Logic Operations Research Articles

Tomography of entangling two-qubit logic operations in exchange-coupled donor electron spin qubits

Scalable quantum processors require high-fidelity universal quantum logic operations in a manufacturable physical platform. Donors in silicon provide atomic size, excellent quantum coherence and compatibility with standard semiconductor processing, but no entanglement between donor-bound electron spins has been demonstrated to date. Here we present the experimental demonstration and tomography of universal one- and two-qubit gates in a system of two weakly exchange-coupled electrons, bound to single phosphorus donors introduced in silicon by ion implantation. We observe that the exchange interaction has no effect on the qubit coherence. We quantify the fidelity of the quantum operations using gate set tomography (GST), and we use the universal gate set to create entangled Bell states of the electrons spins, with fidelity 91.3 ± 3.0%, and concurrence 0.87 ± 0.05. These results form the necessary basis for scaling up donor-based quantum computers.

Quantum enhanced Josephson junction field-effect transistors for logic applications

Josephson junction field-effect transistors (JJFETs) have recently re-emerged as promising candidates for superconducting computing. For JJFETs to perform Boolean logic operations, the so-called gain factor αR must be larger than 1. In a conventional JJFET made with a classical channel material, due to a gradual dependence of superconducting critical current on the gate bias, αR is much smaller than 1. In this Letter, we propose a new device structure of quantum enhanced JJFETs in a zero-energy-gap InAs/GaSb heterostructure. We demonstrate that, due to an excitonic insulator quantum phase transition in this zero-gap heterostructure, the superconducting critical current displays a sharp transition as a function of gate bias, and the deduced gain factor αR ∼ 0.06 is more than 50 times that (∼0.001) reported in a classical JJFET. Further optimization may allow achieving a gain factor larger than 1 for logic applications.

Dual-Mode Reconfigurable Split-Gate Logic Transistor through Van der Waals Integration.

As silicon-based transistors approach their physical size limitations, two-dimensional material-based reconfigurable functional electronic devices are considered the most promising novel device architectures beyond Moore strategies. While these devices have garnered significant attention, they often require complex device fabrication processes and extra electric fields. Additionally, the device performance is usually limited by the metal-semiconductor interface properties. In this Letter, we have constructed a reconfigurable logic device based on a WSe2 transistor with a nanofloating gate and split-gates through van der Waals integration. This device achieves a small Schottky barrier height due to the van der Waals contacts. By varying the split-gate biases, we can realize volatile reconfigurable homojunctions as well as AND, OR, NOR, and NAND logic operations with just a single device. Furthermore, with the charge trapping effect of nanofloating gate, we can also achieve nonvolatile reconfigurable homojunctions, as well as AND and OR logic operations. The volatile and nonvolatile logic operations are similar to the short-term plasticity and long-term plasticity, respectively, of synapses in the human brain. This work offers a potential approach for creating novel reconfigurable functional electronic devices with a simple fabrication process and low cost.

Automatic Differentiation Accelerated Shape Optimization Approaches to Photonic Inverse Design in FDFD/FDTD

AbstractShape optimization approaches to inverse design offer low‐dimensional, physically‐guided parameterizations of structures by representing them as combinations of primitives. However, on fixed grids, computing the gradient of a user objective via the adjoint variables method requires a product of forward/adjoint field solutions and the Jacobian of the simulation material distribution with respect to the structural shape parameters. Shape parameters often perturb global parts of the simulation grid resulting in many non‐zero Jacobian entries. These are often computed by finite‐difference (FD) in practice, and hence can be non‐trivial. In this work, the gradient calculation is accelerated by invoking automatic differentiation (AD) in instantiations of structural material distributions, enabled by the development of extensible differentiable feature‐mappings from parameters to primitives and differentiable effective logic operations (denoted AutoDiffGeo or ADG). ADG can also be used to accelerate FD‐based shape optimization by efficient boundary selection. AD‐enhanced shape optimization is demonstrated using three integrated photonic examples: a blazed grating coupler, a waveguide transition taper, and a polarization‐splitting grating coupler. The accelerations of the gradient calculation by AD relative to FD with boundary selection exceed 10, resulting in total optimization wall time accelerations of – on the same hardware with no compromise to device figure‐of‐merit.

Universal all-optical zero-bias logic gates in silicon photonics

Universal all-optical (optical input – optical output) logic gates, realized in a commercial foundry silicon photonics process, are reported. Microring resonator modulator and zero-biased stacked photodiodes are used to create the required optical input-output nonlinear transfer function for optical gate realizations. Several logic gate functions, specifically NOR which is a universal logic gate that can be used to implement any logic, are demonstrated. Logic operation on 10 Mbps data streams is demonstrated using universal optical logic gates without requiring any electrical supply voltage. The total optical power required for one such universal logic gate is 160 µW.

Sequence-Unconstrained DNA Computing: DSN cycling and PER circuitry for dynamic miRNAs analysis and multifunctional logic operations

DNA strand displacement and enzyme-driven catalysis are pivotal in regulating molecular interactions and constructing molecular logic circuits. However, their application in intricate hierarchical cascading networks has been hindered by sequence crosstalk restrictions on the multiple inputs and outputs. In this study, we present a sequence-unconstrained strategy to implement versatile molecular logic circuits, relying on duplex-specific nuclease (DSN)-assisted cycling and primer exchange reaction (PER) amplification circuitry (DSN-PER). Employing linear capture probe (CP) conjugated with magnetic beads (MBs) significantly minimizes crosstalk reactions compared to the previous molecular beacon probe (MBP) for DNA barcoding. Importantly, the sequence design of “barcodes” is fully independent of target binding sites on MBs, allowing for the sensitive detection of a broad range of microRNAs (miRNAs) using the DSN-PER method. Specifically, this platform supports the programming of common logic computations (YES, NOT, OR, INHIBIT, AND, and NOR) and hierarchical circuit operation (OR-AND) in response to a specific pattern of varying miRNAs. These versatile logic circuits offer unique features with flexible sequence design, potentially broadening the applications of dynamic nucleic acid nanotechnologies in multiplexed bio-computation, intelligent diagnostics, and sophisticated DNA nanodevices.

Parameter-induced logical stochastic resonance in substrate potential with deformable sine-Gordon shape

Logical stochastic resonance (LSR) systems are physical nonlinear systems capable of robust Boolean logic operations under the influence of noise. While LSR systems suitable for electronic circuit implementation have been extensively studied, research on condensed matter LSR systems remains limited to constrained bistability with saturation characteristic. Considering the presence of periodic nonlinearities in many physical systems, a deformable sine-Gordon-shaped Remoissenet–Peyrard potential (RPP)-based LSR system is proposed for the first time in this work. Testing under both noise-free and noisy conditions proves the existence of parameter-induced LSR phenomena in the proposed system. Moreover, we find that a relatively wide potential well shape contributes to enhanced noise robustness in the RPP-based LSR system. Additionally, traditional polynomial nonlinearity-based LSR systems are compared with the proposed system. Regardless of whether the noise is Gaussian white noise or composite noise containing spiking pulses, the RPP-based LSR system exhibits superior robustness. The results demonstrate the exceptional advantages of the RPP-based LSR system and encourage further design of condensed matter LSR systems based on deformable periodic nonlinearities.

Vulnerability of AND/OR logic networks under cascading failures

Cascading failures in AND/OR logic networks present a critical challenge in domains such as digital circuits and communication systems where reliability and resilience are paramount. This work investigates the vulnerability of AND/OR logic networks under cascading failures by examining the propagation mechanisms, failure modes, and robustness of such systems. In detail, we propose a hybrid fault propagation model based on the basic principles of AND/OR logic operations. Then, by utilizing both analytical and simulation approaches, we explore how initial localized disruptions can escalate through interconnected logical elements and lead to widespread system failures. Notably, it is shown that a Sigmoid function can be developed to quantify the vulnerability of the complex logic network. Moreover, the phase transition of the failures against the logic parameters is depicted and it is illustrated that the phase transition point is independent of the AND links. This study contributes to the understanding of cascading dynamics in logical networks and could facilitate design of feasible strategies for mitigating these vulnerabilities and recovering from substantial failures.

Intelligent Analysis of Avian Influenza Virus Biomarkers Based on Chemiluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer and DNA Logic Analysis.

A one-step logical analysis of multiple targets remains challenging. Herein, we report a one-pot and intelligent DNA logical analysis platform for the diagnosis of avian influenza virus (AIV) biomarkers based on chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) and logic operations. On the surface of Lum/PEI/CaCO3 microparticles, the excited state of luminol underwent CRET with fluorescein isothiocyanate or rhodamine B isothiocyanate, producing three well-separated light emissions at 425, 530, and 590 nm, respectively. Taking advantage of the close distance between fluorophores aligned by the catalytic hairpin assembly reaction, the CRET efficiency was greatly enhanced (53.1%). H1N1, H7N9, and H5N1 were detected with limits of detection values as low as 15, 34, and 58 pM, respectively. Three-input logic circuits were simultaneously conducted on the surface of Lum/PEI/CaCO3 microparticles, enabling the rapid and accurate discrimination of multiple AIV biomarkers in one solution. In terms of peak positions and the normalized value of the total peak intensity, three biomarkers can be simultaneously discriminated without any other complex operations. In summary, the CRET-based multiple analytical assay was developed as an intelligent biosensor for identifying AIV biomarkers, having promising application prospects in the field of multiple analysis and precise disease diagnosis.

Boolean Logic Gate Operation in Bacteriorhodopsin of Purple Membrane Based on a Molten Globule-like State.

Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) of purple membrane (PM) has increasing technical interests, particularly in photonic devices and bioelectronics. The present work has concerned with monitoring the temperature dependence of passive electric responses in-plane and out-of-plane of the membranes. Based on thermal properties observed orthogonally here for PM, a high-temperature intermediate of bR has been suggested to populate at around 60 °C, which may be ascribed to a molten globule-like state. This intermediate has been found to be enclosed between two reversible thermal transitions for PM. Large-scale turnover in the energy of activation, for these two thermal transitions, occurs steeply at such state at 60 °C, above which does bR reverse the sign of dielectric anisotropy (i.e. crossover) provided the operating frequency should be above the crossover frequency, at which the reversal occurs. No such crossover was found to occur below the crossover frequency, even above the crossover temperature (i.e. 60 °C). Likewise, no such crossover was found to occur below the crossover temperature, even above the crossover frequency. Relying on this reasoning, a logic gate operation may be declared implicating bR for bioelectronics and sense technological relevance. In addition, the results specify "dual frequency" as well as "dual temperature" characteristics to bacteriorhodopsin.

DNA Logical Computing on a Transistor for Cancer Molecular Diagnosis.

Given the high degree of variability and complexity of cancer, precise monitoring and logical analysis of different nucleic acid markers are crucial for improving diagnostic precision and patient survival rates. However, existing molecular diagnostic methods normally suffer from high cost, cumbersome procedures, dependence on specialized equipment and the requirement of in-depth expertise in data analysis, failing to analyze multiple cancer-associated nucleic acid markers and provide immediate results in a point-of-care manner. Herein, we demonstrate a transistor-based DNA molecular computing (TDMC) platform that enables simultaneous detection and logical analysis of multiple microRNA (miRNA) markers on a single transistor. TDMC can perform not only basic logical operations such as "AND" and "OR", but also complex cascading computing, opening up new dimensions for multi-index logical analysis. Owing to the high efficiency, sensing and computations of multi-analytes can be operated on a transistor at a concentration as low as 2×10-16 M, reaching the lowest concentration for DNA molecular computing. Thus, TDMC achieves an accuracy of 98.4 % in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma from 62 serum samples. As a convenient and accurate platform, TDMC holds promise for applications in "one-stop" personalized medicine.

DNA Logical Computing on a Transistor for Cancer Molecular Diagnosis

AbstractGiven the high degree of variability and complexity of cancer, precise monitoring and logical analysis of different nucleic acid markers are crucial for improving diagnostic precision and patient survival rates. However, existing molecular diagnostic methods normally suffer from high cost, cumbersome procedures, dependence on specialized equipment and the requirement of in‐depth expertise in data analysis, failing to analyze multiple cancer‐associated nucleic acid markers and provide immediate results in a point‐of‐care manner. Herein, we demonstrate a transistor‐based DNA molecular computing (TDMC) platform that enables simultaneous detection and logical analysis of multiple microRNA (miRNA) markers on a single transistor. TDMC can perform not only basic logical operations such as “AND” and “OR”, but also complex cascading computing, opening up new dimensions for multi‐index logical analysis. Owing to the high efficiency, sensing and computations of multi‐analytes can be operated on a transistor at a concentration as low as 2×10−16 M, reaching the lowest concentration for DNA molecular computing. Thus, TDMC achieves an accuracy of 98.4 % in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma from 62 serum samples. As a convenient and accurate platform, TDMC holds promise for applications in “one‐stop” personalized medicine.

Multi-objective topology optimization of macro structure and microtubule network structure for self-healing material

Abstract Self-healing materials possess the capability to promptly repair minor damages occurring during service, thereby effectively preventing safety accidents. This paper investigates a multi-objective topology optimization method for the macro structure and microtubule network of self-healing materials around pure epoxy resin materials, aiming to enhance the damage healing capability of the microtubule network while meeting the mechanical performance requirements of the macro structure. By introducing the design variables of macro structure and microtubule network, the corresponding topological description functions are established respectively. And study applies logical operations and post-processing techniques to generate an embedded microtubule network structure description. The objective functions include the flexibility of the macro structure, the along-travel head loss, and the total length of the microtubule network, with material volume serving as a constraint. In order to determine the head loss of the three-dimensional microtubule network structure, a Hardy-Cross method based on flow initialization and loop search is proposed. Multi-objective topology optimization is designed based on moving morphable components algorithm, enumeration method and Pareto principle. Develop iterative termination conditions by assessing the disparity between Pareto solution sets in each generation, thereby ensuring algorithm convergence. The numerical example of the Messerschmitt–Bölkow–Blohm (MBB) beamyields a flexibility of 0.059 without a carrier and 0.0728 with a carrier the macrostructural flexibility without a carrier is 81.0% compared to with a carrier, and the macrostructural profiles and the overall flexibility of the MBB beams with/without a carrier are close to each other. This method serves as a reference for optimizing large-scale self-healing structures.

Superconducting surface trap chips for microwave-driven trapped ions

Microwave-driven trapped ion logic gates offer a promising avenue for advancing beyond laser-based logic operations. In future microwave-based operations, however, the joule heat produced by large microwave currents flowing through narrow microwave electrodes would potentially hinder improvements in gate speed and fidelity. Moreover, scalability, particularly in cryogenic trapped ion systems, is impeded by the excessive joule heat. To address these challenges, we present a novel approach: superconducting surface trap chips that integrate high-Q microwave resonators with large current capacities. Utilizing sub-ampere microwave currents in superconducting Nb resonators, we generate substantial magnetic field gradients with significantly reduced losses compared to conventional metal chips. By harnessing the high Q factors of superconducting resonators, we propose a power-efficient two-qubit gate scheme capable of achieving a sub-milliwatt external microwave input power at a gate Rabi frequency of 1 kHz.

Resolving Decision Making Issues with Nano Soft Logical Operators

In this paper we have introduced the nano soft operators, such as A???????? ̃, ????????̃, ????????T ̃ and Max-Min product operators. We have solved a lot of real-world issues with the help of these operators. These operators supports correct decision-leading in various decision-making processes.

Ultralow Energy Consumption and Fast Neuromorphic Computing Based on La0.1Bi0.9FeO3 Ferroelectric Tunnel Junctions.

Low-power and fast artificial neural network devices represent the direction in developing analogue neural networks. Here, an ultralow power consumption (0.8 fJ) and rapid (100 ns) La0.1Bi0.9FeO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 ferroelectric tunnel junction artificial synapse has been developed to emulate the biological neural networks. The visual memory and forgetting functionalities have been emulated based on long-term potentiation and depression with good linearity. Moreover, with a single device, logical operations of "AND" and "OR" are implemented, and an artificial neural network was constructed with a recognition accuracy of 96%. Especially for noisy data sets, the recognition speed is faster after preprocessing by the device in the present work. This sets the stage for highly reliable and repeatable unsupervised learning.

True random number generation based on temporal fluctuations of abalone shell coherent random lasers.

The output modes of random lasers exhibit randomness, making them a potential high-quality physical entropy source for generating random numbers. In this paper, we controlled a low-cost and easily fabricated abalone shell random laser, generating forward and backward coherent random lasers simultaneously in a single channel, resulting in highly diverse mode variations. After post-processing steps such as third-order difference calculations and exclusive-or (XOR) logic operations, we generated a random number sequence for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, based on the temporal fluctuations of biomimetic random laser coherent modes. The instantaneous generation rate reached a preliminary 40 Gbps. Moreover, the random bits satisfy requirements such as random distribution, independence, and absence of bias, successfully passing the NIST SP800-22 standard test, confirming the high quality of the random number sequence.

Three-way concept lattice based on Boolean formal context

The theory of formal concept analysis(FCA) is an important mathematical method for knowledge representation and knowledge discovery. The Boolean formal context is proposed by introducing Boolean matrices and logical operations into FCA. Based on the concept lattice of the Boolean formal context and the column vector(row-vector)-oriented concept lattice of the Boolean formal context, this paper proposes the column vector(row vector)-induced three-way concept lattice of the Boolean formal context and the column vector(row vector)-induced three-way column vector(row vector)-oriented concept lattice of the Boolean formal context, and proves their rationality. Then, the isomorphism between the three-way concept lattice of the Boolean formal context and the three-way concept lattice of the general formal context is proved.

Sufficient condition for reliable logic operations in an over damped bistable system driven by Gaussian white noise.

In this paper, we investigate an overdamped bistable system subject to Gaussian white noise and logical inputs. By solving and estimating the steady distribution of the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation and considering the two essential features of the reliable logic operations (RLOs)-initial value independence and sign invariance-we establish the sufficient condition for RLO occurrence and identify parametric resonance phenomena in the system. Our numerical simulations confirm the reliability and accuracy of the theoretical results. This work offers insights into enhancing the accuracy of stochastic systems, particularly in the realm of logical stochastic resonance, thereby contributing to advancements in understanding and controlling stochastic dynamical systems.

All-magnonic repeater based on bistability

Bistability, a universal phenomenon found in diverse fields such as biology, chemistry, and physics, describes a scenario in which a system has two stable equilibrium states and resets to one of the two states. The ability to switch between these two states is the basis for a wide range of applications, particularly in memory and logic operations. Here, we present a universal approach to achieve bistable switching in magnonics, the field processing data using spin waves. A pronounced bistable window is observed in a 1 μm wide magnonic conduit under an external rf drive. The system is characterized by two magnonic stable states defined as low and high spin-wave amplitude states. The switching between these two states is realized by another propagating spin wave sent into the rf driven region. This magnonic bistable switching is used to design a magnonic repeater, which receives the original decayed and distorted spin wave and regenerates a new spin wave with amplified amplitude and normalized phase. Our magnonic repeater can be installed at the inputs of each magnonic logic gate to overcome the spin-wave amplitude degradation and phase distortion during previous propagation and achieve integrated magnonic circuits or magnonic neuromorphic networks.