Notion Of Logic Research Articles

Expressivism, Inferentialism and the Simulation Game

Expressivism, Inferentialism and the Simulation Game

Arthur N. Prior on ‘Unquestionably the Best Logical Symbolism for Most Purposes’

In his Formal Logic, Arthur N. Prior (1914–1969) declared that Jan Łukasiewicz's logical notation is ‘unquestionably the best logical symbolism for most purposes’. Whether he had a substantive, and not only practical, reason for this notational preference is unclear. Through an investigation of his philosophical outlook towards the nature of logic and representation in general, and the nature of logical ‘operators’ in particular, this paper suggests that there might be a substantive argument for this declaration. This argument is premised on Prior's own metaphysical view that an adequate notation must represent the functional nature of these operators.

Logic and the Movement of Reasoning: Pierre Gassendi on the Three Acts of the Mind

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to assess the central role the imagination acquires in Pierre Gassendi’s logic. I trace the structuring scheme of the three acts of the mind—common to a good number of late scholastic and early modern logics—to the Thomistic notion of the movement of reasoning in knowledge and argue that Gassendi revisits this notion in his logic. The three acts scheme is from the beginning a bridge between logic and the natural philosophical treatment of the soul. I show how Gassendi’s take on the three acts is similarly poised between his Logic and his Physics and I discuss the rationale, sources and consequences of his attribution of the three acts to the imagination. I argue for the following points: Gassendi’s conception of the logical role of the imagination answers to his empiricist epistemology, his naturalized view of the mind (which involves a defense of thinking in animals) and his notion of a natural logic; it is also operative in his pairing of the formal mechanism of logical operations with a progressive mechanism of the operations of the mind; and it serves as a counterpart to his experimental understanding of the progress of knowledge.1

Active Inference and Abduction

The background target of the research going into the present article is to forge an intellectual alliance between, on the one hand, active inference and the free-energy principle (FEP), and on the other, Charles S. Peirce’s theory of semiotics and pragmatism. In the present paper, the focus is on the allegiance between the nomenclatures of active and abductive inferences as the proper place to begin reaching at that wider target. The paper outlines the key conceptual elements involved in a naturalistic rendering of Peirce’s late semiotic and logical notion of abductive reasoning. The target is a cognitive-biological model of abduction which preserves the functional integrity of an organism and fulfils the existential imperative for living beings’ evidence of existence. Such a model is an adaptation of Peirce’s late logical schema of abduction proposed in his largely unpublished works during the early 20th century. The proposed model is argued to be a feasible sketch also of recent breakthroughs in computational (sensu Bayesian) cognitive science.

A Few Important Landmarks in the Chinese Debates on Dialectical and Formal Logic from the 1930s

With the rise of the discourse on dialectical materialism in the late 1920s, ideas related to the Marxist notion of dialectical logic started to circulate in the Chinese intellectual world. Not long after the first public discussions on dialectical materialism started to emerge in the early 1930s, the discussants on both sides started to address the question of the Marxist notion of logic and its relationship with Western formal logic. Consequently, over the 1930s, a series of separate public debates ensued, in which dialectical logic contended against the “conventional” forms of logic, such as traditional Aristotelian and modern formal logic. This paper outlines the major landmarks within the public as well as internal Marxist debates on logic in the 1930s. The discussion starts with a general overview of the intellectual background of the debates, and proceeds by analysing the principal developments in them, starting with Ye Qing’s and Zhang Dongsun’s polemic about “dynamic logic” from 1933, and concluding with the internal Marxist discussions on the sublation of formal logic in the last years of the decade.

Pragmatism as Transcendental Philosophy, Part 2: Peirce on God and Personality

Pragmatism as Transcendental Philosophy, Part 2: Peirce on God and Personality

An analysis of Existential Graphs\u2013part 2: Beta

This paper provides an analysis of the notational difference between Beta Existential Graphs, the graphical notation for quantificational logic invented by Charles S. Peirce at the end of the 19th century, and the ordinary notation of first-order logic. Peirce thought his graphs to be “more diagrammatic” than equivalently expressive languages (including his own algebras) for quantificational logic. The reason of this, he claimed, is that less room is afforded in Existential Graphs than in equivalently expressive languages for different ways of representing the same fact. The reason of this, in turn, is that Existential Graphs are a non-linear, occurrence-referential notation. As a non-linear notation, each graph corresponds to a class of logically equivalent but syntactically distinct sentences of the ordinary notation of first-order logic that are obtained by permuting those elements (sentential variables, predicate expressions, and quantifiers) that in the graphs lie in the same area. As an occurrence-referential notation, each Beta graph corresponds to a class of logically equivalent but syntactically distinct sentences of the ordinary notation of first-order logic in which the identity of reference of two or more variables is asserted. In brief, Peirce’s graphs are more diagrammatic than the linear, type-referential notation of first-order logic because the function that translates the latter to the graphs does not define isomorphism between the two notations.

COVID-19 Pandemic and Apocalyptic Literature: An Analysis of Margret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake at the time of Coronavirus

Literature has been an imitator of life for generations on this earth, this literature has voiced the voiceless. Recent contemporary and postmodern literary theories have catered to burgeoning notions of logic that go beyond human survival on the planet. Science fiction is a genre of fiction that encompasses imaginative concepts like futuristic scientific-technological settings, faster than light, past and future spatial time travel, the existence of parallel universes and extraterrestrial life etc. An outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The outbreak was declared as a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization on 30 January 2020. During this crisis, literature also plays an important role and apocalyptic literature has shown the disastrous consequences if humans didn’t stop their behaviour and attitude towards the world. This research project aims to take literature out of the realm of imagination and present the harsh realities of culture. This study revealed how literature represents the truth of the world that science is learning every day, and how certain inventions can have harmful effects if they are not halted in time. This research analysed the novel Oryx and Crake in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic and pointed a convincing glimpse of the future. Snowman (protagonist), known as Jimmy before humanity was overrun by science, is trying to live in a world where he might be the last human Snowman tells the tale of how Crake’s scientific ambitions contributed to the abolition of human civilization. The researcher emphasizes how the reel depicts reality and how people are to blame for the degradation of their world.

Management expenses in the context of Federal Accounting Standard (FSBU) 5/2019 – Inventories

Subject. This article deals with the issues of accounting and write-offs of management costs and disclosure in reporting, their role for top managers, as well as improving the delineation and qualification of the types of costs to be accounted for as managerial, and the impact of the proposed approaches on reporting performance. Objectives. The article aims to justify the need for a clearer definition of management costs and a more logical, cost-effective division of costs into production and management ones. Methods. For the study, I used the systems approach, logical generalization and abstraction. Results. The study shows that not all expenses that organizations account for as the management ones are actual. Many of the costs relate to production activities. Since the methodological guidelines for accounting for material and operational costs have been abolished in connection with the adoption of FSBU 5 – Inventories, they may not be applied any more. Conclusions and Relevance. The subject terminology and a clear concept of management costs need to be defined. IFRS 2 – Inventories gives a more logical notion of management costs in combination with administrative costs. This makes it possible to adapt the accounting according to the Russian standards to the running accounting practice with a minimum recalculation. The presented study results are intended to develop theoretical views on the formation of the actual cost of finished products, the full cost of implementation and interpretation of these indicators for management. The results can be used for scientific and practical activities related to financial and management accounting research.

Probabilistic truthlikeness, content elements, and meta-inductive probability optimization

The paper starts with the distinction between conjunction-of-parts accounts and disjunction-of-possibilities accounts to truthlikeness (Sects. 1, 2). In Sect. 3, three distinctions between kinds of truthlikeness measures (t-measures) are introduced: (i) comparative versus numeric t-measures, (ii) t-measures for qualitative versus quantitative theories, and (iii) t-measures for deterministic versus probabilistic truth. These three kinds of truthlikeness are explicated and developed within a version of conjunctive part accounts based on content elements (Sects. 4, 5). The focus lies on measures of probabilistic truthlikeness, that are divided into t-measures for statistical probabilities and single case probabilities (Sect. 4). The logical notion of probabilistic truthlikeness (evaluated relative to true probabilistic laws) can be treated as a subcase of deterministic truthlikeness for quantitative theories (Sects. 4–6). In contrast, the epistemic notion of probabilistic truthlikeness (evaluated relative to given empirical evidence) creates genuinely new problems, especially for hypotheses about single case probabilities that are evaluated not by comparison to observed frequencies (as statistical probabilities), but by comparison to the truth values of single event statements (Sect. 6). By the method of meta-induction, competing theories about single case probabilities can be aggregated into a combined theory with optimal predictive success and epistemic truthlikeness (Sect. 7).

Serendipitous opportunities, entry strategy and knowledge in firms' foreign market entry

PurposeFew researchers and even fewer practitioners would deny that serendipitous events play a central role in the growth process of firms. However, most international marketing models ignore the role of serendipity in the opportunity discovery process. The authors provide a nuanced view on international opportunities by developing the role of serendipitous opportunities in the foreign market entry process. The authors develop a model integrating the notions of serendipity, entrepreneurial logic, experiential knowledge and network knowledge redundancy. From the study’s model, the authors condense three sets of hypotheses on the relationships among experiential knowledge and entry strategy, network knowledge redundancy, entry strategy and serendipity.Design/methodology/approachThe authors confront the study’s hypotheses with data collected on-site at 168 Swedish firms covering 234 opportunities, and to test the hypotheses, the authors ran ordinary least squares (OLS) regression tests in three steps.FindingsThe results of the study’s analysis reveal that experiential knowledge and network knowledge redundancy both lead to a logic based on rigid planning and systematic search, which in turn reduces the likelihood that serendipitous opportunities will be realized in the foreign market entry process.Originality/valueThis is the first study that develops a measure of opportunities that are the outcome of serendipitous events. In addition, the authors integrate network and learning theories and internationalization theory by establishing antecedents to, and outcomes of, the entry strategy.

Plate's account of intrinsicality

ABSTRACT Jan Plate has recently proposed a highly sophisticated account of intrinsicality which, if successful, would analyse intrinsicality purely in terms of broadly logical notions. I argue that Plate's account is unsuccessful, since it falsely classifies as non-intrinsic the intuitively intrinsic property of being such that no part of one is non-self-identical.

A Novel Way of Detecting and Correcting Transmitted Errors using Fuzzy Logic

Transmission and receival of messages always play an important role on various channels. Besides the transmission it is also necessary to be sure that only the exactly transmitted is transferred and the original message is not trampled due to the presence of some disturbance sources in the channel. Inspite of precautions if there is an error in transmission it is mandatory to recover the original message with the aid of several decoding measures. One among the decoding measures is the method of implementing the notion of fuzzy logic, which has its wide applications in several fields. Thus in this paper with the help of the concept of relative weights, the codes are studied in the sense of fuzzy logic to decode the transmitted message, detect errors in transmission and to correct them. Hence the technique of detecting and correcting errors presented in this paper provides a better outcome in comparison with several existing such methods. The prime aim of studying these concepts in fuzzy logic, is it’s precision and accuracy in terms of membership values which avoids the disparities that arises in other methods.

Planning-based knowing how: A unified approach

Various logical notions of know-how have been recently proposed and studied in the literature based on different types of epistemic planning in different frameworks. This paper proposes a unified logical framework to incorporate the existing and some new notions of know-how. We define the semantics of the know-how operator using a unified notion of epistemic planning with parameters of different types of plans specified by a programming language. Surprisingly, via a highly unified completeness proof, we show that all the ten intuitive notions of plans discussed in this paper lead to exactly the same know-how logic, which is proven to be decidable. We also show that over finite models, the know-how logic based on knowledge-based plans requires an extension with an axiom capturing the compositionality of the plans.In the context of epistemic planning, our axiomatization results reveal the core principles behind the very idea of epistemic planning, independent of the particular notion of plans. Moreover, since epistemic planning can be expressed by the know-how modality in our object language, we can greatly generalize the planning problems that can be solved formally by model checking various formulas in our language.

Around Logical Perfection

AbstractIn this article we present a notion of “logical perfection”. We first describe through examples a notion of logical perfection extracted from the contemporary logical concept of categoricity. Categoricity (in power) has become in the past half century a main driver of ideas in model theory, both mathematically (stability theory may be regarded as a way of approximating categoricity) and philosophically. In the past two decades, categoricity notions have started to overlap with more classical notions of robustness and smoothness. These have been crucial in various parts of mathematics since the nineteenth century. We postulate and present the category of logical perfection. We draw on various notions of perfection from mathematics of the 19th and 20th centuries and then trace the relation to the concept of categoricity in power as a logical notion of what a “mathematically perfect” structure is.

A family of genuine and non-algebraisable C-systems

ABSTRACT In 2016, Béziau introduced the notion of genuine paraconsistent logic as logic that does not verify the principle of non-contradiction; as an important example, he presented the genuine paraconsistent logic in terms of three connectives , , and . In this paper, we show that is an axiomatic extension of through the introduction of a non-primitive deductive implication. Furthermore, we prove that is an algebraisable logic with Blok-Pigozzi's method. From the proof that is non-algebraisable logic, we are able to see that is not algebraisable logic and studying the borders of algebrisabilty, we can give an enumerable family of new genuine, paraconsistent and non-algebraisable logics, extensions of . Finally, we introduced n-valued () and infinite-valued logic and show that they are genuine and non-algebraisable paraconsistent ones; in addition, we present semantics for this extensions of by means of Fidel's structures.

Ugovor kao algoritam - uvodna razmatranja

Legal norms contained in text-driven contracts (as well as in statutes and bylaws), which are written in natural language, can be subject of algorithmic conversion in certain phases of the contract circle (implementation, monitoring, control, interpretation). The application of the blockchain concept as a structural pattern opens the possibility of creating a code-driven contract with automated execution: a "smart" contract. Algorithmization is understood as a process which enables the text of the contract to be translated into a format that is understandable to software developers. To this end, the use of the following methodologies is proposed: design of a pseudocode, application of formal logic symbols and the use of flowcharts. Successful conversion of legal prose into a code calls for cooperation between lawyers and programmers. The framework of that cooperation is the establishment of the so-called "Legal Expert System" (LES). Originally conceived by lawyers, LES is a program which allows the algorithm to solve the problem of contract execution. Contract algorithmization should convert contracts from prose to a code, while preserving contract validity and efficiency. For the time being, smart contracts cannot regulate commercially complex scenarios; thus, the de lege lata application of smart contracts as a complete replacement for traditional (analogous) contracts is excluded. A potential object of algorithmization are the primary instructions aimed at executing the characteristic performance of the contract. Contract algorithmization is an ongoing process, which is here to stay. The significance of this process is indisputable but its scope, dynamics and assumptions are still only partially defined and tested. The necessary condition (but hardly a sufficient one) is to legitimize the conception of a contract as an algorithm in the process of defining contractual provisions. Further development of this concept will depend on the functioning of other elements in the environment where code-driven contracts would be used and, above all, on the commercial response to the entire process of contract algorithmization. In effect, in order to be widely applied, contract algorithmization must become a commercially viable activity.

Neutrality, Critique, and Social Visibility

This piece continues an exchange between David Beaver and Jason Stanley, on the one hand, and Alice Crary, on the other, to which Beaver’s and Stanley’s “Neutrality” (immediately above) is a contribution. All three authors agree that the critique of ideology, propaganda, and oppressive structures should not be conceived as eliminating socially-situated perspectives and subjectively-mediated sensibilities from an allegedly neutral discursive space. Their exchange began with Crary’s 2018 article, “The Methodological as Political: What’s the Matter with ‘Analytic Feminism’?” which attacks appeals to neutrality, including one Crary finds in Stanley’s 2015 book, How Propaganda Works, for obscuring a pivotal methodological insight of radical feminist thought, namely, that feminism’s political radicalism is complemented by a “methodological radicalism that involves making use of the practical power of ethically non-neutral resources, conceived as in themselves cognitively authoritative” (Crary 2018: 47). This new reply argues that Beaver’s and Stanley’s practice-based image of language, while at first seemingly aligned with this rejection of neutrality as an ideal for political discourse, fails to fully respond to her original complaint. The ideal of neutrality is problematic, not only in masking social location, but in wrongly impugning as ‘non-cognitive’ or ‘irrational’ critical resources drawn from socially-situated perspectives—the sorts of perspectives to which notable strands of feminist theory give voice precisely for their cognitive value. The current piece claims that to address this further danger it is necessary to go beyond Beaver’s and Stanley’s study of meaning and critically examine engrained philosophical assumptions about how to construe logical notions such as objectivity and truth. It closes by suggesting that, within philosophy of language broadly conceived, the tradition of ordinary language philosophy provides a more promising source of resources and illumination for struggles to make gender-based and overlapping forms of structural bias socially visible.

SYMBOLIC LOGIC: RETURN TO THE ORIGINS. PAPER II. BASIC CATEGORIES

Problem setting. The paper is the Part II of the large research, dedicated to both revision of the system of basic logical categories and generalization of the modern predicate logic to functional logic. Basic categories of functional logic are the following: an individual, a function, representation, and a sequence. Paper objective. T he main task of the paper is to describe every one of the categories in question. The more expansive task of all the paper series is to expose the whole system of functional logic and to prove its advantagies. Recent research and publications analysis. Functional logic was discovered by the author in 1997, and there is no investigation in this field up today except of papers of the autor. Paper main body. An individual is any theoretical object regarded as atomic. Functions are regarded as ambiguous in general case, maybe nullary, and are treated as methods to represent some (any) objects. Most important types of functions are individuals’ functions (for example, arithmetic operations), functionals, and operators. Representation is the ultimate generalization of equality; we treat representation as any specification of an object, as a way to make it present. Fundamentals of the theory of representation are following: any individual can be represented either by itself as a function, or by a nullary function, or via other objects by a function with argument places. The corrected form (with respect to the Paper I) of representation formulas, i. e., atomic formulas of functional logic are involved. The form of terms that represents general names in formal languages of functional logic is present. Both these corrections use the machinery of choice functions, i. e., functions that “elect” one value of any ambiguous function in any case of its use. A sequence treated as a basic nondefinable logical notion. The nondefinability of the notion of a sequence will be proved in another paper. When we operate with individuals, functions, and representation, we structure them in sequences such that every latter has the first element and is discrete (and many of them also have the last element). Conclusions of the research. An individual and a function are relative categories because, first, when we start to talk about a function, it became an individual with the name “such and such a function” and, secondly, when an individual is represented by itself, it became a function. Also, categories of an individual, a function, representation, and a sequence are basic but not universal for logic, i. e., not every logical object is either an individual or a function or representation or a sequence. Say, semantical categories of an expression, a sense, and a denotation are independent of four described above. This means that we described above the field of logic, independent from semantics. The author calls this field (and its theory) logistics.

From Mohism to the school of names, from pragmatism to materialist dialectics: Chinese interpretations of Gongsun Longzi as a text and source of Chinese logic, 1919–1937

This article aims at providing a general overview of the development of interpretational discourse on Gongsun Longzi (公孫龍子) as a text in Chinese logic in the timeframe between the May Fourth events in 1919 and the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937. In my attempt to highlight the main interpretational approaches to the text and philosophy of Gongsun Long (公孫龍, 320 BC-250 BC) I will, on one hand, focus on the question whether or how the Western philosophies and notions of logic, such as for instance that of pragmatism, analytic philosophy and dialectical materialism, influenced the above-mentioned interpretations. On the other hand, aside from its contextual evolution I will also try to cast some new light on the main milestones of its textual re-emergence and development in the early Republican period.