Logical Transition Research Articles

The Care of the Dead in Late Antiquity by Éric Rebillard (review)

REVIEWS 280 chapter of the first part of the text examines the interrogations and accusations that followed the death, his elaborate funeral, and finally, the dispersal of the members and belongings of his court. With the discussion of Ippolito’s court and his collections at the conclusion of the first part, there is a logical transition to the second part of the text, which considers his court in more detail. The second part is organized thematically, unlike the first part in which information is presented chronologically. The first chapter examines Ippolito’s dress and his abilities to use clothing to alter his persona. Rebecchini discusses the 1532 portrait in which Titian portrayed Ippolito in a decidedly secular fashion with maroon velvet doublet, tight belt and exotic cap. From contemporary descriptions, the author demonstrates that Ippolito did in fact appear to prefer secular dress and only wore the garments of his ecclesiastical office when required. In the discussion of Ippolito’s court, we learn that it was large, accumulated constraining debts, and included Eastern slaves and servants. In chapter 8, Rebecchini considers the poetry created by humanists in Ippolito’s circle and emphasizes the importance of oral performance of poetry and music at meals. In the final chapter, we see that Ippolito had antiquarian interests and interacted with some of the leading artists of the High and Late Renaissance. An especially intriguing suggestion put forth in this last chapter is related to a 1534 letter from Titian to a member of Ippolito’s household describing a painting of a woman. In light of the letter’s date and Ippolito’s taste for sensual imagery, Rebecchini proposes that Ippolito’s collection may have been considered as a possible destination for Titian’s famous Venus of Urbino. The epilogue concludes the text with a discussion of Ippolito’s legacy in literature and art during the reign of Duke Cosimo I de’Medici, who came to power following Alessandro de’Medici’s 1537 assassination . From start to finish, Rebecchini creates a vivid picture of the tumultuous trajectory of Ippolito de’Medici’s short but remarkable life. Beginning with his illegitimacy and concluding with his sudden death, Ippolito’s life was never easy. Although Ippolito has received relatively little scholarly attention, Rebecchini’s title, “un altro Lorenzo” (another Lorenzo), highlights Ippolito’s significant place in relation to his Medici ancestors. Like many other Medici before him, Ippolito possessed intense political ambition, demonstrated great concern for his legacy, and died prematurely. LISA BOUTIN, Art History, UCLA Éric Rebillard, The Care of the Dead in Late Antiquity, trans. Elizabeth Trapnell Rawlings and Jeanine Routier-Pucci, Cornell Studies in Classical Philology (Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2009) 240 pp. Éric Rebillard’s Care of the Dead in Late Antiquity, an English translation of his 2003 Religion et sepulture: L’Église, les vivants et les morts dans l’Antiquité tradive, presents the author’s new and challenging understanding of life and death in the first centuries of Christianity. In this work, Rebillard rejects the impulse to simply follow the scholarly consensus that the late antique church controlled burial customs, arguing instead that lay Christians, rather than bishops, primarily cared for the dead. Rebillard, after a brief introduction, examines late antique care of the dead REVIEWS 281 across seven chapters. He commences his dismantling of the long-standing paradigm of episcopal control of distinctly Christian burial practices through a brief first chapter that deftly combines a review of the scholarly literature, a systematic evaluation of early references to cemeteries, and a thorough explication of the relevant terminology. The next portion of his text (chaps. 2 and 3) follows his avowal not to take the peculiarity of Christian burial customs for granted by focusing on how multiple late antique groups—pagans, Jews, and Christians—approached death. Chapter 2 demonstrates the lack of structure imposed by any of the religious groups (including the Christians and particularly the church) onto burial custom, as Rebillard reveals that communal burials were not particularly significant to Christian identity. Then, chapter 3 narrows the focus to Christian membership in late antique collegia, determining that churches were not officially organized as collegia, and that Christians continued to participate in...

Mathematical Model for Transitional Processes in Josephson Cryotrons Based on Tunnel Junctions

In this work, we consider controlling of logical states of Josephson memory cells (cryotrons) based on superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) Josephson tunnel junctions by external current impulses. A mathematical model for the transitional processes that take place during direct logical transitions “0” → “1” and inverse logical transitions “1” → “0” is proposed. By means of mathematical modeling, we investigate transitional processes in cryotrons during the change of their logical state and obtain their transitional characteristics for operational temperatures T1=11.6 K and T2=81.2 K, close to the boiling temperatures of helium and nitrogen, respectively. It is shown that such memory cells can efficiently operate under the temperature T2=81.2 K. The behavior of the Josephson cryotrons as well as their operational stability is explored.

MODELING OF TRANSITIONAL PROCESSES IN THE INFORMATION TRANSFORMERS — JOSEPHSON CRYOTRONS

In the present work, we show that logical state controlling of Josephson memory cells (cryotrons) is possible not only by applying external current impulses, but also by means of magnetic flux impulses. By using methods of mathematical modeling, we studied transitional processes in cryotrons during the switching of their logical state and calculated transitional characteristics for the operational temperature T = 81,2 Ê. Peculiarities of the Josephson cryotrons’ behavior and the effect of the variation of model parameters on direct logical transitions “0”→“1”and inverse logical transitions “1”→“0”are discussed.

THE COMBINED METHOD OF LOGICAL STATE CONTROLLING OF CRIOTRONS BASED ON SQUIDS

In the present work, we have improved the mathematical model of transition processes in Josephson memory cells (cryotrons), which can be created on the base of semiconductor quantum interferometers (SQUIDs). We employed two-contact SQUIDs to construct the cryotrons and investigated the possibilities to control the cryotrons’ logical state by means of mathematical modeling. A combined method of logical state controlling of such cryotrons has been proposed since the simpler controlling method, where only impulses of magnetic flux are used, fails to provide stable operation of cryotrons during the inverse logical transitions “1” → “0”. We show that the direct logical transitions “0” → “1” are effectively realized via controlling magnetic flux impulses whereas the transitions “1” → “0” are realized via controlling current impulses. Transition characteristics of the cryotrons during direct and inverse logical transitions are calculated.

RS trigger based relaxation oscillator for temperature measurement circuit

Resistance-to-time converter is always used for digital temperature measurement. An reset-set (RS) trigger based, relaxation oscillator based temperature measurement circuit, which is used to convert the change of thermistor sensor into a frequency signal for later processing, has been presented in this article. The RS trigger, which is composed of two inverters designed with distinct logical transition threshold voltages by changing the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor gains, has the same function as the Schmitt trigger in the relaxation oscillator. The advantage of the RS trigger based Schmitt trigger is that it reduces the dependence to supply voltage, chip temperature, and process variation. This temperature measurement circuit has been applied in a clinical thermometer chip that can measure temperature to an accuracy of better than 0.05°C down to 1.1 V battery voltage. It is fabricated in 0.5 μm double metal single poly complementary MOS (CMOS) process.

Interaction between an invasive decapod and a native gastropod: predator foraging tactics and prey architectural defenses

The shell architecture of the intertidal snail Littorina obtusata (L.) is thought to have undergone an adaptive transition in response to invasion of the Gulf of Maine, NW Atlantic, by the European green crab Carcinus maenas (L.). In order to investigate the hypothesis that this morpho- logical transition affects snail fitness, we conducted predation experiments with snail populations showing morphological differences that are hypothesized to have been caused by, and affect resilience to, green crab predation. Our results are consistent with the adaptive-transition hypothe- sis, but they reveal more varied predator foraging tactics and prey defensive attributes than previ- ously considered. Crabs killed smaller and less heavily-armored snails by breaking their shell, but killed larger and more heavily-armored individuals using a fairly complex 'shell-entry' tactic, which we refer to as 'winkling'. The snail population which suffered lower mortality from green crab preda- tion apparently obtained protection from crushing by having a thicker, more massive shell, and from winkling by having a smaller aperture. Our study provides evidence that the morphological transi- tion undergone by L. obtusata following the green crab's invasion of the NW Atlantic is adaptive, and raises new questions regarding the phenotypic basis of this recent ecological interaction.

A Statistical Quality Model for Delay Testing

SUMMARY In this paper we introduce a statistical quality model fordelay testing that reflects fabrication process quality, design delay margin,and test timing accuracy. The model provides a measure that predicts thechip defect level that cause delay failure, including marginal small delay.We can therefore use the model to make test vectors that are effective interms of both testing cost and chip quality. The results of experiments us-ing ISCAS89 benchmark data and some large industrial design data reflectvarious characteristics of our statistical delay quality model. key words: delay testing, quality model, defect distribution 1. Introduction The progress of fabrication process and design technologyleads to marginal or parametric failures that are caused byresistive shorts or resistive vias [1]. They will occur moreoften and it will be more difficult to screen them effectivelyby the conventional testing methods.Delay testing is regarded as one of the key technologiesfor those problems and has been widely studied to improvetesting effectiveness. Many delay fault models were pro-posed. The transition delay fault model [2] considers thepropagation of lumped delay defects by logical transition tothe observation pins or flip-flops. It is widely used becauseof its high fault coverage, but it cannot detect defects caus-ing delays that are smaller than the test timing. The path de-lay fault model [2] considers the propagation of distributeddelay along a path. It can detect small delay defects, but itis hard to achieve high fault coverage because there is ex-ponential number of paths in a chip. Some longest pathsare selected and tested; however, their coverage is so smallthat the effectiveness is not quantified [2]. A statistical pathselection technique that considers process variation was pro-posed [3]. It is a reasonable approach for practical testing,but its effectiveness is still unknown.There are some papers that address small delay defects.Park et at.[4],[5] give the basic idea that evaluates small de-lay defects. They introduced the delay defect density func-

A 96-channel FPGA-based Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) and fast trigger processor module with multi-hit capability and pipeline

We describe an field-programmable gate arrays based (FPGA), 96-channel, Time-to-Digital converter (TDC) and trigger logic board intended for use with the Central Outer Tracker (COT) [T. Affolder et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 526 (2004) 249] in the CDF Experiment [The CDF-II detector is described in the CDF Technical Design Report (TDR), FERMILAB-Pub-96/390-E. The TDC described here is intended as a further upgrade beyond that described in the TDR] at the Fermilab Tevatron. The COT system is digitized and read out by 315 TDC cards, each serving 96 wires of the chamber. The TDC is physically configured as a 9U VME card. The functionality is almost entirely programmed in firmware in two Altera Stratix FPGAs. The special capabilities of this device are the availability of 840 MHz LVDS inputs, multiple phase-locked clock modules, and abundant memory. The TDC system operates with an input resolution of 1.2 ns, a minimum input pulse width of 4.8 ns and a minimum separation of 4.8 ns between pulses. Each input can accept up to 7 hits per collision. The time-to-digital conversion is done by first sampling each of the 96 inputs in 1.2-ns bins and filling a circular memory; the memory addresses of logical transitions (edges) in the input data are then translated into the time of arrival and width of the COT pulses. Memory pipelines with a depth of 5.5 μ s allow deadtime-less operation in the first-level trigger; the data are multiple-buffered to diminish deadtime in the second-level trigger. The complete process of edge-detection and filling of buffers for readout takes 12 μ s . The TDC VME interface allows a 64-bit Chain Block Transfer of multiple boards in a crate with transfer-rates up to 47 Mbytes/s. The TDC module also produces prompt trigger data every Tevatron crossing via a deadtimeless fast logic path that can be easily reprogrammed. The trigger bits are clocked onto the P3 VME backplane connector with a 22-ns clock for transmission to the trigger. The full TDC design and multi-card test results are described. There is no measurable cross-talk between channels; linearity is limited by the least-count time bin. The physical simplicity ensures low-maintenance; the functionality being in firmware allows reprogramming for other applications.

Percolation of unsatisfiability in finite dimensions

The optimization of two-dimensional Boolean formulas is studied using percolation theory, rare region arguments, and boundary effects. In contrast with mean-field results, there is no satisfiability transition as the constraint density is varied, although there is a logical connectivity transition. In the disconnected phase, there is a transition in the solution time. The thermodynamic ground state for this NP-hard optimization problem is unique; local solutions can be adjoined to find the global ground state. These results have implications for the computational study of disordered materials.

A challenge to travel literature and stereotypes by two Turkish women: Zeyneb Hanoum and Selma Ekrem

The recent critical attention devoted to women’s travel writing performs a logical transition from the ongoing focus on autobiography, representations of memory and multiculturalism as well as the issue of the Subject. Travel extends the inward direction of autobiographical experience to consider the journey outward. Regardless of the journey’s motive (study, emigration, flight, conversion or domination) a journey changes both the country visited and the self that travels. I would like to introduce the travel accounts by two Turkish women written in English in the early 20 th century from a feminist and critical perspective and deconstruct the Turkish women image of the West through their travel accounts 1 . The travel accounts by Western women in the early 20 th century and earlier were not the most uncommon texts referred to in the feminist interpretations of travel literature by women. However, it has been extremely difficult to obtain any autobiographical accounts when one conducts a research on the other way around, namely Eastern women travelers who traveled to Europe and North America. The two Turkish women travelers’ accounts presented here make this article exceptional in this sense. Both travel accounts are first-hand texts written by the Turkish women themselves in English, so no translation is needed. Both texts are (although easy to read in terms of English and structure like many other travelogues) full of complicated signs waiting to be analyzed related to these two upper-class Turkish women’s self-definition, their use of language constructed for the Western audience an evaluation of the Turkish family life, customs and traditions, and their Western woman image. That is where the theories and illustrations of image/identity formation as well as

Cardiac chamber formation: development, genes, and evolution.

Concepts of cardiac development have greatly influenced the description of the formation of the four-chambered vertebrate heart. Traditionally, the embryonic tubular heart is considered to be a composite of serially arranged segments representing adult cardiac compartments. Conversion of such a serial arrangement into the parallel arrangement of the mammalian heart is difficult to understand. Logical integration of the development of the cardiac conduction system into the serial concept has remained puzzling as well. Therefore, the current description needed reconsideration, and we decided to evaluate the essentialities of cardiac design, its evolutionary and embryonic development, and the molecular pathways recruited to make the four-chambered mammalian heart. The three principal notions taken into consideration are as follows. 1) Both the ancestor chordate heart and the embryonic tubular heart of higher vertebrates consist of poorly developed and poorly coupled "pacemaker-like" cardiac muscle cells with the highest pacemaker activity at the venous pole, causing unidirectional peristaltic contraction waves. 2) From this heart tube, ventricular chambers differentiate ventrally and atrial chambers dorsally. The developing chambers display high proliferative activity and consist of structurally well-developed and well-coupled muscle cells with low pacemaker activity, which permits fast conduction of the impulse and efficacious contraction. The forming chambers remain flanked by slowly proliferating pacemaker-like myocardium that is temporally prevented from differentiating into chamber myocardium. 3) The trabecular myocardium proliferates slowly, consists of structurally poorly developed, but well-coupled, cells and contributes to the ventricular conduction system. The atrial and ventricular chambers of the formed heart are activated and interconnected by derivatives of embryonic myocardium. The topographical arrangement of the distinct cardiac muscle cells in the forming heart explains the embryonic electrocardiogram (ECG), does not require the invention of nodes, and allows a logical transition from a peristaltic tubular heart to a synchronously contracting four-chambered heart. This view on the development of cardiac design unfolds fascinating possibilities for future research.

THE NŪNIYYA OF IBN ZAYDŪN: A STRUCTURAL AND THEMATIC ANALYSIS

AbstractIn this article I discuss the structural and thematic unity in Ibn Zaydūn's Nūniyya, perhaps the most famous poem from the period of Arab civilization in al-Andalus. I show that the ghazal is organized according to the principles of ring composition and that it is further characterized by a logical transition from formal to intimate address for the beloved and a thematic opposition between morning and night. The Nūniyya comprises five discrete sections: A - B - C - B1 - A1. Section A introduces the idea of the poet's separation from his beloved, Wallāda, and culminates in a mood of hopelessness and resignation. Morning is associated with this somber reality. In section B, Ibn Zaydūn addresses Wallāda formally and recalls that their nights together were blissful. Section C constitutes the heart of the poem, a paean to Wallāda's beauty and royal stature. At the end of C, the poet switches to an intimate form of address, having implied that, her nobility notwithstanding, he is an equal by the agency of sensual love. B1 and A1 correspond thematically to sections B and A, yet the tone becomes increasingly personal at the end of the poem, consonant with private subject matter and an appeal for a reply. The ghazal concludes at the point when figurative night, filled with its dreams of Wallāda and hopes for a response, is about to be replaced by the bleak morning hour and hopelessness of the introduction, suggesting an awareness on behalf of the poet that word from the beloved will not likely come.

PETRI NETS AS A TOOL FOR MINE SIMULATION

Lately high-level Petri nets have found broadening applications to simulate compound systems in decision-making, informatics, and manufacturing. A process is reflected as a movement of tokens across logical transitions with time delays in places of net. The properties and computer interpretation of Petri nets are described. A complete mining system can be formed from standard components that are presented as Petri nets. Petri nets for a longwalling, driving, mine-wide conveyor net, conveyor-locomotive transport, and robotics-based mining had been constructed. They have been used to solve a number of practical problems, such as coordination of a cutting and supporting, designing and dispatching of compound transport systems, choice of loading strategy for LHD's, interaction between robots and mining machines, and design of mining robots.

Medical problem-solving: a five stage approach in primary medical care.

A methodology for a five stage or pentagonal problem-based approach to solve individual or family health-related problems is described. The model can be applied in health worker learning, student teaching or problem solving in the real world of the patient and his/ her family within the context of community health. The model stresses interdisciplinary co-operation, the consideration of ethical factors in each case, and a logical transition from individual patient care to community diagnosis and intervention. The model is applicable to any disease process, all levels of care, all levels of intervention and all clinical disciplines.

An automated system for liquid‐liquid extraction in monosegmented flow analysis

An automated system to perform liquid-liquid extraction in monosegmented flow analysis is described. The system is controlled by a microcomputer that can track the localization of the aqueous monosegmented sample in the manifold. Optical switches are employed to sense the gas-liquid interface of the air bubbles that define the monosegment. The logical level changes, generated by the switches, are flagged by the computer through a home-made interface that also contains the analogue-to-digital converter for signal acquisition. The sequence of operations, necessary for a single extraction or for concentration of the analyte in the organic phase, is triggered by these logical transitions. The system was evaluated for extraction of Cd(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) and concentration of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions at pH 9.9 (NH3/NH4Cl buffer) into chloroform containing PAN (1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol) . The results show a mean repeatability of 3% (rsd) for a 2.0 mg l-1 Cd(II) solution and a linear increase of the concentration factor for a 0.5mg l-1 Cd(II) solution observed for up to nine extraction cycles.

A parsimonious outranking method for individual and group decisionmaking and its computerized support

A simple multifaceted outranking multiple attribute decision making (MADM) method based on holistic and heuristic ideas is outlined in the paper. It makes use of preference assessment of discrete alternatives at (i) specified criteria nonconcurrently, (ii) direct expert judgments, or (iii) both. The "Dichotomy-Cut" method matches the merits of voting mechanisms with new decisive information-theoretical findings. The elimination of that half of the preference ordered matrix of the alternatives (pom), which contains less preferred ones, assures an optimum/minimum decision information in the preserved dichotomic part of pom (dpom). Next, applying a majority rule to its alternatives brings about the decision outcome sought for. Group decision making emerges as logical transition of the individual decision making. The dichotomy-cut idea is embodied in a simple computerized decision support. The (G)DSS UNIDAS 2 can exploit varied collective decision making conducts of the experts and the user in ill- and nonstructured decision problems of nonrepetitive type, as well as well-structured problems. The method and UNIDAS 2 are well adapted for initial screening and fast diagnostics. The illustrations given highlight the philosophy and the feasibility of the content exposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Thresholds and Thrones: Morphology and Symbolism of Dangme Public Altars

Current studies of African epistemology are stimulating a similar interest in the notion of secrecy and some of its formal expressions (Nooter and Vogel 1993). Thus far, the profile of 'secret art' emerging from the corpus of scholarly works is taking many forms. These include some of the least known, the least visible, and the most understated and anomalous forms in African art.1 Still, because objects that embody secret meanings need not be hidden, the visual arts of some African peoples frequently blend public exposure and secrecy. The display or nondisplay of many elements is therefore culturally determined. In much of Africa south of the Sahara, cultural secrets tend to be religious secrets too, so much so that discussions of the esoteric arts are inevitably intertwined with the doctrinal and practical aspects of traditional beliefs, namely, mythology, prayer, and ritual performances. Yet religion, by its very nature-that is, its elusiveness and seeming irrationality-provides a logical transition, or bridge, between reality and illusion. Its multidimensionality, in particular, suggests that its expressive forms could lend themselves to a range of meanings that are usually culturally specific. This essay illustrates these interconnections by focusing on one such artistic genre: the mud altar complex of the Dangme people of southern Ghana. Although the word altar does not adequately convey the multiple uses of the forms in question in Dangme society today, it is used here for lack of a more appropriate term. These altars exemplify the paradox of having a public art that includes a wholly private, secret dimension. It also brings to the fore several compelling issues that often confront studies of religious art. First is the extent to which the Dangme perception of the human-spirit relationship influences how they conceptualize the

Medical Terminologies: Classical Origins

The thesis of this book is that knowing the origins of scientific terms derived from Latin and Greek and being exposed repeatedly to their classical components in a variety of contexts will help students to grasp and retain their meanings. John Scarborough is a classicist and authority on ancient Greek and Roman medicine who has taught courses in medical terminology to students of the health professions. Writing in a brisk, trenchant, genial style, he manages to impart an enormous amount and variety of lore—anthropologic, historical, biologic, and technical as well as linguistic. The thread that holds the material together is the order of nature as perceived and interpreted by human beings through the taxonomy of living things and the nomenclature of anatomy. Within this framework the author moves discursively by easy and logical transitions from one topic to another and gives the Greek or Latin origins of relevant terms as

Morphological instabilities during rapid growth of metamorphic garnets

Hydrothermal grossular-andradite garnets from contact aureoles in the Oslo region show morpho- logical transitions from planar via cellular to hopper-like structures. Dodecahedral surfaces {110} dominate dur- ing the planar growth stage, whereas the stable crystal faces, developed during the cellular and hopper stages also includes the ikositetrahedron {211} and possibly the hexoctahedron {321}. Faceted cells develope when initially 'wavy' perturbations on the dodecahedral sur- faces become tangential to lower-index planar surfaces. Inclusion patterns and morphologies of almandine- rich garnets from Mageroy (northernmost Norway) that formed during a period of rapid heating, suggest an early stage of cellular growth followed by planar growth. The morphological transitions suggest that the hydrothermal garnets experienced an increase in the overstepping of the garnet precipitation reaction at some stage during their growth whereas the opposite was the case during growth of the Mageroy garnets. The present observa- tions put constraints on the garnet growth rates and emphasize the importance of growth kinetics during metamorphic processes.

Artificial neural networks as cognitive tools for professional writing

Computers are cognitive tools they extend the capabilities of the human mind. Paper and pencil are also cognitive tools they enhance human memory by acting as a permanent record, and they mediate t...