Logistics Performance Index Research Articles

The Effect of Logistics Performance Index of RCEP Countries on China's Export Trade

The signing of RCEP has created new opportunities for the development of China's export trade, and international logistics capacity is an important factor affecting the conduct of international trade. This paper qualitatively describes and analyzes the LPI index and its sub-indicators of RCEP member countries, and empirically investigates the impact of logistics performance level on China's export trade through an extended gravity model. The study shows that there are large differences in logistics performance levels among RCEP member countries, especially in South Asia, where the quality of logistics infrastructure and customs efficiency are the most lagging behind, which are the key factors pulling down the logistics performance index; the signing of RCEP has effectively promoted China's foreign trade level, but there are great differences in export amounts to different countries, and the logistics performance levels of importing countries and China's export trade are significant positive correlation, the improvement of logistics performance is conducive to promoting China's export trade to RCEP member countries, and from the viewpoint of logistics links, the role of logistics infrastructure quality is the strongest, and the influence of cargo transportation timeliness is the weakest.

ASSESSING A COUNTRY'S SECTOR-SPECIFIC LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF INDIA'S MARINE-PRODUCT SECTOR

Country-wise Logistics Performance Index (LPI) is insufficient to guide changing policies for different sectors with varied logistics requirements and perspectives. Each perspective has various measures, and hence a battery of scales is mandated to measure the performance for an individual sector like marine, agriculture, and similar. For the marine-product sector of India, scores are transformed and combined to follow normal distributions enabling parametric analysis. A method of sector-specific logistics performance index (LPI-S) is proposed addressing multi-dimensional, multi-scale response categories satisfying the desired properties of an index. An empirical illustration is given to assess LPI-S for the marine-product sector in India, combining responses of 141 Indian marine exporters in a battery with nine dimensions. The proposed method generates continuous, monotonic data, and distributions of dimension/battery scores are normal. The LPI-S scores have better arithmetic aggregation admissibility, even if lengths of dimensions are different. In addition, it identifies critical dimensions, detects changes by longitudinal data, and dimension-wise elasticity reflecting the sensitivity of the dimension from snap-shot data. Irrespective of dimensions and types of data, the proposed methodology uses the sensitivity of a dimension on LPI-S to help policy makings separately for individual categories to improve logistics efficiency. The study identified eight crucial dimensions associated with marine product logistics. The sensitivity of these dimensions in the descending order of importance were - Information system, Regulatory process, Safety & Security issues, Timeliness and Completeness efficiency, Sustainability in logistics, Operating conditions, Logistics facility pricing, Quality of Logistic services, Transportation Networks and Logistics infrastructure. Such ordering of dimensions help in deciding policy priorities.

Evaluation of Logistics Performance of The OECD Member Countries with Integrated Entropy and Waspas Method

ABSTRACT The Logistics Performance Index (LPI) developed by the World Bank is important in evaluating countries’ logistics activities. Moreover, the LPI creates a competitive environment among various countries. It also provides an opportunity for countries to develop their logistics performances based on their geographic positions. This study uses the World Bank’s recently published LPI data of 2018. Based on this data, the logistics performances of 38 OECD member countries are determined by integrating the ENTROPY and WASPAS methods. The result of the calculations conducted using the ENTROPY method shows that in order of importance the logistics performance criteria are infrastructure, customs, logistics quality and competence, tracking and tracing, international shipments, and timeliness, according to their significance. Therefore, the infrastructure criterion is the most important in comparing the logistics performances of the OECD member countries. As a result of the analyzes carried out by the WASPAS method using the criterion weights determined by the ENTROPY method, the logistics performance rankings of the OECD member countries are obtained. According to the ranking results, the first five countries are Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Netherland, and Austria. In addition, the analysis results obtained by the integrated ENTROPY and WASPAS method were compared with the LPI rankings of the sample taken from the World Bank report results. Key Words: logistics, logistics performance index, ENTROPY, WASPAS JEL Classification: C44, L91, R40

Does Cross-Border Logistics Performance Contribute to Export Competitiveness? Evidence from China Based on the Iceberg Transport Cost Model

This paper investigates the economic relationship between logistics performance and export competitiveness based on the iceberg transport cost model and conducts further empirical analysis according to China’s LPI. It finds that the higher the efficiency of logistics and transport, the lower the transportation costs coefficient per unit distance; when logistics and transportation costs decrease, foreign demand for domestic goods increases, as does the export value expressed in domestic prices. Additionally, Spearman’s rank correlation method is used to analyze the relationship between logistics performance index and export level, indicating that logistics performance index has a positive rank correlation with the export level at a significant level of 1%. Moreover, a case study on China’ LPI supports the conclusion derived from the theoretical analysis, and conducive countermeasures are put forward. This research confirms the positive correlation between logistics performance and export competitiveness and proposes specific solutions to enhancing the logistics capabilities of other developing countries.

State, competiiveness and prospects of supply chains development in Ukraine context of European integration asprations

The state and peculiarities of the operation of supply chains in Ukraine under the conditions of martial law are considered. The fundamental impact of the Russian Federation's war in Ukraine on the current state of the domestic logistics infrastructure and on the Logistics Performance Index (LPI), the value of which is significantly related to the global competitiveness of the country, is characterized. Based on the results of the research of colleagues from the National University "Lviv Polytechnic" called "Logistics landscape-2022+", in which the authors of this article took an expert part in July-August 2022, presents the author's vision of the key factors that have affected supply chains, their modern state and development, the main characteristics of the current state of supply chains and logistics infrastructure in Ukraine and events that have radically affected their current state over the past almost three years are given. The study of the military operations impacts in Ukraine on the domestic logistics industry and, accordingly, on the competitiveness of supply chains integrated with the international space is characterized. The authors have determined their own vision of priorities in the management of supply chains in modern conditions in Ukraine, based on seven characteristics (criteria) of the supply chain proposed in the study "Logistics landscape-2022+". The characteristics of supply chains that according to the authors received the first three advantages are: 1) safety, 2) reliability, 3) flexibility of supply chains. It is emphasized that the mechanisms, tools, methodology, technologies, strategies for managing supply chains in conditions of disruptions / restoration of logistics should be based on digitalization of management of logistics business processes. It is proposed to pay special attention to the introduction of a procedural approach to managing the competitiveness of the logistics business. Conceptually, three interrelated blocks of indicators are proposed, their systematic assessment will allow to monitor and control the progress of operational, management and supporting business processes in supply chains. In the context of Ukraine's European integration steps, the advantages and problematic issues of including Ukrainian logistics routes in the Trans-European Transport Network TEN-T (Trans-European Transport Network) - a network of highways, railways, airports and waterways in the European Union, are considered. The authors hypothetically expressed the opinion that there is a close relationship between the position of Ukraine in the World Competitiveness Ranking and the state of its logistics infrastructure, taking into account the fact that the determining factors of competitiveness according to the results of 2021 were: level of innovations, digitalization, supportive policies and social cohesion. The authors see a retrospective analysis of the cause-and-effect relationships of the pre-war state and functioning of the Ukrainian logistics industry and forecasting its development in the perspective of European integration in post-war times as directions for further research.

CROSS-BORDER TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS CLUSTER AS A TOOL FOR TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE AND POLAND: INSTITUTIONAL BASIS

Intensification of cross-border cooperation in border regions of Ukraine and Poland should be one of the priorities in the wartime and post-war period. This is primarily substantiated by the significant problems in organizing international logistics of international trade due to the blockade of the sea ports. The paper presents a comprehensive approach to assessing the effectiveness of international logistics and its organization in Poland and Ukraine. The approach utilizes a set of indicators that characterize the current conditions of the transport-logistics system in terms of infrastructural support. Namely, indicators in clude the Logistics Performance Index, logistics costs, 3PL revenues, export of goods, import of goods, export of transport services, import of transport services, the balance of export-import operations, export-import coverage ratio, volumes of cargo transportation by various modes of transport, cargo turnover by various types of transport, volume of direct Ukrainian investments in Poland, volume of direct Polish investments in Ukraine. The diagnostics results make it possible to identify the key barriers inhibiting the effective organization of foreign economic logistics in the foreign trade of Ukraine and Poland. Restoration of Ukraine’s economy requires a flexible logistics system capable of quickly responding to external threats and adapting to them. For this reason, the authorities, business, academia and researchers, the public, and the international community must direct their efforts at overcoming the challenges created by the war. Current logistics infrastructure must be reoriented and all export flows must be redirected from the southern seafaring ports to western land ports. Finally, there should be sufficient institutional basis for the emergence of a cross-border transport and logistics cluster as a tool for territorial development of Ukraine and Poland.

Competitiveness and Determinants of Indonesian Frozen Shrimp Exports to Non-Traditional Markets

Shrimp is an Indonesian fishery commodity with a high selling value in domestic and international markets. Frozen shrimp, as a type of shrimp exported from fishery products, has enormous potential to be developed as one of the mainstay commodities in the fisheries sector. However, Indonesia's frozen shrimp exports in the last five years have fluctuated and are still unable to compete with competing countries in exporting to main destination countries. Expanding the export market by looking at non-traditional markets as new destination markets to increase its exports again is necessary. This study analyses the competitiveness and determinants of Indonesian frozen shrimp exports to non-traditional markets. The research methods used are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), X-Model to analyze the competitiveness and panel data regression to analyze determinants of Indonesian frozen shrimp exports to non-traditional markets. The results showed that Indonesian frozen shrimp are competitive in several non-traditional market destination countries. The estimation results in panel data regression show that the variables of real GDP per capita of the destination country, economic distance, export prices, actual exchange rates, population growth, and Logistic Performance Index (LPI) Indonesian and country of destination have a significant influence on Indonesia's frozen shrimp exports to non-markets traditional. Keywords: EPD, frozen shrimp, non-traditional market, panel data regresion, RCA, X-Model

Carbon neutrality through supply chain performance: does green innovation matter in Asia?

Logistics performance is considered an important determinant of supply chain performance that results in carbon neutrality. The main aim of this study is to investigate the influence of logistics performance and green innovation on carbon emissions for selected Asian economies over the period 2007–2020. The 2SLS approach has been employed for empirical tasks, and the robustness of results has been confirmed through the GMM approach. The results indicate that logistics performance significantly reduces carbon emissions. Besides the logistics performance index, five other indicators of logistics performance have been used in the analysis. These indicators include quality of logistics services, tracking and tracing capability, logistics infrastructure quality, cargo transportation timelines, and customs clearance efficiency. All these indicators are negatively correlated with carbon emissions. The results further indicate that green innovation leads to a significant reduction in carbon emissions. Thus, our results emphasize the priorities of green innovation, logistics performance, and environmental sustainability in Asian economies.

Analysis on the Effects of Logistics Efficiency on Korea’s Trade Flows in RCEP Signatories

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of logistics efficiency in RCEP signatory countries on Korea’s trade. In particular, after analyzing the effects of individual indicators of the logistics performance index (LPI) on trade, policy implications are drawn based on the results.
 Design/Methodology/Approach - In order to analyze the effect of logistics efficiency in RCEP countries on Korea’s trade, the independent variables of the gravity model included GDP, population, distance, and LPI. For detailed analysis, in addition to the LPI, the individual indicators of LPI are input to the independent variable for analysis. This study adopts varying coefficient models, the random effects model and fixed effects model, in order to more effectively analyze unobservable factors in the panel data.
 Findings - The empirical evidence using the gravity model showed that the coefficient of LPI was about 1.7 and statistically significant at the 1% level of significance. In other words, if the logistics efficiency of the RCEP signatory country increases by 1%, when other variables are constant, Korea’s trade volume increases by about 1.7%. As a result of analyzing the effect of LPI’s individual indicators on trade, it was found that the five individual indicators of logistics infrastructure, international shipment, logistics service, timeliness, and goods tracking affect trade. On the other hand, the clearance index was not statistically significant at any significance level.
 Research Implications - It was confirmed that the logistics efficiency of RCEP signatory countries is important for Korea’s trade facilitation. In other words, if not only Korea’s logistics efficiency but also the logistics efficiency of the RCEP signatory countries are improved, the facilitation of trade between the two countries can be achieved. To this end, it is necessary to reduce the logistics cost through the establishment of the logistics infrastructure, and it is also necessary to make efforts to increase logistics efficiency.

The Effect of Logistics Performance Index Indicators on Palm Oil and Palm-Based Products Export: The Case of Indonesia and Malaysia

Palm oil is one of the most traded vegetable oils in the global market due to its versatile usage and having a lower price than competitor products. Trade is related to logistics performance as it connects the exporter and importer countries; thus, improving the indicators of logistics also improves the performance of trade, especially in agricultural export. Currently, no study has revealed the effect of logistics performance on palm oil export by considering all the indicators. This study investigates the impact of all the indicators of the logistics performance index on palm oil and palm-based products. Using a panel data regression approach, the extended gravity model is applied in this study to examine Indonesia and Malaysia as the leading exporters of palm oil and palm-based products. The results reveal that all the Logistics Performance Index indicators affect palm oil and palm-based products export in Indonesia and Malaysia. The critical indicators of the Logistics Performance Index in Indonesia are timeliness and tracking and tracing. However, competence and quality of trade infrastructure are the main indicators of Malaysia’s palm oil and palm-based products. The future direction of this research is to explore other agricultural commodities and extend the period of the analysis.

A Strategic Base in the Global Supply Chain: Türkiye

Türkiye is becoming a new base in the global supply chain due to its geopolitical position and the cost advantages it provides. Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, logistics problems, especially production and transportation costs, have further strengthened Türkiye’s position in this context. Türkiye’s strategic location, strong logistics infrastructure, costeffective and qualified workforce, along with a liberal investment climate, offer a suitable environment for international companies. Türkiye ranks well in the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index, which evaluates countries’ logistics performance in customs, transportation, and infrastructure. Türkiye has served as a bridge between the east and west since historical times. During the Seljuk period, caravanserais and other infrastructure and service areas were established in Anatolia to support commercial activities. The Silk Road, which had an important place until a certain period of the Ottoman Empire, lost its importance due to other developments. The “One Belt One Road Project” initiated by China, still in progress and planned to be completed in 2049, will make Türkiye even more important in terms of the global supply chain in the next 10 years. İpekyolu follows the northern and southern routes in Anatolia. With China’s “One Belt One Road Project”, the Silk Road will regain its former importance as the “Modern Silk Road”. Chinese President Xi Jinping fi rst mentioned the Land and Sea Silk Road project in one of his speeches in 2013. It has been decided to name these two projects as the “Belt and Road Initiative-BRI” or the “One Belt One Road-OBOR” project. The word belt constitutes the land route of the project, which includes highways, railways, oil and natural gas pipelines, and infrastructure investments. The word road includes the sea routes covered by the project. The routes of these corridors are provided by multidimensional corridors in the direction of Asia-Europe instead of a single route. Within the scope of this project, many infrastructure investments are made in Türkiye as well. In this study, the cost advantages that Türkiye will provide to the global supply chain will be evaluated due to both its cost and geographical location and the infrastructure investments made.

중력모형을 이용한 한국과 주요국간의 농식품 교역결정요인 분석

Despite the recent restrictions on movement between countries and a decrease in consumption of the global economy after COVID-19, the increase in overseas demand for Korean agricultural products is considered necessary to enhance Korea's agricultural exports in the future. Agricultural exports should now contribute to the development of the national economy by establishing and promoting a new export strategy that introduces strengthening export competitiveness, not just a method of handling domestic surplus products. Under this environment, this study derived the determinants of agri-food exports targeting Japan, China, and the United States, which are major countries in Korea's agri-food exports, and analyzed the economic effects of exports by applying a gravity equation model. Especially traditionally addressed export decisionsIn addition to gross national product, gross national product per capita, exchange rate, number of Koreans, and distance, the efficiency of external export support systems such as logistics performance index and customs clearance index was analyzed by variable. The analysis results showed that the exchange rate and distance variables were not statistically significant, but the logistics performance index and customs clearance index, that is, the efficiency of the logistics and customs sectors, were important factors in enhancing the export effect

Comparison and Suggestions of Logistics Performance Index of Main Countries of Belt and Road Strategy Based on Bootstrap DEA Model

As an important economic sector, logistics is becoming more important, if not crucial, in economic growth. In our nation, the logistics industry is booming, and it's just getting better. However, in addition to focusing on the positive aspects of our country's logistics industry's development, we should also analyze and address the negative aspects of our country's logistics industry's development. The overall logistics pattern has not yet been formed, and there is an urgent need for systematic construction. The regional development is extremely unbalanced. By comparing the logistics performance indices of various Belt and Road countries, this research aims to examine the major elements influencing overall logistics performance. Second, we introduce the Moran index to explore the geographical association of the subdivision indicators of the logistics performance index using the spatial econometric model. The bootstrap DEA analysis method examines and ranks the countries' logistics performance indexes, determines our country's advantages and disadvantages in comparison to other Belt and Road countries, and executes specific improvement strategies that will enhance logistics and boost the overall growth of our country's logistics sector.

Logistics performance and environmental sustainability: Do green innovation, renewable energy, and economic globalization matter?

The logistics sector plays an imperative role in the economic development of a country. However, it can also affect environmental quality as it the viewed as a major energy-consuming sector. The current literature on the relationship between logistics performance and environmental quality is scant and most studies neglect its environmental impact in the context of emerging countries. In this context, this study investigates the impact of logistics performance index (LPI), green innovation, renewable energy, and economic globalization on the environmental quality in the 22 emerging countries. Using the panel data from 2007 to 2018, we employed the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MM-QR) for empirical analysis. The empirical results show that LPI deteriorates the environmental quality by increasing CO2 emissions across all quantiles (10th–90th). Moreover, green innovation is significantly and negatively related to CO2 emission in all the quantiles except at the 10th quantiles, while renewable energy use significantly improves the environmental quality across all quantiles (10th–90th). Economic globalization shows a significant and negative impact on CO2 emission across quantiles (10th–90th) in emerging countries. Based on these findings, this study proposes that emerging countries need to align their logistics sector policies with sustainable development goals. At the same time, more resources should be allocated for green innovation and the renewable energy sector and promote economic globalization to foster sustainable development.

Relationship between the state of the country's logistics and perishable goods' output: dairy industry

PurposeThis paper seeks to assess the capabilities and maturity of supply chain planning and product quality management systems implemented by the dairy industries in three different countries: Russia, Kazakhstan, and Lithuania.Design/methodology/approachThrough a systematic analysis of statistical information, the descriptors of the logistics supply chain efficiency were identified. Directions for dairy supply chain management improvement were also highlighted. The study uses secondary statistics from open sources as a basis for the comparative analysis across a range of indicators, including the Logistics Performance Index (LPI), the dairy products quantity, the production volume of milk and dairy products, and other indicators characterizing the dairy industry.FindingsThe results of this study suggest the inconsistency and narrowness of single indexes and ranking, which are traditionally used to evaluate the logistics system. LPI values confirmed that the internal efficiency of the Lithuanian logistics system exceeds similar systems in Russia and Kazakhstan.Social implicationsIn this paper, ways to improve supply chain management of dairy products in the context of globalization have been determined, the prerequisites for the formation of the perishable goods market according to the balance of supply and demand and the institutional mechanism of this process, which represents important information for all interested economic agents, have been analyzed.Originality/valueThe proposed approach points to the importance of having detailed information on the supply chain infrastructure and the need to introduce a single information space based on modern information and communication technologies.

Novel Integrated Hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Logistics Performance Index

There is no doubt that technological changes and globalization have increased the importance of the logistics industry. The effectiveness of logistics services is directly related to expanding the trade network between countries, increasing foreign direct investments and growing the economy. The World Bank evaluates the logistics competitiveness of countries by using its Logistics Performance Index. However, logistics performance evaluation includes multiple criteria, and a realistic assessment process, such as the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique, is needed. In this study, a comparative analysis of hybrid MCDM methods is utilized to evaluate the logistics performance of 160 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries by using a group decision-making approach. In the first step, the importance levels of the logistics performance criteria were calculated. Then, the logistics performances of the countries were analyzed. In the last step, the Borda count method was implemented for the results of different hybrid MCDM methods to give final rankings.

Strategy-System-Human Capital-Culture-Leadership Islamic for Increase Logistic Business performance

Logistics and express delivery services play a very important role in the economy of Indonesia and the world. The quality of logistics and express delivery services in Indonesia is still low, as indicated by the LPI (Logistic Performance Index). PT Tiki Lintas NugrahaEkakurir as the largest company in Indonesia must have good corporate management. The concept of a combination of strategy (strategy), system (system), human (human resources), leadership (leadership) and corporate culture (corporate culture) has been practiced at PT Tiki Jalur NugrahaEkakurir Medan Main Branch since 2016 and based on data it has proven effective to achieve financial targets, customers, internal business processes and human resource learning growth. This study aims to explain the effect of implementing strategies, systems, human capital management, corporate culture and religious leadership (separately) on the performance of the company PT Tiki Jalur NugrahaEkakurir Medan Main Branch. This research is a quantitative study to examine the effect of 5 independent variables: strategy, system, human capital management, corporate culture, and religious leadership. The dependent variable is the company's performance. Data analysis was carried out using the Partial Least Square (PLS) method using the SmartPLS version 3 software. The conclusions of this study are as follows: 1. Religious strategy variables which consist of indicators of vision, mission, targets (balance scorecard), swot analysis, risk assessment, problem solving, work programs (marketing mix-marketing sky), evaluation system is positive but not significant effect on the performance of the company PT Tiki JNE Medan Main Branch. 2. Religious system variables which consist of organizational structure indicators, job descriptions, employee work plans, service level agreements, standard operating procedures have a significant positive effect on the performance of the company PT Tiki JNE Medan Main Branch. 3. Religious human capital management variables which consist of indicators of benefit compensation system, reward (appraisal system), punishment (company rules), work environment (K3 system), competency standards, carrier path system have a positive but not significant effect on company performance PT Tiki JNE Medan Main Branch. 4. The religious leadership variable which consists of indicators of integrity leader (siiddiq), credibility leader (amanah), reliability leader (fathonah), visionary leader (tabligh) is a positive but not significant effect on the performance of the company PT Tiki JNE Medan Main Branch. 5. The religious corporate culture variable which consists of indicators of the company's basic values (value), meaning of work is a significant positive effect on the performance of the company PT Tiki JNE Medan Main Branch. The performance of the company PT Tiki JNE Medan Main Branch in question is to meet the maqashid sharia principles, namely the financial perspective (al mal), the customer perspective (al nafs), the internal business perspective (al nafs) and the growth learning perspective (al aql, al din, al nasl)

The integration of logistics and marketing practice into baseline supply chain practices in the emerging markets

PurposeThis study aims to draw on the strategy–structure–performance framework to investigate baseline supply chain (BSC) practices as a function of how firms structure logistics and marketing mix activities to achieve market share in the emerging market (EM) supply chain ecosystems.Design/methodology/approachThe authors validate the study’s conceptual framework with survey data collected in two contrasting EM supply chain ecosystems. They include supply chains in EM economies with an advanced logistics/distribution infrastructure such as China and those in economies with poor logistics/distribution infrastructure such as Ghana. The authors use ordinary least squares regression and structural equation modeling analysis to examine the relative market share outcomes of different configurations of logistics-marketing practices (logistics-affordability marketing, logistics-accessibility marketing, logistics-acceptability marketing, logistics-and awareness and full integration into BSC).FindingsKey findings confirm that the integration of logistics with marketing activities into BSC practice is more pervasive in EMs with high logistics performance index, such as China than in firms in EMs with low logistics performance index, such as Ghana. Moreover, the authors confirm that integrating logistics and marketing into BSC generates higher market share performance than logistics- or marketing-only practices in China and Ghana. These differences are driven more by the firm’s strategic orientation than the demands of competitive market conditions.Research limitations/implicationsThe study focuses on BSC integration activities in the logistics and marketing functions because researchers have not updated this issue for the past two decades.Practical implicationsThe study results provide managers with much-needed empirical evidence of the strategic benefit of BSC integration under different supply chain ecosystems in the EMs.Originality/valueLinking BSC activities in logistics management and marketing management mix activities within the 4As marketing mix framework provides evidence to support the argument that the 4As marketing mix is an appropriate planning framework for EMs’ unique ecosystems.

THE EFFECT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ON THE LOGISTICS EFFICIENCY OF THE COUNTRIES

This study has two main aims. The first aim of the study is to determine the logistics efficiency of the countries. For this purpose, the logistics efficiency of 160 countries was measured by Data Envelopment Analysis, using six sub-indicators of the Logistics Performance Index (LPI). The second aim of the study is to investigate how the logistics efficiency of countries is affected by human development classes and indicators. For this purpose, the Kruskal Wallis H test and Multiple Linear Regression analysis were used. The findings show that countries in the Very High Human Development class have higher efficiency scores than other countries. The logistics efficiency of Sub-Saharan African Countries, which have a low level of Human Development, was found to be low. In addition, HDI sub-indicators explain logistics efficiency by 67.8%. GNP per capita and Expected Years of Schooling have a significant impact on logistics efficiency. The findings show that achieving a meaningful improvement in logistics depends on catching a leap in the economy through R&D, innovation, and high technology and considering long-term education programs.

Impact of Green Logistics on International Trade: An Empirical Study in Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation

Green logistics has been a trend in the world. This research evaluates the impact of green logistics on international trade among APEC nations over the period of 9 years (2010 – 2018). The research uses an augmented gravity model to investigate the effects of green logistics on international trade through the Environmental Logistics Performance Index (ELPI). The results show that exporting countries applying green logistics increase the export volume to other members of APEC. In the long term, importing countries engaging in green logistics increase trade volume with green logistics countries in APEC. With the aim of enhancing international trade, APEC countries must improve domestic logistics performance. Through those analyses, research proposes several recommendations to encourage nations and enterprises to apply green logistics effectively.