Logical Derivation Research Articles

The Potential of Using Generative AI/NLP to Identify and Analyse Critical Incidents in a Critical Incident Reporting System (CIRS): A Feasibility Case-Control Study.

To enhance patient safety in healthcare, it is crucial to address the underreporting of issues in Critical Incident Reporting Systems (CIRSs). This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of generative Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing (AI/NLP) in reviewing CIRS cases by comparing its performance with human reviewers and categorising these cases into relevant topics. A case-control feasibility study was conducted using CIRS cases from the German CIRS-Anaesthesiology subsystem. Each case was reviewed by a human expert and by an AI/NLP model (ChatGPT-3.5). Two CIRS experts blindly assessed these reviews, rating them on linguistic quality, recognisable expertise, logical derivability, and overall quality using six-point Likert scales. On average, the CIRS experts correctly classified 80% of human CIRS reviews as created by a human and misclassified 45.8% of AI reviews as written by a human. Ratings on a scale of 1 (very good) to 6 (failed) revealed a comparable performance between human- and AI-generated reviews across the dimensions of linguistic expression (p = 0.39), recognisable expertise (p = 0.89), logical derivability (p = 0.84), and overall quality (p = 0.87). The AI model was able to categorise the cases into relevant topics independently. This feasibility study demonstrates the potential of generative AI/NLP in analysing and categorising cases from the CIRS. This could have implications for improving incident reporting in healthcare. Therefore, additional research is required to verify and expand upon these discoveries.

Preliminary Research of Information Technology for Assessing the Level of Fatigue of Air Traffic Controllers

The work carried out a preliminary study of the development of the information technology concept for assessing the level of fatigue of air traffic controllers using special technical means, software, and expert opinion. For this purpose, it is proposed to construct an information technology that can consist of three consecutive stages: assessment of air traffic controllers' fatigue, based on the use of special technical means and software; expert evaluation of the level of fatigue of air traffic controllers; information technology that combines data from special technical means and experts' conclusions to derive a complex linguistic level of fatigue of air traffic controllers. Each stage has its permissible levels. Non-compliance with any of them leads to automatic notification of the decision maker (DM). The value of information technology is that it will consider data from special technical means and software on the one hand and, and the other hand, consider the opinions and experiences of experts on the fatigue of air traffic controllers. The technology works dynamically and involves experts only in case of need. For information technology, it is proposed to model uncertainties for technical and expert evaluation and use logical derivation to formalize knowledge. At the output, the comprehensive level of fatigue of the air traffic controller is obtained, in the opposite case, DM is signaled to immediately take measures to remove from official duties and replace the air traffic controller. The knowledge obtained about air traffic controllers' fatigue levels is important for ensuring flight safety. Proper management of fatigue can help reduce the risk of human error and improve working conditions for staff.

DEVELOPMENT OF A FUZZY COGNITIVE MAP MODEL FOR CREATING STEM PROJECTS IN PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE SPECIALISTS IN ENGINEERING AND PEDAGOGICAL SPECIALTIES

The article examines the issues of STEM education development in the context of the strategy for the development of higher education in Ukraine for 2022-2032. In particular, the emphasis is on the importance of reorienting the educational process to the training of specialists in engineering and pedagogical specialties with practical skills and up-to-date knowledge. It is necessary to strategically rethink educational approaches, giving priority to the training of specialists in engineering and pedagogical specialties who possess not only theoretical knowledge, but also specific practical skills that meet the requirements of the labor market. Special attention is paid to STEM education, which is defined as a key tool in the formation of competencies for future specialists in the field of engineering and pedagogy. This approach involves not only the transfer of theoretical knowledge, but also emphasizes practical aspects, contributing to the development of specific skills and abilities that are necessary in practice. Dedication to STEM education in the context of engineering and pedagogical fields allows future specialists to be ready for the challenges and tasks presented to them by modern labor markets, and to meet the current requirements and standards in these fields. The technical orientation of STEM projects contributes to the implementation of practical tasks and the formation of skills in demand on the labor market. The purpose of the article is to present the algorithm for building a lighting control system prototype using the example of the STEM project “Lighting control system in the library”. For building a logical model, to justify the structure of the system, the NCC is used. The development of the STEM project “Lighting control system in the library” is presented, which involves the creation of a fuzzy cognitive map in the Mental Modeler environment. An algorithm for building a logical model for a STEM project under conditions of uncertainty has been developed and described. The basis of the built model is a cognitive map. A cognitive map is a symbolic directed graph, at the vertices of which the key factors of the object of modeling (concepts) connected by cause-and-effect relationships are placed. A cognitive map is a type of mathematical modeling used to formalize a complex system in the form of a set of concepts that reflect system factors and causal relationships between them, taking into account the nature of their interaction. Based on the analysis of the logical model of the system, it was determined that for each concept it is necessary to set the level of communication on the visual form of the Mental Modeler map, which allows you to set the level of assessment of its dependence. The paper presents a logical model on the example of a prototype of a computer lighting control system in a library using fuzzy logical derivation. Fuzzy cognitive maps were used to justify the structure of the management system. The sequence of building a prototype of the lighting control system in the library and the analysis of the parameters of such a system can be used by students of engineering and pedagogical specialties for the educational purpose of building various STEM projects. Cognitive modeling methodology is used for analysis and decision-making in conditions of uncertainty. It is developing in the direction of improving the situation analysis and modeling apparatus. Therefore, to implement a STEM project in ill-defined situations, it is advisable to build a logical model. It defines the structure of the modeled system. The basis for building this model is a fuzzy cognitive map.

Importance analysis of a system based on survival signature by structural importance measures

The analysis of the influence of system components on system failure is a typical problem in reliability engineering which is known as importance analysis of a system. There are different methods for the calculation of the importance measures of the system components. In this paper, a new method for the calculation of structural importance measures that are one of the types of importance measures is presented. The novelty of the proposed method is the use of the survival signature instead of the structure function for the computation of the importance measures. The proposed method is based on the tool of logical differential calculus, in particular, direct partial logical derivatives. The advantages and practical applicability of the proposed method were confirmed in the analysis of the reliability characteristics of the fuel system of the propulsion complex of a passenger aircraft.

Using Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy to Improve Psychological Adaptation among Future Coaches in the Post-Pandemic Era

This study aims to demonstrate that applying rational emotional behavior theory (REBT) concepts can help to improve the psychological adaptation of future coaches in the post-pandemic era. The current research utilizes a qualitative approach with a sample of 14 future coaches, namely, students of the study program "Training systems" at Lithuanian Sports University. These students are also active athletes (basketball players). Interview questions were developed based on the ABC(DE) model, and answers were analyzed following the methodology of content analysis. In general, our findings fit the ABC(DE) framework. However, there are several important exceptions. During discussions, participants presented their basic beliefs in the form of statements rather than demands. The ABC(DE) framework predicts the latter. Furthermore, participants' automatic thoughts are not logical derivatives of their basic beliefs, contrary to the REBT theory. However, it is possible to interpret basic beliefs as an explanation for automatic thoughts, meaning that this interpretation seemingly does not contradict the theoretical principles of REBT. As such, REBT appears to be helpful for better understanding the psychological adaptation problems that arose during the pandemic and are relevant in the post-pandemic era.

Logic Differential Calculus for Reliability Analysis Based on Survival Signature

The structure function is an often-used mathematical representation of the investigated system in reliability analysis. It is a binary function that models a system state according to the states of its components. The size of the structure function depends on the number of components and can be enormous for systems with many components. Therefore, the system reliability analysis based on the structure function needs special methods to decrease this dimension and to measure the system reliability. The concept of survival signature provides a useful transformation of the structure function to simplify reliability assessment for systems with many components of specified types. The survival signature is a complete probabilistic description of the system. The new methods and algorithms of system reliability analysis based on this mathematical representation should be developed. The Direct Partial Logic Derivative is one of the approaches that are effective in system reliability evaluation based on the structure function. This approach is used to determine different aspects of system failure depending on system components breakdowns. The development of this derivative for survival signature permits to obtain the new method for the reliability analysis of system failure caused by system component breakdown depending on components types.

Evaluating Vehicle Energy Efficiency in Urban Transport Systems Based on Fuzzy Logic Models

This work solves the task of developing a fuzzy logic model for evaluating the energy efficiency of vehicles as part of the control unit of an intelligent transport system. Within the scope of this study, the previously obtained morphological model of the transport system was modified. A mathematical dependence is proposed to determine the vehicle energy efficiency indicator. This dependence characterizes the energy consumption of the vehicle in relation to the energy consumption of the vehicle under the reference operating conditions. Synthesis of system configurations was performed, and procedures were used to transform the morphological formulas of the received configurations into a base of logical derivation rules. Parameters of the membership functions of system parameters to fuzzy terms of the area of their definition are defined. Based on the results of the morphological analysis, two fuzzy derivation models were developed: the Mamdani type and the Sugeno type. The accuracy of the modeling was evaluated using different defuzzification algorithms in the control sample. The most accurate model is the fuzzy Mamdani model, with an accuracy value of 98.8%. Using the developed model, the nature of the mutual influence of the transport system parameters on the level of vehicle efficiency was assessed. The results of the study can be used to justify the choice of the vehicle under the specified operating conditions and in the settlement design of the road infrastructure.

Code generation for large commercial projects: how commercial development will look like in the future

In the rapidly evolving landscape of software development, code generation stands at the forefront as a transformative force, especially within the domain of large-scale commercial projects. This paradigm-shifting technique is fundamental to agile adaptation in response to ever-changing business imperatives, all while upholding stringent code quality standards and reducing error rates. The article initiates a discourse by methodically analyzing the current methodologies and tools of code generation, emphasizing their critical importance for development teams. It delves into the complexities these tools mitigate, such as abstraction of repetitive coding tasks and acceleration of the development lifecycle. The discussion progresses to address the intricacies of scaling code generation processes, including issues of standardization, integration with legacy systems, and ensuring the maintained quality of automatically generated code segments. A particular focus is laid on the prospective role of artificial intelligence in the genesis of business logic, postulating a future where AI extends beyond mere automation, becoming a vital contributor to the creation of self-adapting, precision-targeted business functionalities. I introduce a structured approach to template code generation that underscores the importance of quick development setups and outline a set of principles for the AI-driven derivation of business logic. Moreover, the article offers an insightful prognosis on the potential reformation of software development paradigms by code generation technologies, looking into the crystal ball of this field’s evolutionary path. It concludes with a visionary examination of the implications for the software industry, charting out the roadmap for practitioners to navigate and adapt to these upcoming shifts in commercial development methodologies.

Development of a model for assessing the comfort of an apartment building using “artificial intelligence methods”

The object of the study is a model of an apartment in new multi-story buildings, which are evaluated by customers in the process of their purchase. It has been practically established that one of the most problematic areas is the processing of the results of subjective evaluations of customers who give their impressions of a particular apartment and wish to determine its preliminary value. To eliminate this problem, the authors proposed to use an approach using a Petri net, which is characterized by the dynamics of changes due to the application of a genetic algorithm. The obtained result, which is expressed both qualitatively and quantitatively, makes it possible to minimize the use of financial and human resources in the process of concluding a contract for the purchase and sale of an apartment. This is due to the fact that the ambiguity during processing of the model proposed by the authors is eliminated using the method of fuzzy logic derivation according to the Mamdani algorithm. This approach has a number of features: the ability to work with subjective data, to generalize them, without involving a complex mathematical apparatus. Thanks to this, an increase in the financial capabilities of the construction company is ensured due to an increase in the transparency of the formation of the price for an apartment in a new building, a reduction of unnecessary costs by almost 90%. On the part of the client, the cost of time and money to attract additional services of specialists is reduced by more than half. This approach will help the client to analyze the comfort factors of living in the apartment he wants to buy. The developed model is proposed to be used in the fields of construction and real estate services. This will make it possible to improve the conditions of buying and selling an apartment in a new building. The condition for the practical use of the obtained results is the commissioning of the building in which the apartment is evaluated. And also a simple and friendly system interface in which the model studied by the authors will be implemented.

Calculus Logic Function in Tax Risk Avoidance in Different Stages of Enterprises

Abstract During the entire development process of corporate tax risks, these risks will show different tax characteristics, which will result in four stages of tax risk evolution: the incubation stage, the development stage, the deterioration stage and the outbreak stage. During the evolution of tax risks and the establishment of an early warning mechanism, enterprises are facing both internal and external environments. From the internal perspective, the company’s business management philosophy, the quality of its staff, and the tax risk management system and procedures of the company will affect the establishment of tax risk and early warning mechanisms; from an external understanding, the regional tax environment, the country’s financial legal system, and the company’s Social relations are also important factors that must be considered in constructing a tax risk early warning mechanism. From the perspective of supporting conditions, in order to optimize the corporate tax risk early warning mechanism, this article considers the following aspects: first, the establishment of an effective internal tax risk control system for enterprises; second, the establishment of a systematic and effective tax risk control procedures; third, Efforts to adapt to the macro environment and actively respond to tax risks; Fourth, adopt effective tax planning skills; Fifth, improve the quality of tax risk prevention for all employees. When discussing the realization of the goal of the tax risk early warning mechanism, the author uses calculus knowledge to make logical derivation; in the risk attitude and tax risk early warning selection, geometric figures are used to describe people’s behavioural guidelines intuitively; in the construction of the early warning mechanism, the scoring method Visually integrated the values of various tax risk warning indicators.

An Open-Source Relational Network Derivation Script in R for Modeling and Visualizing Complex Behavior for Scientists and Practitioners.

Relational models of cognition provide parsimonious and actionable models of generative behavior witnessed in humans. They also inform many current computational analogs of cognition including Deep Neural Networks, Reinforcement Learning algorithms, Self-Organizing Maps, as well as blended architectures that are outperforming traditional semantic models. The black box nature of these computer models artificially limits scientific and applied progress and human computer interaction. This paper presents a first in the field attempt to model relational processes using logical derivation scripts and network graph visualizations written in the open-source R language. These tools are presented as a way for researchers and practitioners to begin to explore more complex relational models in a manner that can advance the theory and empirical science, as well as prepare the field for future collaborations with advanced computational models of cognition.

Understanding Realist Reviews for Medical Education.

Understanding Realist Reviews for Medical Education.

The Synergies Between Understanding Belief Formation and Artificial Intelligence.

Understanding artificial intelligence (AI) and belief formation have interesting bidirectional synergies. From explaining the logical derivation of beliefs and their internal consistency, to giving a quantitative account of mightiness, AI still has plenty of unexploited metaphors that can illuminate belief formation. In addition, acknowledging that AI should integrate itself with our belief processes (mainly, the capacity to reflect, rationalize, and communicate that is allowed by semantic coding) makes it possible to focus on more promising lines such as Interpretable Machine Learning.

Understanding the choice of human resource and the artificial intelligence: “strategic behavior” and the existence of industry equilibrium

PurposeArtificial intelligence (AI) has become an input to the production of goods and services. Therefore, a general question is there that “How the labor hour/human resource will be replaced by the artificial intelligence?” To answer this question, the paper considers that both AI and the human resources (HR) are the inputs to the firm and explains the choice between the two with reference to the customer relationship management. The paper derives the individual firms and the industry demand functions of the AI and the HR when both are present in the production of the identical or closely related goods and services. Moreover, the paper also shows the strategic behavior of an individual firm with the industry in selecting the AI and the HR. It has been shown that the individual firm's choice in the industry depends on the choice of the industry leader. The paper explains the supermodular game between the firms in an industry.Design/methodology/approachGame theory, industrial organization and non-convexity theories have been used in this paper to identify the choice between the HR and the AI in the customer relationship management.FindingsThe paper explains analytically the preference and demand for AI in the industry. Individual firm's strategic behavior and decision on choosing AI and the industry equilibrium have been studied logically. Moreover, the paper gives some light on the question of employment in presence of AI. The paper proves that in the presence of AI, labor demand will not be reduced but both will be used.Originality/valueThis work proves for the first time using some logical derivation that AI will not crowd out labor from the market. Moreover, to run AI, labor should also be used. It has been proved that to complete a job with speed and quality, both AI and HR are to be used.

In Scientific Literature, We Trust!

Text books have always been the traditional and definitive seat of learning for us as orthopedic postgraduates. However, as we move forward from our student lives, orthopedic surgeons begin to rely more on more on research papers and journal articles to update new information on their specific fields of interest. It soon becomes the norm for practicing orthopedic surgeons to read interesting articles in popular journals and then intuitively translate their conclusions to information and knowledge which is then transmitted to their junior peer as “standard teaching.” Concurrently, contributing to scientific literature, conducting our own research, and publishing it, has remained a huge attraction for doctors. It not only pushes us up in the academic circuit, but also potentially enhances our career progression In many institutions, it has become mandatory to publish for promotions! As a result over the last few decades, the clamor to have research papers published in journals has multiplied and as a result, the number of journals available to print your research work has also multiplied It is pure demand supply mathematics. But then what happens to quality? The deep question is – does an exponential increase in the published literature, not have an adverse effect on the quality of each publication? And now with a situation where there is some journal on the other available to publish whatever you have written, the deeper question remains – “can we blindly rely on everything we read in scientific journals.” As a logical derivation, from the above discussion, the obvious answer is No! The impact of transferring conclusions – from inadequately conducted research papers which have been published in haste by journals to fill up their pages – as knowledge to young peers, can be far reaching, as you can imagine. As postgraduates, there is little effort made to teach us how to analyze a scientific publication and to look into loopholes and flaws in the research methodology, and determine truly if a paper and its conclusions are worthy we need to inculcate this education quickly, to our peers and of course ourselves – and control this potential side-effect of the publication boom that we are in! Happy reading!

Розробка методики вибору раціонального перевізника вантажів в міжнародному сполученні

One of the effective methods of modeling for decision-making that allows you to take into account most of the properties of the object research is fuzzy logic. The article considers the problem of making decisions in uncertain conditions based on applying the rules of fuzzy logic. Fuzzy set methods are especially useful in the absence of an accurate mathematical model of system operation. Fuzzy set theory makes it possible to apply inaccurate and subjective expertise to a subject area in decision-making without formalizing it in the form of traditional mathematical models. The most influential parameters for the choice of a carrier in an international connection have been determined with the help of expert assessments. The structure and functions of the fuzzy decision-making system regarding the choice of a rational carrier are described. The stages of fuzzy data transformation in the process of logical derivation of solutions are specified. The example of fuzzy inference of the dependence of the parameters of the choice of rational carrier of cargo is given. As a practical implementation of the proposed methodology, a model was created in the MATLAB software environment. According to the results, a rational carrier was determined to transport various goods in international traffic. With the help of MATLAB, graphs of the surface dependence of the carrier’s choice on various influencing factors such as reputation, CMR-insurance, cost of transportation, number of cases of damage and shortage of goods, delivery time were obtained. Implementation in practice shows that the use of research results can reduce the working time of staff and significantly improve the quality of their work in the development and selection of options for delivery of goods.

Logical derivation search with assumption traceability

In this paper authors research the problem of traceability of assumptions in logical derivation. The essence of this task is to trace which assumptions from the available knowledge base of assumptions are necessary to derive a certain conclusion. The paper presents a new derivation procedure for propositional logic, which ensures traceability feature. For the derivable conclusion formula derivation procedure also returns the smallest set of assumptions those are enough to get derivation of the conclusion formula. Verification of the procedure were performed using authors implementation.

Quantum Mathematics in Artificial Intelligence

In the decade since 2010, successes in artificial intelligence have been at the forefront of computer science and technology, and vector space models have solidified a position at the forefront of artificial intelligence. At the same time, quantum computers have become much more powerful, and announcements of major advances are frequently in the news.
 The mathematical techniques underlying both these areas have more in common than is sometimes realized. Vector spaces took a position at the axiomatic heart of quantum mechanics in the 1930s, and this adoption was a key motivation for the derivation of logic and probability from the linear geometry of vector spaces. Quantum interactions between particles are modelled using the tensor product, which is also used to express objects and operations in artificial neural networks.
 This paper describes some of these common mathematical areas, including examples of how they are used in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in automated reasoning and natural language processing (NLP). Techniques discussed include vector spaces, scalar products, subspaces and implication, orthogonal projection and negation, dual vectors, density matrices, positive operators, and tensor products. Application areas include information retrieval, categorization and implication, modelling word-senses and disambiguation, inference in knowledge bases, decision making, and and semantic composition. Some of these approaches can potentially be implemented on quantum hardware. Many of the practical steps in this implementation are in early stages, and some are already realized. Explaining some of the common mathematical tools can help researchers in both AI and quantum computing further exploit these overlaps, recognizing and exploring new directions along the way.This paper describes some of these common mathematical areas, including examples of how they are used in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in automated reasoning and natural language processing (NLP). Techniques discussed include vector spaces, scalar products, subspaces and implication, orthogonal projection and negation, dual vectors, density matrices, positive operators, and tensor products. Application areas include information retrieval, categorization and implication, modelling word-senses and disambiguation, inference in knowledge bases, and semantic composition.
 Some of these approaches can potentially be implemented on quantum hardware. Many of the practical steps in this implementation are in early stages, and some are already realized. Explaining some of the common mathematical tools can help researchers in both AI and quantum computing further exploit these overlaps, recognizing and exploring new directions along the way.

Formal explanations as logical derivations

According to a longstanding philosophical tradition dating back to Aristotle, certain proofs do not only certify the truth of their conclusion but also explain it. Lately, much effort is being devoted to logically characterise the explanatory relation of grounding, especially by proof-theoretical means. Nevertheless, no thorough investigation of the resulting notion of formal explanation exists. We show that formal explanations can be seen as logical derivations of a particular kind and study the interactions between grounding and logical rules, formal explanations and logical derivations. We define a minimal calculus that captures both grounding and logical derivability, and show by a normalisation procedure that grounding rules are proof-theoretically balanced with respect to logical elimination rules. The introduced calculus enables us to combine logical derivations and explanations, to distinguish explanatory parts of derivations from non-explanatory parts, and to compose explanations in order to construct chains of consecutive grounding steps.

Entrepreneurship Turncoat: Connotative Features, Theoretical Framework and Research Prospects

In order to systematically expound the concept of “entrepreneurship turncoat”, this paper clarifies the connotation and characteristics of “entrepreneurship turncoat” through literature review and concept comparison, uses logical derivation to construct the theoretical basis for explaining the concept of “entrepreneurship turncoat” and the theoretical framework for the research of “entrepreneurship turncoat”, and analyzes the motivation, opportunity analysis, destination selection and destructiveness of “entrepreneurship turncoat” by focusing on the antecedent variables, process variables and result variables of “entrepreneurship turncoat”. Through literature review, this paper firstly puts forward the connotation of “entrepreneurial turncoat”, conceptually expounds the difference between “spin-off entrepreneurship”“turnover entrepreneurship” and “entrepreneurial turncoat”, and analyzes the characteristics of “entrepreneurial turncoat” from four aspects: contract dimension, destination dimension, time dimension and quantity dimension. Then, based on the behavioral planning theory, affective event theory, contract theory and knowledge-based theory, the antecedent, process, and result of “entrepreneurial turncoat” are analyzed from three levels: individual, organization and environment. Finally, on the basis of the above analysis, a theoretical framework explaining the concept of “entrepreneurial turncoat” is constructed, and future research directions are proposed.The findings are as follows: First, previous studies mistakenly classify the phenomenon of “entrepreneurial turncoat” as the category of entrepreneurial team splitting, and confuse it with the phenomenon of “spin-off entrepreneurship” and “turnover entrepreneurship”. Second, the research of “entrepreneurial turncoat” focuses on the perspective of the founder, and discusses the impact of “entrepreneurial turncoat” on the original company and the founder based on the value judgment of whether this behavior is in line with the interests of the founder. Third, “entrepreneurial turncoat” can be represented by eight mutually symmetrical behavioral characteristics in terms of contract, destination, time and quantity. Fourth, the uniqueness of the research on “entrepreneurial turncoat” is mainly reflected in the mining of antecedent variables and result variables at the individual level of the founder.This paper not only responds to the needs of the development of management practices, but also refines the concept of “entrepreneurial turncoat” in the entrepreneurial behavior of employees. It also innovatively discusses from the perspective of the founder. This is conducive to further enriching and extending the existing theoretical framework of employee turnover entrepreneurship. In addition, the purpose of this paper is not only to encourage scholars to refine academic concepts from the management phenomenon, but also to open the “black box” behind the phenomenon of “entrepreneurial turncoat”, calling for more management scholars to pay attention to this phenomenon and jointly promote the development of the theory of “entrepreneurial turncoat”.