Logical Representation Research Articles

Tolerating Inconsistencies: A Study of Logic of Moral Conflicts

Moral conflicts are the situations which emerge as a response to deal with conflicting obligations or duties. An interesting case arises when an agent thinks that two obligations A and B are equally important, but yet fails to choose one obligation over the other. Despite the fact that the systematic study and the resolution of moral conflicts finds prominence in our linguistic discourse, standard deontic logic when used to represent moral conflicts, implies the impossibility of moral conflicts. This presents a conundrum for appropriate logic to address these moral conflicts. We frequently believe that there is a close connection between tolerating inconsistencies and conflicting moral obligations. In paraconsistent logics, we tolerate inconsistencies by treating them to be both true and false. In this paper, we analyze Graham Priest’s paraconsistent logic LP, and extend our examination to the deontic extension of LP known as DLP. We illustrate our work, with a classic example from the famous Indian epic Mahabharata, where the protagonist Arjuna faces a moral conflict in the battlefield of Kurukshetra. The paper aims to avoid deontic explosion and allows to accommodate Arjuna’s moral conflict in paraconsistent deontic logics. Our analysis is expected to provide novel tools towards the logical representation of moral conflicts and to shed some light on the context-sensitive paraconsistent deontic logic.

Market Affect and the Rhetoric of Political Economic Debates

Market Affect and the Rhetoric of Political Economic Debates

Development of long-term financing of innovative small companies

The subject of the research is financial relations in the process of financing innovative small companies. The purpose of the work is an analytical assessment of the conditions for long-term financing of innovative small companies using systematic, economic and statistical analysis, which ensures the integrity and comprehensiveness of the study. Increasing the role of innovative small companies in the process of digital transformations is an urgent task in modern transformations of society. The analysis revealed the problems of long-term financing of innovative small companies, since most of the methods are focused on short-term financing of such companies. The conditions of investment opportunities for innovative companies are considered in detail on specific examples. The article notes that the conditions for effective management of long-term investments depend on the various stages of development of innovative companies. The practical purpose and scientific value of the article lies in the construction of a holistic and logical representation of the use of various methods of financing high-tech companies. It is concluded that it is necessary to provide institutional financial support for innovative development and an integrated approach to long-term financing of innovative small companies.

Getting AI Right: Introductory Notes on AI & Society

Getting AI Right: Introductory Notes on AI & Society

Feeling Around for the Apparatus: A Radicley Empirical Plant Science

Scientists are oft trained to think that “feeling” is not simply irrelevant but antithetical to their methodologies. That scientists are not simply objectively trained minds but also bodies that feel has been an important feminist contribution towards reimagining scientific knowledge—not as the product of self-directed teleological discovery, but as situated in time, place, and transformed through relations that oft exceed the binary logics of scientific representation; those founded upon rationalist distinctions between feeling/knowing, body/mind, object/subject. Through a collaborative methodological lens we (ethnographer + scientist) are calling radicle empiricism, we ask how a scientist comes to make sense of feeling and knowing—and the relations “between”—throughout shifting configurations of a pea plant decision-making apparatus. By focusing this study at the level of the apparatus (Barad, 2007), we provide an empirically based description—not a proposed model or theory—of some of the material-discursive relations through which the concepts of “feeling” and “knowing” are (re)configured through a scientist’s unexpected encounters with pea plant root tips or radicles. As such, we offer a perspective that does not assume “feeling” or “knowing” as distinct categories of a scientist’s knowledge making endeavors, nor as categories of experience that function independently of the historical, social, and material conditions through which they are made perceptible. Immanent to this description is an invitation to explore creative and collaborative practices of science-making in which the phenomena we study—whether pea plants or other persons—have the opportunity to reformulate not only our categories of “feeling” and “knowing” but the conditions through which they are made possible.

On Sade’s Sovereign Excess: Beckett Translating Blanchot and Bataille

In this essay, I situate Beckett’s effort to translate numerous documents of and around the Marquis de Sade for the seventh volume of Transition in the context of his contemporary experiments with an aesthetics of failure. What catches his attention concerning the renewal of Sade in France after the Second World War, I argue, is a form of literature animated by the impossible – that is, weakness, dispossession, and inoperativity –, which undermines the logic of representation at the basis of anthropocentric and humanist subjectivity. I proceed to elucidate Beckett’s translations of excerpts from Maurice Blanchot and Georges Bataille on Sade, with an emphasis on the question of sovereignty on its aesthetic, ethical, political, ontological, and literary registers. Their readings critically reassess the modern biopolitical configuration of sovereign power and violence that reduces human life to nothing, all the while tracing a certain excess of being that traverses the language of Sade’s body of work. This notably sovereign excess, when displaced in the space of literature, dismantles the self-sufficient and autonomous subject on the one hand and taps into an insurgent potential of revolt on the other. My contention is that Beckett’s hitherto unpublished translations convey what he shares in common, albeit from a distance, with Blanchot and Bataille after Sade, alongside a wider counter-current of late modernist literature attuned to writing, thinking, and living from the standpoint of the impossible.

Moments of shame in the figural history of trans suicide

ABSTRACT This is an article about trans suicide – a longstanding consequence of a necropolitical order that perpetuates the disposability of trans life as a strategy of social subjugation and institutional maintenance. Although having become a more widely publicized crisis in recent years, trans suicide is not a new problem. Evidence of trans suicide dates to the early twentieth century, verifying its status as a malady that victimizes both youth and adults, stretches beyond American borders, and populates a range of discourses since well before the popularization of more contemporary identity categories, such as ‘transsexual’ or ‘transgender.’ In this article, I trace the historical circulation of trans suicide, with a primary focus on its movement across U.S. public culture. I show how trans people have long shaped meanings of trans suicide using a variety of communication channels. I argue that recurrent public renderings of trans suicide accrue force as potent articulations of trans shame, which arise directly from embodied experiences of gender dysphoria and other often hidden intersecting systems of oppression that make trans lives less livable. Thus, the figural history of trans suicide is a multi-generational structure of feeling constituted by an ongoing series of moments of shame that have shifted in tandem with evolutions in media culture and changing norms of trans visibility. These moments of shame open possibilities for challenging transnormative logics of representation and dismantling the necropolitical foundations of anti-trans death worlds.

Coordinated use of Health Level 7 standards to support clinical decision support: Case study with shared decision making and drug-drug interactions

BackgroundDespite advances in interoperability standards, it remains challenging and often costly to share clinical decision support (CDS) across healthcare organizations. This is due in part to limited coordination among CDS components. To improve coordination of CDS components, Health Level 7 (HL7) has developed a suite of interoperability standards with Fast Health Interoperability Resources (FHIR) specification as a common information model. Evidence is needed to determine the feasibility of implementing these CDS components; therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the coordination of emerging HL7 standards with modular CDS architecture components. MethodsWe used a modular, standards-based architecture consisting of four components: data, logic, services, and applications. The implementation use-case was an application to support shared decision making in the context of drug-drug interactions (DDInteract). ResultsDDInteract uses FHIR as the data representation model, Clinical Quality Language for logic representation, CDS Hooks for the services layer, and Substitutable Medical Apps Reusable Technologies for application integration. DDInteract was first implemented in a sandbox environment and then in an electronic health record (Epic®) test environment. DDInteract can be integrated in clinical workflows through on-demand access from a menu or through CDS Hooks upon opening a patient’s record or placing a medication order. ConclusionIn the context of drug interactions, DDInteract is the first application to leverage a full stack of emerging interoperability standards for each component of modular CDS architecture. The demonstrated feasibility of interoperable components can be generalized to other modular CDS applications.

A 3D transcriptomics atlas of the mouse nose sheds light on the anatomical logic of smell.

SUMMARYThe sense of smell helps us navigate the environment, but its molecular architecture and underlying logic remain understudied. The spatial location of odorant receptor genes (Olfrs) in the nose is thought to be independent of the structural diversity of the odorants they detect. Using spatial transcriptomics, we create a genome-wide 3D atlas of the mouse olfactory mucosa (OM). Topographic maps of genes differentially expressed in space reveal that both Olfrs and non-Olfrs are distributed in a continuous and overlapping fashion over at least five broad zones in the OM. The spatial locations of Olfrs correlate with the mucus solubility of the odorants they recognize, providing direct evidence for the chromatographic theory of olfaction. This resource resolves the molecular architecture of the mouse OM and will inform future studies on mechanisms underlying Olfr gene choice, axonal pathfinding, patterning of the nervous system, and basic logic for the peripheral representation of smell.

The third AI summer: AAAI Robert S. Engelmore Memorial Lecture

The third AI summer: AAAI Robert S. Engelmore Memorial Lecture

Use of Universal Simulation Software Tools for Optimization of Signal Plans at Urban Intersections

Intersections in cities are important transport hubs, where traffic flows from all roads meet, connect, disconnect or intersect. This research is dedicated to the creation of simulation models of intersections and is based on real observations of two crossroads in a city. The principle is based on observing traffic flows using real traffic counting at peak times. The aim is to reduce traffic congestion by adjusting signal plans on the monitored section using computer simulation and modelling in ExtendSim8 software, which is a universal tool allowing the user to simulate any system or process by creating a logical representation in an easy-to-use format. According to our preliminary literature research, the ExtendSim software has never before been used before to create an intersection simulation to optimize the signal plan. There are several specialized software products for simulating traffic and intersections, but not everyone has access to these, or else they require lengthy user training. Therefore, it is very advantageous to use a universal simulation tool that is not used for traffic simulation at intersections in the city. The article points out that a universal simulation program such as ExtendSim can also be used in the design or assessment of signal plans at intersections.

On Molecular Bonding Logic and Matrix Representation of Constant and Balanced Boolean Functions

Representing a bonding manifold of a molecule or molecular cluster by a graph given by a set of vertices associated with atoms and a set of edges imitating bonds, the bonding edge encoding formalism is defined on n-tuples qubits in terms of the NOT logic gate acting on the "non-bonded" string. This formalism is illustrated by the simplest diatomic and triatomic molecules whose adjacency matrices generate different quadratic Boolean functions, among which the balanced function appears. In this regard, we review the Deutsch–Jozsa quantum algorithm, well-known in quantum computing, that discriminates between the balanced and constant Boolean functions. A novel matrix representation of the constant-balancedquantum oracle within this algorithm is elaborated. The proposed approach is generalized to distinguish between constant and evenly balanced Boolean functions.

On logical and extensional characterizations of attributed feature models

Software-intensive systems can have thousands of interdependent configuration options across different subsystems. Feature models (FMs) allow designers to organize the configuration space by describing configuration options using interdependent features: a feature is a name representing some functionality and each software variant is identified by a set of features. Attributed feature models (AFMs) extend FMs to describe the, possibly constrained, choice of a value from domains such as integers or strings: each attribute is associated to one feature, and when the feature is selected then the attribute brings some additional information relative to the selected features. Different representations of FMs and AFMs have been proposed in the literature. In this paper we focus on the logical representation (which works well in practice) and the extensional representation (which has been recently shown well suited for theoretical investigations). We provide an algebraic and a logical characterization of operations and relations on FMs and AFMs, and we formalize the connection between the two characterizations as monomorphisms from lattices of logical FMs and AFMs to lattices of extensional FMs and AFMs, respectively. This formalization sheds new light on the correspondence between the algebraic and logical characterizations of operations and relations for FMs and AFMs. It aims to foster the development of a formal framework for supporting practical exploitation of future theoretical developments on FMs, AFMs and multi software product lines.

Photonic crystal integrated logic gates and circuits.

This paper presents and demonstrates the three logic processing levels based on complementary photonic crystal logic devices through photonic integrated circuit modeling. We accomplished a set of logic circuits including AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, FAN-OUT, HALF ADDER, and FULL ADDER based on photonic crystal slab platforms. Furthermore, we achieved efficient all-optical logic circuits with contrast ratios as high as 5.5 dB, demonstrated in our simulation results, guaranteeing well-defined output power values for logic representations; a clock-rate up to 2 GHz; and an operating wavelength at λ ≈ 1550 nm. Thus, we can now switch up for high computing abstraction levels to build photonic integrated circuits rather than isolated gates or devices.

Faces of Tradition in Chinese Performing Arts

Faces of Tradition in Chinese Performing Arts

Path embedded hybrid reasoning model for relation prediction in knowledge graphs

To conquer incompleteness of knowledge graphs (KGs), we focus on a relation prediction task that completes KGs by ranking all relationships between entities and selecting the top one. Most existing methods for relation prediction are representation-based models, which learn the structural information of KGs to obtain the embeddings of entities and relationships but fail to effectively use relation paths to predict potential relationships between two entities. The traditional path-based logical models consider the path characteristics but ignore the global semantics of entities in KGs, such as surrounding entities and relationships. In this paper, we propose path embedded hybrid reasoning model (PE-HRM), a novel reasoning mode based on logical reasoning, representation learning and neural network. PE-HRM considers structural characteristics of entities and path features between them and effectively fuses these features. Finally, we evaluate PE-HRM on datasets FB15K237 and NELL995. Experimental results show that PE-HRM significantly outperforms baseline models.

Asymptotical Feedback Stabilization and Controllability of Probabilistic Logic Networks With State-Dependent Constraints

This study investigates the asymptotical feedback set stabilization and asymptotical feedback controllability of probabilistic logic control networks (PLCNs) with state-dependent constraints. First, based on the properties of the semi-tensor product (STP) of matrices and the vector representation of logic, a PLCN with state-dependent constraints is expressed as the algebraic form. Second, using a state-dependent input transformation, a PLCN with state-dependent constraints is transformed into one with free control input. The equivalence between the stabilizability and controllability of the original constrained PLCN and those of the resulting PLCN with free input is established. Based on these, we propose the necessary and sufficient conditions for both asymptotical feedback stabilizability and asymptotical feedback controllability. Finally, two examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the obtained results.

Gotta face ‘em all: Pokémon, Japanese animated characters, and the emergence of playful visual animism

As a result of technological innovations and new cultural practices, the contemporary mediasphere is increasingly populated by digital(ized) faces. The phenomenon is not limited to human faces, but includes a vast universe of fictional animated faces, variously called ‘characters’, ‘mascots’ or ‘kyara’. In Japan, while certainly not new, kyara have been spreading thanks to globalization, digitalization and media-mix strategies. Through the connection between visual design, fictional narratives and socio-cultural consumption, kyara can be considered semiotic figures of in-betweenness, key symbolic mediators in the Japanese mediascape. Their anthropomorphic face design mediates the cultural boundaries between the human and the non-human, the animate and the inanimate, nature and culture. Furthermore, their post-modern narratives mix inspiration from the past and the present, from myths to science fiction. Lastly, they involve an encyclopedic reworking between fiction and reality, mythical references and secularization, between the domains of seriousness and playful make-believe. The article aims to explore the semiotic dimensions of kyara in contemporary Japan, with emphasis on their logic of representation and cultural outcomes. These will be investigated through the analysis of the Pokémon franchise, which will make it possible to describe the emergence of new semiotic patterns of ‘playful visual animism’ in the process of media facialization of everyday life.

Evaluation of the Main Causes of Diesel Engine Injector Failure using Fault Tree Analysis

The maintenance of the diesel engine parts in any electric power station contains many problems that lead to stopping. Several reasons lead to such problems; these reasons should be analyzed and evaluated in order to eliminate their effects. This paper is based on evaluation of the main causes that lead to diesel engine injector failure as a main part of electric power stations, using fault tree analysis (FTA). The FTA is the most broadly utilized strategies in the industrial area to perform reliability analysis of complex designing frameworks. A fault tree is a logical representation of the relationship of basic events that lead to a given unwanted event (i.e., top event). Starting with introducing the FTA and how it could be utilized in analyzing the reasons of main issues that lead to that the injector stops working, in which the probability of occurrence of each issue is calculated. The application of the root cause analysis principle of diesel engine injector failure in diesels Haditha station is chosen as a case under study. According to the probabilities’ evaluation by using the FTA based on of the causes under the top event its value was (0.80). It is concluded from the analysis that the three largest values of the occurrence of a problem with the diesel engine injector are 0.50 for fuel problems, 0.20 for overloads, and 0.18 for nozzle head corrosion. Plant management can define a specific plan with taking into consideration the calculated value of each cause in order to reduce their impacts and to avoid long downtime hours compared to operating hours. Finally, recommandations are suggested to overcome these causes.

Mapping a logical representation of TSP to quantum annealing

Mapping a logical representation of TSP to quantum annealing