Logical Foundations Research Articles

Formalized soundness and completeness of epistemic and public announcement logic

Abstract I strengthen the foundations of epistemic logic by formalizing the family of normal modal logics in the proof assistant Isabelle/HOL. I define an abstract canonical model over any set of axioms and formalize completeness-via-canonicity: when the canonical model for the chosen axioms belongs to a certain class of frames, strong completeness over that class follows immediately. I instantiate the result with logics based on various epistemic principles to obtain completeness results for systems from K to S5. I then move to a family of public announcement logics (PAL) and prove abstract results for strong soundness and completeness. I lift the completeness results from epistemic logic to the setting with public announcements in a modular way. This work formulates the completeness-via-canonicity technique as a proper theorem and demonstrates its applicability. Additionally, it succinctly formalizes the requirements for lifting completeness from bare epistemic logic to the addition of public announcements.

Approaches to the Impure Logic of Ground

Approaches to the Impure Logic of Ground

Comparing session type systems derived from linear logic

Session types are a typed approach to message-passing concurrency, where types describe sequences of intended exchanges over channels. Session type systems have been given strong logical foundations via Curry-Howard correspondences with linear logic, a resource-aware logic that naturally captures structured interactions. These logical foundations provide an elegant framework to specify and (statically) verify message-passing processes.In this paper, we rigorously compare different type systems for concurrency derived from the Curry-Howard correspondence between linear logic and session types. We address the main divide between these type systems: the classical and intuitionistic presentations of linear logic. Over the years, these presentations have given rise to separate research strands on logical foundations for concurrency; the differences between their derived type systems have only been addressed informally.To formally assess these differences, we develop πULL, a session type system that encompasses type systems derived from classical and intuitionistic interpretations of linear logic. Based on a fragment of Girard's Logic of Unity, πULL provides a basic reference framework: we compare existing session type systems by characterizing fragments of πULL that coincide with classical and intuitionistic formulations. We analyze the significance of our characterizations by considering the locality principle (enforced by intuitionistic interpretations but not by classical ones) and forms of process composition induced by the interpretations.

Unmasking Logical Fallacies: An Analysis of The 2024 Indonesian Vice-Presidential Debates

The logical fallacies that emerged in the 2024 Indonesian vice-presidential candidate debates is interested. By analyzing debate through a descriptive qualitative approach and employing Damer's (2009) classification theory, the study evaluates the presence of unconvincing arguments in the discourse of the three vice-presidential candidates. Logical fallacies, which are errors in reasoning, can obscure listeners and impact comprehension and the quality of arguments in a debate. Data were collected by transcribing argumentative speeches from two YouTube videos of the debates. There were 120 utterances produced by the three vice-presidential candidates. From 120 utterances, 60 logical fallacies were found. The findings reveal that the most prevalent logical fallacies included red herrings (16.67%), where candidates diverted attention from relevant topics to irrelevant ones. Ad hominem attacks (11.67%) were also common. Additionally, appeals to authority (11.67%) cited influential figures to support his argument on "ecological repentance," without strengthening the logical foundation of his argument. This research underscores the importance of recognizing cognitive biases that can undermine argument objectivity. The study highlights the need for heightened awareness of rhetorical manipulation among speakers and audiences to foster a more critical and informed debate culture. The study contributes to political communication studies by providing insights into the rhetorical strategies used in Indonesian political debates and their implications for democratic engagement. The prevalence of logical fallacies points to the necessity for improved debate standards to enhance rational political discourse, ultimately benefiting the democratic process by encouraging informed and constructive participation

In silico and experimental potentials of 6-shogaol and meglumine antimoniate on Leishmania major: multiple synergistic combinations through modulation of biological properties.

Conventional therapeutic agents are no longer adequate against leishmaniasis. This complex condition continues to have a high mortality rate and public health impact. The present study aimed to explore an extensive array of experiments to monitor the biological activities of 6-shogaol, a major component of ginger, and meglumine antimoniate (MA or Glucantime®). The binding affinity of 6-shogaol and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a major enzyme catalyzing nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine was the source for the docking outline. The inhibitory effects of 6-shogaol, MA, and mixture were assessed using colorimetric and macrophage assays. Antioxidant activity was inferred by UV-visible spectrophotometry. Variably expressed genes were measured by quantifiable real-time polymerase chain reaction. Apoptotic and cell cycle profiles were analyzed by flow cytometry. Moreover, a DNA fragmentation assay was performed by electrophoresis and antioxidant metabolites include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and also nitric oxide (NO) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 6-shogaol and MA exhibited multiple synergistic mechanisms of action. These included a remarkable leishmanicidal effect, potent antioxidative activity, a high safety index, upregulation of M1 macrophages/Th1-associated cytokines (including, γ-interferon, interleukin-12p40, tumor necrotizing factor-alpha, and associated iNOS), significant cell division capture at the sub-G0/G1 phase, a high profile of apoptosis through DNA fragmentation of the nuclear components. In addition, the activity of NO was substantially elevated by treated intracellular amastigotes, while SOD and CAT activities were significantly diminished. This study is exclusive because no similar investigation has inclusively been conducted before. These comprehensive mechanistic actions form a logical foundation for additional advanced study.

The Influence of Social Networks on the Social Development of Children

The development of the computer industry and the internet, social networks have experienced diverse applications. They are necessary tools for work, information and communication. However, their application and dependence increasingly includes children. Social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Myspace, Flicker, Viber, Internet, Google, YouTube and others are the most famous and used means of communication between children. They are an intermediary between the two talking parties. They replace verbal, direct communication by sending messages, images, files as codes of indirect communication. Socialization as a process starts from the family, as the primary environment from which the basic postulates of the process are drawn, but as a secondary environment, the wider circle of family, relatives, friends, school are considered. The main goal of this paper is to point out the negative emergent forms of interpersonal communication, as a consequence of the overall rapid technical-technological development and the process of globalization, with a more detailed elaboration of the impact of social networks on the process of socialization among children. The paper will more specifically elaborate this problem through a theoretical presentation and through a specifically conducted research. The theoretical part will include the basic chapters that will contain data drawn from a wide variety of foreign and domestic literature. In my paper I will give a more detailed description of the research process that I will carry out in order to prove the validity and logical foundation of all my theses presented in this paper. It will cover the methodology of the research, the way in which the collected data will be processed, the results obtained, as well as the interpretation of the findings and the conclusions reached. For the comprehensiveness of the topic, in the paper I will try to give a consistent answer to all questions related to this problem.

Constitutional artisans: James Buchanan and Vincent Ostrom on artifactual man, the constitutional attitude, and the political economy of constitutional design

This paper examines the relationship between the work of James Buchanan and Vincent Ostrom. It adds to existing work by providing a comprehensive analysis of Buchanan’s and Ostrom’s changing views about how the ‘logical foundations of constitutional democracy’ should be conceptualised. The paper traces how in the 1960s and 1970s Ostrom took inspiration from the rational choice analysis of constitutional democracy in Buchanan and Tullock’s The Calculus of Consent, explaining how it shaped his reading of key texts in political theory and his analysis of public administration. It then discusses how Buchanan subsequently drew on Ostrom’s notion of artifactual man in developing his understanding of the ‘constitutional attitude’ necessary for individuals to engage in institutional design. It then explores how, from the mid-to-late 1990s, Ostrom became increasingly critical of Buchanan’s reliance on rational choice theory for his analysis of constitutional decision-making, identifying this as a key difference between their views.

Lorentz contraction of electric field lines for a point charge in uniform motion

We examine a logical foundation of depicting a Lorentz contraction of a Coulomb field (an electric field of a point charge in uniform motion) by means of the ‘Lorentz contracted’ field lines. Two existing arguments for a contraction of field lines sound appealing and lead to very simple calculations yielding the correct results. However, one of them is a victim to subtle logical weaknesses, as it relies on ascribing a degree of physical reality to the electric field lines. The other one correctly proves what it sets out to prove. But it does not provide a proof, or even a suggestion, of an additional result that can be obtained by a new poof that we present here. Though our idea is very simple, the calculations used to prove it—based on a little known, half a century old result by Tsien—are somewhat more involved than those from past arguments.

Wittgenstein and the liar

Ludwig Wittgenstein’s remarks on contradictions and paradoxes have been met with incomprehension and have fueled the widespread and long-standing prejudice that his later thoughts on the foundations of logic and mathematics are the “surprisingly insignificant product of a sparkling mind” (Kreisel, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 9:135–158, 1959, p. 158). This paper disagrees; it argues that Wittgenstein’s remarks on semantic paradoxes suggest an account of the Liar and its kin that is not only of historical interest but also represents a hitherto unnoticed paraconsistent alternative to established approaches to the Liar. In what follows, a reading of Wittgenstein’s remarks will be offered according to which Wittgenstein subscribes to a form of dialetheism (that is, the view that there are sentences that are both true and false). In contrast to modern dialetheist approaches to the Liar, however, some of Wittgenstein’s remarks suggest combining a dialetheist position with what is called ‘logical nihilism’ (that is, the view that there are no universally valid inference rules).

LOGICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC STRUCTURES DEVELOPMENT

LOGICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC STRUCTURES DEVELOPMENT

A Three-Dimensional Exploration for Integrating The Second Integration into Ideological and Political Courses at Universities

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized the crucial role of the second integration from the perspective of constructing a modern civilization for the Chinese nation during the cultural heritage development symposium, providing a solid theoretical basis and rich ideological content for ideological and political courses in universities. From a theoretical logic perspective, integrating the second integration into university ideological and political education has a deep logical foundation: firstly, it stems from the inclusiveness of Chinese fine traditional culture; secondly, it originates from the ideological and educational nature of university ideological and political courses. In terms of value implications, integrating the second integration into university ideological and political courses is essential for promoting high-quality development of these courses and cultivating new talents of the era. From the practical path, realizing the second integration in university ideological and political courses must adhere to the guiding position of Marxism, consolidate the main channel of classroom teaching, strengthen the construction of the ideological and political education teaching staff, and pay attention to the educational environment of ideological and political courses.

Юридическая логика: генезис, значение и место в современной теории государства и права

This paper examines the theoretical and historical issues of the emergence, formation and development of special legal logic, and predicts possible trends in the further development of legal logic as a special theory of state and law. The question of the relationship between special legal logic and general formal logic is considered. The author's view on the periodization of the formation and historical development of legal logic as a scientific discipline about the laws of legal thinking is given. Within the framework of this work, the question of the relationship and role of metaphysical and dialectical methods in legal research, which is important for the methodology of legal science, is examined, the historical relationship of these methods is considered, an attempt is made on the basis of scientific sources on which the authors relied when preparing this study, as well as with taking into account the author’s own position developed when working on this research, forecast trends in the further development of legal logic and identify emerging trends in the development of legal methodological research. For the purpose of studying the problems of interaction between logical and legal sciences, determining the subject of legal logic by considering historical examples of attempts to “logize” state legal phenomena using universal logical constructions, the result of which, contrary to the expectations of the researchers carrying them out, was the reverse process of “legalization” of the applied universal logical constructions, their enrichment with the specifics of state-legal phenomena and institutions, justifying the independence of the subject area of legal logic, special attention in this work is paid to the study of the process of transformation of the metaphysical theory of G.V.F. Hegel into his political dialectics. For the purpose of identifying trends in the development of the methodological foundation of legal logic, this work examines the problems of the relationship between rationalistic and empirical approaches in legal research. At the conclusion of this study, the authors consider the question of the possibility of forming special theories of state and law, which was previously raised by Professor A.B. Vengerov, outlines the author's approach to this issue, and proposes an approach to the question of the place of legal logic in the system of scientific knowledge as a special theory of state and law.

Christ the Mediator and Head of Angels in Calvin's Theology

AbstractThough Calvin is averse to theological speculation, he is the first to claim that Christ is Mediator and Head of Angels. This often‐overlooked office is present consistently throughout the various editions of the Institutes and can be found in his treatises, commentaries, catechism, and various sermons. This paper argues that Christ's mediation of angels is a form of ontological mediation that serves as the logical foundation for his redemptive mediation of the Elect. Sin is an intensification of a preexisting problem that requires the Son to be the medius and Mediator between God and creation because of his unique position in the Trinitarian taxis as the begotten one. This overlooked office places Calvin's theology of mediation in a greater cosmic context where the triune God is uniting all things to himself typified in the angels and the Elect.

Towards a Logical Foundation of Randomized Computation: Doctoral Thesis Abstract

AbstractInteractions between logic and theoretical computer science are multiple and profound. In the last decades, they have been deeply investigated, but, surprisingly, the study of probabilistic computation was only marginally touched by such fruitful interchanges. The overall goal of my doctoral thesis was precisely that of start bridging this gap by developing logical systems corresponding to specific aspects of randomized computation and, due to them, by generalizing standard achievements to the probabilistic realm. To do so, the key ingredient is the introduction of new, measure-sensitive quantifiers associated with quantitative interpretations.

Herbrandized modified realizability

Realizability notions in mathematical logic have a long history, which can be traced back to the work of Stephen Kleene in the 1940s, aimed at exploring the foundations of intuitionistic logic. Kleene’s initial realizability laid the ground for more sophisticated notions such as Kreisel’s modified realizability and various modern approaches. In this context, our work aligns with the lineage of realizability strategies that emphasize the accumulation, rather than the propagation of precise witnesses. In this paper, we introduce a new notion of realizability, namely herbrandized modified realizability. This novel form of (cumulative) realizability, presented within the framework of semi-intuitionistic logic is based on a recently developed star combinatory calculus, which enables the gathering of witnesses into nonempty finite sets. We also show that the previous analysis can be extended from logic to (Heyting) arithmetic.

Real-Time Smart Fish Feeder Model Using Ssd Mobile Net V2

The success of fish farming will depend on improved feed management and lower operating costs, which are essential factors in facilitating an efficient food allocation to the fish. Various automatic fish feeders were used to feed the fish at set intervals, it consists of a mechanical and electrical system to form a device and execute a programmed method, instead of manually feeding the fish by hand. Many methods are effective at evaluating and quantifying fish feeding intensity but are mostly done on the movement and behavior of the fish. However, recognition accuracy is affected due to water quality and the overlapping of fish. To solve this problem, in this study, the author will be focusing on the model in counting the fish pellets, it will capture the image, and count the pellets and the results will be a novel method as a basis for releasing pellets in laying the logical foundation in creating a modern real-time smart fish feeder. The model produced a significant result that detected small objects like fish pellet and count that has gathered a minimal loss in terms of classification, localization, regularization, and normalization.

The problem of ambiguity in the practice of a logical approach to the development of critical abilities

The intensification of the sphere of the study of critical thinking based on formal logical principles, found in the works of modern researchers, actualizes the appeal to the topic of logical analysis of language. The program settings of the course «Logic and critical Thinking» are focused on the thorough immersion of participants in the acute issues of the use of natural language. The purpose of this article is to reflect on the subjects of ambiguity in language and the operational tasks of pedagogical practice in critical thinking that arise in this regard. Understanding the experience of implementing an educational project is aimed at outlining the logical foundations of critical skills built through the prism of students’ reflexive vision. The framework of language and thinking problems is evaluated through ranking of course positions illustrating the possibilities of developing critical thinking through comprehension of language forms. The registered ambiguity is shown taking into account the requirements of the verbal or situational context in the application of the concept. The analysis of texts carried out in a practical lesson leads to the understanding of ambiguity as a linguistic norm that requires acceptance and appropriate cognitive support. The achievement of students becomes a competent vision of the content of the problem of ambiguity, characterizing critical judgment abilities in handling information. Attention is focused on the fact of terminological ambiguity, which implies the identification of clear meanings and deepening into the processes of cognition as such. The conclusion is made about the need for methodical development of the problem of ambiguity in language, since the focus on the subtleties of intellectual and speech mechanisms contributes to the formation of critical skills of project participants.

A new 3D plastoelastohydrodynamic lubrication model for rough surfaces

Plastoelastohydrodynamic lubrication of rough surfaces (R-PEHL) is a cutting-edge area of research in interface fluid-structure coupling analysis. The existing R-PEHL model calculates the elastic-plastic deformation of rough surface by the Love equation in a semi-infinite space smooth surface, which deviates from the actual surface. Therefore, it is an innovative work to study the exact solution of elastic-plastic deformation of rough surface and its influence on the solution results of R-PEHL model. In this paper, a new contact calculation model of plastoelastohydrodynamic lubrication (PEHL) with three-dimensional (3D) rough surface is proposed by integrating numerical method of EHL and finite element method. The new model eliminates an original error introduced by the assumption of semi-infinite space in contact calculation, providing wide applicability and high accuracy. Under the given rough surfaces and working conditions, the study reveals that: (1) the oil film pressure calculated by the new model is lower than that of the smooth surface in semi-infinite space by 200–800 MPa; (2) the Mises stress of the new model is 2.5%–26.6% higher than that of the smooth surface in semi-infinite space; (3) compared with the semi-infinite space assumption, the rough surface plastic deformation of the new model is increased by 71%–173%, and the local plastic deformation singularity may appear under the semi-infinite space assumption; (4) the plastic deformation caused by the first contact cycle on the rough surface of the new model accounts for 66.7%–92.9% of the total plastic deformation, and the plastic deformation of the semi-infinite space accounts for 50%–83.3%. This study resolves the contradiction between the smooth surface assumption and the rough surface in the existing R-PEHL model, establishing a solid logic foundation for the accurate solution of R-PEHL model.

Overcoming von Wright's anxiety

AbstractThis article examines the anxiety expressed by von Wright over the status of the deontic permission, P, as an independent normative category, given the interdefinability between P and O at the foundation of deontic logic. Two concerns are noted: the reducibility of P to O, and the inadequacy of P to convey a full permission in a social setting. Drawing on resources from the Hohfeldian analytical framework, the relational and aggregate features of permission are explored, and an aggregate conception of permission, P, is recognized. With the assistance of insights from Demey and Smessaert on duals, Hansson on formalization, and Soames on interdefinability, it is concluded that the interdefinability thesis can be defended without threatening the independent status of P. Additional grounds for reaching this conclusion are provided from a detailed analysis of the relationship between P and P. Some implications of the more expansive notion of permission, P, are considered with regard to the resources of deontic logic and their application.

La interacción entre contexto social y método científico: implicancias epistemológicas.

Abstract: This paper examines the interaction between the sociocultural environment and scientific progress om an epistemological perspective. It analyzes how exogenous factors, beyond the inherent logical foundations, permeate research work. The study contrasts the internalist tradition, which prioritizes conceptual aspects, with the externalist approach,which contemplates social, political and economic conditioning factors. A critical scrutiny of historical cases shows the reciprocal influences between society and science. Although the scientific community applies rigorous intersubjective controls, it is not exempt from contextual biases. Consequently, a reflexive epistemological perspective is proposed that combines situated knowledge with notions of relative objectivity. This raises important questions: To what extent does science transcend the conditioning factors of its environment to achieve objectivity? How can we discern the validity of scientific findings linked to social interests? A comprehensive understanding of science demands a balance between constructive skepticism about one’s own assumptions and reasonable confidence in solid empirical evidence. Therefore, a critical but open view is required that recognizes contextual limitations and the capacity of science to transcend them through rigorous methods and the inquiry of objective knowledge. This paper seeks to contribute to this epistemological reflection by investigating the complex intertwining of science and society. Keywords: Social context, scientific method, epistemology.