This study addresses the high cost and high carbon emissions associated with the transportation sector. An environmental cold chain logistics distribution center location model has been designed by considering various constraints such as demand, time windows, and cost factors associated with cargo damage, refrigeration of cold chain cargo, and carbon emissions. An environmental cold chain logistics distribution center location model is designed for the raw materials of low-temperature storage and transportation in the semiconductor supply chain to achieve sustainable development by reducing carbon emissions. This study effectively reduces transportation costs and carbon emissions. To address the issues of slow convergence speed and susceptibility to local optima in the conventional whale optimization algorithm (WOA), a hybrid arithmetic whale optimization algorithm (HAWOA) is proposed by combining arithmetic optimization and the honey badger algorithm. Simulation analysis shows that the HAWOA is capable of obtaining the location scheme with the minimum distribution cost under the same number of iterations, which provides a substantial advantage compared to other algorithms.