective action and predominantly female occupational groups are key determinants of informal sector workers’ participation in the NHIS. Policy interventions to improve enrolment of this subpopulation should consider group enrolment, targeting female dominated informal sector occupational groups. Further studies should consider inclusion of mediating and moderating variables to provide a clearer picture of the relationship between occupational group social capital and enrolment in health insurance schemes.

The Effect of Financial Innovation on the Financial Performance of Financial Institutions in Cameroon

Purpose: The study sought to investigate the effect of financial innovations on financial performance of depository financial institutions in Cameroon. The specif objectives of the study were to examine the effect of product, process and institutional innovation on the financial performance of financial institutions Methodology: The study adopted a cross sectional research design. Purposive and convenience sampling methods were used to select 210 respondents from 75 financial institutions in Cameroon. Primary data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Data collected was sorted, coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v22.0). Data collected was analysed descriptively with the use of mean and inferentially with the use of ordered logit regression model and Pearson correlation metrix to establish the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables and the results were presented in tables. Findings: The findings show that increased financial innovation through process and institutional innovation can increase financial performances. For the basic regression used to find banks’ performance, the analysis indicates that process and product innovation, measured by the ATM, POS, mobile banking and credit card, significantly influences financial performance of financial institutions. Although there is no significant effect of institutional innovation on financial performance, there is still a positive effect. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study therefore recommended that further study can be carried out on the effect of financial innovation on performance of depository financial institutions using different methods. In addition, depository financial institutions should transform banking service by adapting to process innovation so as to increase access to financial services.

Does sadness bring myopia: an intertemporal choice experiment with college students.

While economics often interprets individual intertemporal choice preferences through the rationality assumption of utility maximization, the reality is that as emotional beings, individuals' preferences for intertemporal behavior are much more diverse and inconsistent. Prior research has predominantly focused on positive or negative emotions based on prospect theory, such as anxiety, anger, disgust, and depression. However, there has been relatively little research on how sadness affects individuals' preferences for immediate and future rewards. In this study, 170 college students are recruited as participants, and their emotions are primed with a video before engaging in an intertemporal task. Covariance analysis and logit regression model are established to examine the main and interactive effects of sadness on individuals' immediate reward preferences. The findings reveal that sadness led individuals to prefer smaller immediate rewards, demonstrating a more myopic behavioral pattern, but didn't affect time discount rate. As the reward baseline increases, sadness's impact on immediate reward preferences is more pronounced, exacerbating individuals' myopic behavior. In conclusion, these findings underscore the importance of considering emotional states in economic decision-making models and suggest avenues for future research to explore the complex dynamics of emotions and intertemporal choices.

Old people’s preference for nursing homes in East China: a discrete choice experiment

BackgroundThe aged people who live in nursing home are predicted to keep growing in the following decades. There are both quantitative imbalance and structural imbalance in the utilization of nursing homes in China. This study aimed to analyze old people’s preference for nursing homes and help the government optimize resource allocation.MethodsA discrete choice experiment (DCE) was conducted and six attributes of nursing homes including monthly fee, distance from home, geographical location, medical facilities, environment of nursing homes and nursing staff were determined. Respondents were recruited from Nantong and Yangzhou city, China. In each city, two communities or villages were randomly selected. In each community/village, about 65 old people were randomly selected. Analysis was conducted using mixed logit regression models to determine preferences for potential attributes.ResultsA total of 233 old people were included in the analysis. The findings indicated that all six attributes were statistically significant factors for participants. “Professional nursing staff” was the most important characteristic to participants, followed by “Medical facilities”. Compared with female, the males preferred professional nursing staff (β = 2.939 vs. β = 2.643, P < 0.001), medical facilities (β = 1.890 vs. β = 1.498, P < 0.001), and the environment (β = 0.752, P < 0.01). For different age groups, participants aged 60–69 didn’t pay attention to distance and location, while those aged 80 and above only paid attention to professional nursing staff and medical facilities.ConclusionsThe present study provides important insights into the characteristics of nursing home that are most preferred by old people. Authorities should take into account old people’s preference in the planning, design and evaluation of nursing homes.

Disclosure of corporate social responsibility in Baltic public companies: choices of reporting and its determinants

ABSTRACT This article investigates the choices of CSR reporting and its determinants in Baltic public companies. We assess the overall CSR disclosure situation and reveal the disclosure format and measurement content for social, environmental, and governance components. Then we explore the determinants of choices of reporting. Logit and Tobit regression models for balanced panel data sets are applied from 2017 to 2021. Our findings showed that mandatory disclosure dominates among Baltic public companies. Size and some performance indicators such as ROA, EPS, ROE, and capital intensity are important for CSR disclosure. Larger companies choose to present the separate CSR report, while smaller firms disclose CSR in annual reports. Larger companies also choose quantitative disclosure measures instead of only qualitative ones.

Determinants of Visitors’ Willingness to Pay for Enhanced Ecosystem Services in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India: A Contingent Valuation Approach

This study examined the factors influencing visitors’ willingness to pay for improved ecosystem services through the conservation of the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR) in the Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu, India. The MTR plays a crucial role in providing and protecting various ecosystem services. However, it is vulnerable to negative externalities and drivers of ecosystem change, which affect the quality and quantity of ecosystem services, leading to the loss of valuable ecosystem services. To address this issue, it is necessary to understand the adverse effects of externalities and drivers of ecosystem change, as well as to consider people’s preferences. To investigate the factors influencing visitors’ willingness to pay for enhanced ecosystem services in MTR, this study used a dichotomous choice-contingent valuation method and a logit regression model. The study found that 64% of visitors expressed concern about mitigating adverse impacts and were willing to provide financial support. The results of the logit regression analysis further revealed that factors such as family size, respondent education, monthly family income, environmental awareness, and bid price significantly influenced visitors’ willingness to pay. To enhance ecosystem benefits and address the challenges in tiger conservation within the reserve, our study suggests that several measures need to be implemented, including prioritizing education, awareness, the mitigation of human–wildlife conflict, and income-linked and dynamic pricing strategies.

Exploring the Influence of Village Social Capital and Rural Development on Farmers’ Entrepreneurial Decision-Making: Unveiling the Path to Local Entrepreneurship

This paper aims to comprehensively define village social capital, assess its multifaceted dimensions in relation to farmers’ entrepreneurial decision-making, and investigate the mediating role of rural development. The research sample consists of 14,133 farmers selected through a multi-stage proportional-to-size unequal probability sampling method. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires as part of the “Chinese Thousand Village Survey” project. Empirical analysis was conducted using binary logit and basic linear regression models, supplemented by probit models and other robustness testing methods. The findings indicate that village social capital exerts a significant and favorable influence on farmers’ entrepreneurial decision-making. Controlling for other variables, a unit increment in farmers’ village social network, village social participation, and village social trust is associated with a respective increase in farmers’ odds of entrepreneurial decision-making by 3.96, 5.42, and 16.28%. Village social trust emerges as the most influential factor. Additionally, rural harmony and rural economy partially mediate the relationship between village social capital and farmers’ entrepreneurial decision-making. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between village social capital and farmers’ entrepreneurial decision-making, offering valuable guidance for farmers looking to leverage village social capital in their entrepreneurial endeavors. It lays a theoretical foundation for relevant entities to strengthen village social capital and cultivate a supportive environment for rural entrepreneurship. To our knowledge, this paper is among the earlier studies that investigate farmers’ entrepreneurial decision-making. Besides, the relationship between village social capital and rural development is rarely studied in the literature as two determinants of farmers’ entrepreneurial decision-making.

Navigating multiple institutional environments: institutional quality and the role of Belt and Road Initiative on location choice of Chinese MNEs

PurposeThis study aims to explore the extent to which Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs) rely on supranational institution – the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – versus host country institutional quality to navigate their foreign location choice.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a conditional logit regression model using a sample of 1,302 greenfield investments by Chinese MNEs in 54 BRI participating countries during the period 2011–2018.FindingsThe results indicate that as a supranational institution, the BRI serves as a substitution mechanism to address the deficiencies in institutional quality in BRI participating countries, thereby attracting Chinese MNEs to invest in those countries. In addition, the BRI’s substitution effect on host country institutional quality is more pronounced for large MNEs, MNEs in the manufacturing industry and MNEs in inland regions.Originality/valueThis study expands the understanding of the BRI as a supranational institution for MNEs from emerging markets and reveals its substitution effect on the host country institutional quality. Furthermore, it highlights that MNEs with diverse characteristics gain varying degrees of benefits from the BRI.

Gender differences in child sexual abuse in China: Examining the mediation and moderation effects

Mixed findings exist regarding gender differences in child sexual abuse (CSA) in China. A large representative sample of 14,564 children, aged 14–18, from five major Chinese cities, was used to investigate gender differences in CSA by examining the mediating effects of risky lifestyle activities and the moderating role of repeated victimization. Multinomial logit regression models were employed, with direct and indirect CSA as dependent variables, and gender and risky lifestyle activities as independent variables. Of the respondents, 7.5 percent reported at least one incidence of one-time or repeated CSA in the past year. Boys showed a higher risk of experiencing both direct and indirect repeated CSA compared to girls. Risky lifestyle activities had a statistically significant mediating effect on the gender–CSA relationship. Additionally, statistically significant moderating effects of repeated victimization were observed. Effective strategies to address CSA could include screening the forms and frequency of one-time incidence CSAs. Furthermore, gender-specific prevention and intervention programs targeting adolescents' risky lifestyle activities should be implemented.

Social and demographic determinants of health insurance status in India: Evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey.

Out-of-pocket medical expenses are a crucial metric for assessing how well the healthcare system is working toward obtaining universal health coverage in any country. In India, out-of-pocket expenses for health are relatively high compared to other developed countries due to a lack of alternative finance arrangements. The disparity in out-of-pocket medical expenses largely depends upon the public health expenditure, government policies, and level of health insurance coverage. The study used a logit regression model to examine the association of the status of health insurance with socio and demographic variables using National Sample Survey 2018 data. The objective of the study is to analyze the impact of demographic variables on the status of health insurance in India. This research found that education and occupation have a significant impact on the status of health insurance, among other demographic factors. These findings underscore the importance of targeted policies and interventions aimed at improving access to health insurance among specific demographic groups. Addressing disparities in health insurance coverage based on educational and occupational factors is essential for achieving equitable healthcare access and improved health outcomes in the country. Increasing awareness of health insurance reduces out-of-pocket medical expenses and subsequently brings down economic poverty.

Financial Performance (Dis)parity in Post-transition Europe

Decades after the transition processes have spread across Central, Eastern, and South-Eastern Europe (CESEE), the former Soviet Union, and the Baltic, it was interesting to perform the post-transition and non-transition advanced European economies comparison to capture the outcomes of the 'catching-up process' . In this analysis, I tried to reach the results of this ‘catching process’ using the firm-level accounting data, namely, enterprises' annual accounts rather than countries' national accounts. The goal was to evaluate if post-tran- sition countries' enterprises have reached the financial performance of non-transition countries' enterprises across Europe, three decades after the transition processes began. The research captured firm-level financial performance aspects revealing some differentiators, namely, financial report indicators that differed for the enterprises belonging to post-transition countries in comparison with the ones belonging to non-transition countries in Europe. The findings related to the liquidity, solvency, indebtedness, profitability indicators, and labor intensity ratio were derived by logit regression models. The observations for 569 European companies were provided by Orbis Europe for the year 2021 annual accounts. According to the results, enterprises in post-transition countries, characterized by lower total assets and working capital scale, were likely to have lower profit margins, share of employees’ costs in operating turnover, current ratio, and gearing, while higher solvency and liquidity ratio. Mild marginal effects indicated the gap narrowed but with still existing significant disparities, particularly in the field of liquidity.

Estimating preferences and willingness to pay for pharmacogenetic testing in populations who are medically underserved: a discrete choice experiment.

Background: The implementation of pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing may contribute to health disparities if access to testing is inequitable, as medically underserved patients are prescribed higher rates of drugs with PGx guidelines and often experience the benefits of emerging health technologies last. Limited research has evaluated potential implementation of PGx testing in populations who are medically underserved and none have evaluated their preferences regarding PGx test characteristics and cost. Our study endeavored to assess the willingness to pay for PGx testing and key PGx test preferences in a nationwide cohort of medically underserved respondents. Methods: A survey was developed to assess willingness to pay and preferences for PGx testing through a discrete choice experiment (DCE). Five attributes of PGx tests were included in the DCE: doctor recommendation, wait time, number of actionable results, benefit of the test (avoid a side effect or address a health problem), and out-of-pocket cost. A convenience sample of U.S. adults with an average yearly household income of $42,000 or less was collected utilizing an online survey fielded by Qualtrics Research Services (Provo, UT). For the DCE analysis, conditional logit and mixed-logit regression models were utilized to determine relative utility of attributes and levels, conditional relative importance for each attribute, and marginal willingness to pay. Results: Respondents completed the survey with an 83.1% response completion rate. Following quality control procedures, 1,060 respondents were included in the final nationwide cohort. Approximately, 82% of respondents were willing to pay less than $100 for PGx testing, and a strong price ceiling was identified at $200. Out-of-pocket cost was the attribute identified as having the greatest relative importance on choice, while wait time had the lowest importance. Greater utility was observed if the PGx test was doctor recommended, had a higher number of actionable results, and resolved major or minor health problems compared with avoiding side effects. Conclusion: This first-of-its-kind study provides important insights into the willingness to pay for PGx testing and PGx test preferences of a large medically underserved population. Applying these findings can potentially lead to improvements in the successful implementation of PGx testing in this population.

Theoretical foundations of voluntary tax compliance: evidence from a developing country

Tax non-compliance is a persistent problem that is becoming increasingly common worldwide. The main objective of this study is to examine the factors that influence voluntary tax compliance among large taxpayers in Ethiopia based on the theoretical foundation of tax compliance. This study used an ordinary logit regression model, a closed-ended questionnaire with 1550 taxpayers, and quantitative data analysis. The regression analysis shows that tax compliance behavior is positively and significantly influenced by government trust, taxpayers’ tax knowledge, tax system fairness, and rewards. However, compliance costs negatively and significantly affect tax compliance. To improve voluntary tax compliance, the government and tax authorities need to be more open and responsible. They must also increase tax awareness among taxpayers through websites, seminars, and the media. Ultimately, they must reduce compliance costs and deliver tangible and intangible benefits to honest taxpayers.

The Adequacy of Health System Measures in Reducing Vulnerability to COVID-19 Among the Health Care Providers Working in Primary Health Care in Rajasthan, India: A Cross-sectional Study

This article examines the role of individual, facility and system-level preparedness in reducing physiological and psychological vulnerability among primary-level health care providers (HCPs) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan, India. Online and telephonic interviews are conducted among 274 HCPs working in 24 primary health centres (PHCs) (17 rural and 7 urban) across 13 districts of Rajasthan. Five dimensions of vulnerability, covering awareness, exposure to infection (daily contact; contact with high-risk individuals), physical and mental health conditions, while three aspects of preparedness—at individual (personal care) and facility (provider safety; management and supervision) level—are measured by employing factor analysis. Generalised ordered logit regression model is used to measure the effect of preparedness on COVID-19-related vulnerability. Among the 274 HCPs, majority of the staff are from rural PHCs (76%), less than 35 years old (87%), female (57%) and married (57%). Almost half have high level of exposure to COVID-19, with mean contact rate of 90. Overall, 26% have comprehensive knowledge of COVID-19, and 32% have any mental health issues. Although more than 70% of HCPs have reported more than one individual-level preparedness, mental health measures adopted by the HCPs are comparably low. The facility-level preparedness for enhancing safety is high such as social distancing (79%) and maintaining record of each visitor (75%). However, management-related measures adopted by the PHCs are perceived to be lower than the safety measures. The regression analyses suggest that safety-related preparedness is significantly associated with reduction of vulnerability by 50%. The management-level preparedness has statistically no significant effect in explaining the variations in level of vulnerability. The facility-level safety measures, which lower chances of acquiring infection, have a positive effect on reducing vulnerability to COVID-19. However, the HCPs do not have adequate preparedness at individual, facility management (PHC) and system levels to reduce COVID-19 vulnerability. Findings suggest that there is a need for a non-conventional approach of monitoring and supervision. In the absence of such measures, there is a chance of moral injury that will make the HCPs at the primary level vulnerable both physiologically and psychologically.

Families on the Space-Time Continuum: Conceptualizing and Measuring Temporal and Spatial Dimensions.

The "space-time continuum" is a theoretical framework in physics that removes the distinction between time and space and, instead, treats them as part of a seamless continuum. In this paper, I use it as the basis for a new approach to understanding the opportunities and challenges for low-income families through a focus on two key dimensions of family life: time and space. The spatial element refers to the physical proximity of family members and the temporal pertains to the duration of time in which family members maintain particular arrangements in response to economic shocks, health challenges and new opportunities for social mobility. Drawing on data drawn from an ongoing project in Nairobi, Kenya, I show how the interaction of these two dimensions produces a range of scenarios for different types of social support to emerge. The space-time continuum approach offers a way to connect macro level factors such as labor market constraints to micro level adaptation, agency, change and continuity in family structure and function. In doing so, I also make a case for the critical role that research in the African context can play in the development of theory and methodological innovation in family sociology. While I draw extensively from my own research and geographical area of expertise, the ideas presented should resonate with other contexts in the Global South and beyond. The paper concludes with a discussion of key research priorities that family science scholars should pursue.

The impact of public procurement on the adoption of circular economy practices

In recent years, the circular economy (CE) has drawn considerable attention from both academia and industry alike, with public procurement emerging as a widely adopted public policy tool for achieving economic goals and sustainable social development. However, the impact of public procurement on firms’ adoption of the CE and the mechanism affecting this relation are not fully understood. By analyzing a sample of Chinese listed firms from 2010 to 2020 based on logit regression models, we find that supplier firms engaging in public procurement are more likely to adopt CE practices. In addition, we find that an increase in firms’ market power weakens the positive effect of public procurement on CE adoption, whereas government attention and institutional ownership strengthen this effect. Furthermore, we distinguish between local governments and the Chinese central government as buyers and find that local governments play a more significant role in promoting CE adoption than the central government. This study provides the first empirical evidence of the relation between public procurement and CE adoption and identifies the mechanism by which public procurement affects CE adoption.