Logic Figure Research Articles

Managing complexity: using ambivalence and contingency to support diversity in organizations

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss complexity approaches of management theory, by focusing on their capacity to use efficiently contingence in organizations. As a theoretical framework the theory of social systems (Luhmann) is used, where a difference is made between complexity reduction and condensation. Complexity reduction is related to certain functional needs to control a hierarchical system. Complexity condensation redesigns communicative structures towards participative norm development, offering discursive connectivity, and decision making in networks. It is described how heterogeneous cultures in organizations have the chance to be successful by focusing their functional needs to include, to orient, and to motivate.Design/methodology/approachThe paper opted for discussing theoretical frameworks to reconstruct management approaches to develop towards more diversity capacity in organizations. Theory of social systems is employed as basic methodology.FindingsThe chosen research reconstructs management approaches to focus on functional imperatives of organizational systems as well as the development of functional equivalents. The logic figure of functional equivalents describes alternatives of exclusive organizational cultures. Heterogeneity in organizations is based on the redesign of communicative procedures, structures and cultures.Research limitations/implicationsThe aim of the paper is diversity theory development. It offers heuristic moments which might be useful in empirical research, too. Following the suggestion homogeneity is just an outcome of certain organizational decisions to deal with contingency and complexity, it might offer practical relevance by testing the capacity to change communication and interaction patterns. The culture‐function matrix also might offer an opportunity to discuss the paradigms of organizational development towards more diversity.Practical implicationsThere might be the possibility to enhance conditions of observing organizations, but the practical implications might be rather limited.Originality/valueUsing theory of social systems (Luhmann) as theory which focuses complexity traits is rather undeveloped. It could offer insights in the capacity to deal with contingency, and the attempts to suppress it. Complexity in social systems could offer a prerequisite to support the interdisciplinary research in diversity studies.

Investigation of scalability of In 0.7Ga 0.3As quantum well field effect transistor (QWFET) architecture for logic applications

In this paper, the scalability of In 0.7Ga 0.3As QWFET is investigated using two-dimensional numerical drift–diffusion simulation. Numerical drift–diffusion simulations were calibrated using experimental results on short-channel In 0.7Ga 0.3As QWFETs [7] to include the effects of velocity overshoot. Logic figures of merit (sub-threshold slope, saturated threshold voltage, drain induced barrier lowering, I ON/ I OFF ratio over a specified gate swing, effective injection velocity and intrinsic switching delay) extracted from the numerical simulations are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Three alternate QWFET device architectures are proposed and thoroughly investigated for 15 nm node and beyond logic applications. Amongst them, double-gate In 0.7Ga 0.3As QWFET shows the best scalability in terms of logic figures of merit, thus making it an ideal candidate for the design and demonstration of the ultimate scaled transistor.

Scalability of Sub-100 nm InAs HEMTs on InP Substrate for Future Logic Applications

We have experimentally studied the scaling behavior of sub-100-nm InAs high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on InP substrate from the logic operation point of view. These devices have been designed for scalability and combine a thin InAlAs barrier and a thin channel containing a pure InAs subchannel. InAs HEMTs with gate length down to 40 nm exhibit excellent logic figures of merit, such as I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</sub> = 9 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> , drain-induced-barrier lowering = 80 mV/V, S = 70 mV/dec, and an estimated logic gate delay of 0.6 ps at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> = 0.5 V. In addition, we have obtained excellent high-frequency operation with L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> = 40 nm, such as f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> = 491 GHz and f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> = 402 GHz at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> = 0.5 V. In spite of the narrow bandgap of InAs subchannel, under the studied conditions, our devices are shown not to suffer from excessive band-to-band tunneling. When benchmarked against state-of-the-art Si devices, 40-nm InAs HEMTs exhibit I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> = 0.6 A/μm at I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Leak</sub> = 200 nA/μm. This is about two times higher I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> than state-of-the-art high-performance 65-nm nMOSFET with comparable physical gate length and I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Leak</sub> .

A Self-Aligned InGaAs HEMT Architecture for Logic Applications

In this paper, we present a novel self-aligned process for future III-V logic FETs. Using this process, we have demonstrated enhancement-mode 90-nm-gate-length InGaAs HEMTs with excellent logic figures of merit. We have carried out a detailed analysis of this device architecture to determine its future scaling capabilities. We find that, as the insulator is scaled to achieve enhancement mode, the performance of the device is limited by degradation of the I ON/I OFF ratio due to gate leakage current. By use of TLM test structures, we have determined that the barrier resistance dominates the source resistance. We use a trilayer TLM model to predict the expected evolution of the contact resistance as it is scaled to realistic VLSI dimensions and find that the current technology results in resistance values that are two orders of magnitude higher than the desired target for sub-22-nm nodes. Using the model, we explore different options for device redesign. Both I ON/I OFF and source-resistance limitations imply that the use of a high-k gate dielectric will be required for future device implementations.

Towards a critical theory of information

Critical information theory is an endeavour that focuses ontologically on the analysis of information in the context of domination, asymmetrical power relations, exploitation, oppression, and control by employing epistemologically all theoretical and/or empirical means necessary for doing so in order to contribute at the praxeological level to the establishment of a participatory, co-operative society. Three foundational aspects of a critical theory of information are discussed in this paper: the relation of immanence and transcendence, the relation of base and superstructure, and ideology critique.The logical figure of immanent transcendence is based on the dialectic of essence and existence and poses a viable counterpart to positivistic and postmodern definitions of critique. As an example for the logic of immanent transcendence to critical information theory, a contradiction of the Internet economy is discussed.The debate on redistribution and recognition between critical theorists Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth gives the opportunity to renew the discussion of the relationship of base and superstructure in critical social theory. Critical information theory needs to be aware of economic, political, and cultural demands that it needs to make in struggles for ending domination and oppression, and of the unifying role that the economy and class play in these demands and struggles. Objective and subjective information concepts are based on the underlying worldview of reification. Reification endangers human existence. Information as process and relation enables political and ethical alternatives that have radical implications for society.

Towards a critical theory of information

Critical information theory is an endeavour that focuses ontologically on the analysis of information in the context of domination, asymmetrical power relations, exploitation, oppression, and control by employing epistemologically all theoretical and/or empirical means necessary for doing so in order to contribute at the praxeological level to the establishment of a participatory, co-operative society. Three foundational aspects of a critical theory of information are discussed in this paper: the relation of immanence and transcendence, the relation of base and superstructure, and ideology critique.The logical figure of immanent transcendence is based on the dialectic of essence and existence and poses a viable counterpart to positivistic and postmodern definitions of critique. As an example for the logic of immanent transcendence to critical information theory, a contradiction of the Internet economy is discussed.The debate on redistribution and recognition between critical theorists Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth gives the opportunity to renew the discussion of the relationship of base and superstructure in critical social theory. Critical information theory needs to be aware of economic, political, and cultural demands that it needs to make in struggles for ending domination and oppression, and of the unifying role that the economy and class play in these demands and struggles. Objective and subjective information concepts are based on the underlying worldview of reification. Reification endangers human existence. Information as process and relation enables political and ethical alternatives that have radical implications for society.

Rückkehr zur Lehre vorn gerechten Krieg?

Abstract The wars in Kosovo ( 1999), Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003) have caused some German Theologians and Church Leaderstoplead for a renewal of the classical doctrine of just war, maybe modified into thc form of the so-called »just and limited war«- theory. In contrast to this it is obvious that the concept of »just peace« bears the basic idea of contemporary Christian Peace Ethics. This idea should of coursenot be understood as a complete contradiction to the doctrine of just war since the criteria ( e.g. ultima ratio) that are part of this doctrine, which were always intended to prevent and to Iimit warfare and violence, reappear within the concept of just peace. Therefore the doctrine of just peace is no synonym for pacifism. Two key arguments should be considered: (1) The doctrine of just peace names the goal and measure of all policy which is peace and peace alone. Never can war be the aim of policy, especially when policy is inspired by Christi an faith. The doctrine of just war is likely to overlook this logical connection. (2) The notion »just peace« emphasizes the unity and interdependence of peace, law and justice. Peace can only grow where law and justice prosper and vice versa. So »just peace« is much more substantial than the term »just war«. In any case another problern must be solved: It is not clear if the criteria included in both concepts have tobe combined by the logical figure of a conjunction or a disjunction.

The Talmudic Okimta and its Logical Structure: A Contribution to the Systematic Research into Talmudic Legal Hermeneutics

Scholars have thus far devoted little attention to the systematic research of Talmudic legal hermeneutics.1 To address this topic requires, in my opinion, two undertakings: (1) the systematic sifting of the wealth of argumentative and interpretative topoi2 used in the complexly structured Talmudic sugiot, and (2) the development of a reasonable, legal-theoretical method of analyzing individual argumentative figures for their logical-hermeneutic evidentiary value. Concerning the latter, attention must be paid both to the logical and, at the same time, hermeneutic aspects of the question. Talmudic hermeneutic, due to its embedment in clearly structured argumentation strategies must be questioned from the perspective of legal logic. An essential question in proceeding to the legal-logical analysis of existing juridical procedures is that of the inferential figures used therein. Traditionally, the inferential modi of deduction and induction are prescribed but third logical figure, called abduc-

A Completely New Politics, or, Excluding the Political? Agamben's Critique of Sovereignty

Abstract The paradox of the excluded middle - namely, that the proposition »All propositions are either true or false« can itself be proven neither true nor false - is presented as the logical figure for the exception or self-exemption at the heart of the political principle of sovereignty. Whereas Carl Schmitt maintains the necessity of the sovereign exception to the rule, Giorgio Agamben wishes us to push beyond the logic of exclusion that defines the political within the Western metaphysical tradition. Contrasting Schmitt with Walter Benjamin and thus the Messiah with the katychon, Agamben seeks a »completely new politics« that would release us from guilt and return us to a »natural innocence.« Conversely, this paper argues that the katychon, with its consequent infinite deferral of the parousia, is indeed the appropriate model for the political in the terrestrial City that can never aspire to the status of the City of God.

Comparative rating of logic active devices

The change in a logic figure of merit as the ultimate speed of logic active devices is tracked over a period of years. Current high-speed FET devices have ultimate speeds corresponding to an equivalent wire length of 3.4 mm, which is comparable to the distance between input and output terminals. Consequently, further significant increases in logic speed for active devices cannot be expected.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Comparative logic figure of merit of current high-speed transistors

A logic figure of merit is used for the comparative measure of speed of three transistors that represent current technology applied to high-speed transistors. An indium phosphide Schottky-barrier field-effect transistor with a channel length of 1 /spl mu/m has T/SUB FM/=69.2 ps. A gallium arsenide field-effect transistor of essentially the same geometry has T/SUB FM/=80.7 ps. A silicon bipolar transistor with an active base-width of 0.08 /spl mu/m and 5/spl times/0.4 emitter stripes has T/SUB FM/=113.8 ps with package included and T/SUB FM/=65.2 ps for chip only.

Poetics, Rhetoric, and Logic (review)

334 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY remarks about technai in the Phaedrus. More significant still is the omission of Plato's remarks about the concept of techne in his last dialogue, the Laws, a work that we must assume represents Plato's final views. (Indeed, the Phaedrus and the Laws are not even mentioned in the index!) Nevertheless, there is much of importance to be learned by the student of Plato's political philosophy about the conceptual underpinnings of the Platonic notion of the art of ruling. THOMASC. BRICKHOUSE Lynchburg College Wilbur Samuel Howell. Poetics, Rhetoric, and Logic. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975. Pp. 267. $16.50. Poetics, Rhetoric, and Logic is a collection of previously published essays whose subjects range historically from Aristotle to Kenneth Burke. They are fit to be published together, Professor Howell says in an introduction written for this volume, because each article "was written to examine a particular set of circumstances within which poetics, rhetoric, and logic figure together or separately as essential components of literary theory" (p. 22). Howell claims that the proper relation between poetics, rhetoric, and logic was formulated by Aristotle and that his system was adopted by the Romans and by right-thinking moderns; thus HoweU's version of Aristotle becomes the measure of other literary theories. In that sense, the value of the whole book depends on the value of his reading of Aristotle; therefore, in this review I shall concentrate on the presentation of Aristotle. The briefest way of displaying Howell's reading of Aristotle is by making it into a set of propositions that represent Howell's development of the relations of poetics, rhetoric, and logic. 1 shall examine each in turn in the light of Howell's evidence for it. 1. Linguistic structuresform a genus called literature. This first proposition sounds innocent enough, but it is in fact the source of all the troubles that follow. The absurd conclusions that follow from it are enough to refute it, in addition, this proposition is so fundamental that Howell never makes it explicit and ne~'er argues for it. There is in fact no such genus in Aristotle . Things that move, things that are done, and things that are made are genera and the objects of knowledge; and literary objects can be studied in psychology as an indication of the psychological powers of men, in ethics as a kind of activity that is part of the good life, in politics as a means of education, and in the Poetics as a made object, an imitation. But for Aristotle, to call tragedies and orations linguistic structures is to name something by an accident and not by its essence; matter is never the principle by which genera are identified. 2. The genus of literature is divided into two kinds of works, poetic and rhetorical or rhetorical and dialectical. Howell makes this point several times; one exposition of it is: "To Aristotle , the two main families of discourse embrace on the one hand scientific writing, historical writing, and oratory, and on the other drama, epic poetry, and lyric poetry" (p. 214). A list something like the latter trio occurs early in the Poetics (1447a13), but that science, history, and oratory are a kind of letters must be inferred, since no such claim exists in Aristotle. (The justification for this classification will be discussed with proposition 4.) Howell collects and names the two trios: "Aristotle was the earlier major [!] critic to recognize that two literatures do in fact exist. His own way of calling attention to the essential differences between them involved his celebrated distinction between imitative and nonimitative art and his attendant illustrative definition of the respective provinces of poetry and history" (p. 239). The distinction between imitative and nonimitativeart may be celebrated in the history of criticism, but I cannot find anything in Aristotle that would even suggest it, and Howell's footnote to the first two pages of the Modern Library edition of the Poetics is no substitute for documentation. BOOK REVIEWS 335 Perhaps the distinction is to be found elsewhere in Aristotle; Howell seems to suggest this when he says that "Aristotle dwells upon this distinction at considerable length in the...

Logic Rating of Electromechanical Relays

Electromechanical relays were the first logic element used in a computer. Today, small compact reed relays are again being extensively used as logic elements. A logic factor, FL, measures the improvement that a logic device can affect if interposed between a logic source and logic detector. A logic figure of merit, TFM, determined when FL = 1.0 can be used for comparison of the logic performance of logic devices. TFM is developed for an arbitrary electromechanical relay. For a miniature reed relay packaged for printed circuit boards, TFM = 1.7 milliseconds. For comparison, solid-state devices have TFM ≈ 1 nanoseconds and COSMOS (complementary symmetry metal oxide semiconductor) devices have TFM ≈ 20 nanoseconds.

On Measures of Logic Performance: Logic Quantum, Factor, and Figure of Merit

A basic logic operation is considered of transferring a logic decision from one point to another point. A certain energy level, WL, corresponding to decision threshold and a time delay, TL, are encountered in the transfer process. The product, WLTL, is a logic quantum, HL. If the logic transfer takes place through an intermediate device, a logic factor, FL, can be introduced to describe the reduction in logic quanta that the device can produce under optimum conditions. Optimization is carried out, as for instance with ideal transformers, to match the logic source to the device and the device to the logic detector. The condition FL = 1 marks a boundary between a useful and a uselessd evice, and a logicf igure of merit, TPH,in units of time corresponds to the fastest source-detector combination such that FL = 1. Logic performance is considered in some detail for a particular linear model of a device. Nonlinear devices and relay devices are considered in less detail, although some numerical calculations are given for a current-switch, two-transistor computer device. The logic figure of merit represents a unique measure of high-speed logic performance and is therefore valuable in comparing devices including associated circuitry on a common basis.

Logic figure of merit

Logic figure of merit