Deductive Logic Research Articles

Inducción y analogía en las éticas aplicadasen proyectos socioeducativos

The objective is to highlight the advantages of articulating induction and analogy with appliedethics in socio-educational projects. The review of articles shows that principlist ethics underpinnedby deductive logic predominate in social projects, but some studies reveal dialogic and criticalapplied ethics structured with induction and analogy. Theoretical positions on the status of applied ethics are examined, confirming that induction and analogy are present both in the casuistry that culminates in the construction of maxims or prudential criteria, and in procedures that requirethe participation of those involved in each concrete case, and in the circle of critical hermeneuticswith its dialectics. Using an analytical-synthetic procedure, 12 socio-educational projects carried out in a non-formal modality are examined. As a result, four combinations are distinguished: 1)prescriptive ethics and deductive logic; 2) ethics of recognition and alternate logics; 3) dialogicethics and logic of discovery; and 4) prudential ethics of critical hermeneutics and dialectical logic.It is concluded that, by including induction and analogy in the ethics applied in socio-educational projects, a contribution is made to the improvement of learning and the production of behavioral patterns and moral convictions in accordance with the respective context.

Perlindungan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual Dalam Hukum Persaingan Usaha: Perspektif Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha

Intellectual Property Rights are exclusive rights the state grants to inventors or creators of their intellectual works. Competition Law and the role of the Business Competition Supervisory Commission are closely related in ensuring the protection of intellectual property rights in Indonesia to prevent a decline in competitiveness and investment climate, including potential activities that can harm consumers such as the circulation of counterfeit products, price instability, and maintaining Indonesia's image in the international arena. This paper aims to provide an overview of the Business Competition Supervisory Commission's important role in ensuring the protection of intellectual property rights within the framework of healthy business competition law in Indonesia. The research method used is a descriptive normative legal research type. The data collection technique used is a literature study. Secondary data is analyzed qualitatively, and conclusions are drawn using deductive logic. The results of the study show that regulations give the Business Competition Supervisory Commission the authority to take action against business actors who violate intellectual property rights, monopolistic practices, and unfair business competition, such as unfair pricing, production restrictions, and exclusive agreements. Thus, the Business Competition Supervisory Commission has an important role in ensuring the protection of intellectual property rights to create a healthy business competition climate.

A Journey Through Philosophy and Medicine: From Aristotle to Evidence-Based Decisions

The evolution of medical reasoning is deeply intertwined with philosophical thought, beginning with Aristotle’s foundational work in deductive logic. Aristotle’s principles significantly influenced early medical practice, shaping the works of Galen and Avicenna, who made empirical observations that expanded clinical knowledge. During the Enlightenment, both inductive reasoning, as advocated by Francis Bacon, and deductive methods, as stressed by René Descartes, significantly advanced medical reasoning. These approaches proved insufficient when it came to handling uncertainty and variability in medical outcomes. Nineteenth-century figures like William Osler advanced a probabilistic understanding of medicine. Karl Popper’s 20th-century hypothetico-deductive method, which introduced the concept of falsifiability and transformed scientific inquiry into a rigorous process of hypothesis testing, is a fundamental aspect of evidence-based medicine (EBM). EBM emerged as the dominant paradigm, combining empirical research, clinical expertise, and statistical inference to guide medical decisions. Looking forward, Bayesian reasoning offers a further refinement in medical reasoning. By incorporating prior knowledge and continuously updating probabilities with new evidence, Bayesianism addresses the limitations of frequentist methods and offers a more dynamic and adaptable framework for clinical decision making. As medical reasoning evolves, understanding this philosophical lineage is essential to navigating the future of patient care, where evidence must be both rigorously tested and individually tailored.

The Principles of Good Faith in E-Contract Financial Technology

This research discusses the Principle of Good Faith in E-Contract Financial Technology, which is a relatively new type of agreement in Indonesia. An e-contract can be formed when there is an agreement or mutual consent between the parties involved in the contract during its drafting. The existence of an e-contract is a new development in modern contract types, requiring appropriate regulation based on clear legal foundations. However, in practice, current regulations are not yet able to fully protect the parties involved in e-contracts. Therefore, in the creation of e-contracts, it is necessary to have a controlling mechanism based on moral values and conscience, commonly known as the principle of good faith, to support the principle of freedom of contract. The principle of good faith is considered the most important (super eminent principle) in contracts. Given the various issues that arise, this research aims to discuss the importance of the principle of good faith in e-contract financial technology. This subject research is E-Contract Financial Technology, method research used is normative juridical, with data sourced from secondary data, analyzed using deductive logic. The research results indicate that the principle of good faith needs to be applied and instilled in the parties involved in the contract, namely business actors, in this case, fintech providers, and consumers as fintech users. This principle ensures that the contract's substance is carried out based on solid trust or confidence, as well as the good will of the parties involved. By applying the principle of good faith to the parties involved, the risk of wanprestatie on the part of any party can be minimized, as there is already a foundation of trust and good will.

Гносеологическая проблема созерцания и симулирования в философии

There are two ways to gain new knowledge: 1) when incomplete and inaccurate knowledge becomes more complete and accurate as a result of formal logical deduction, and 2) when “contemplation” is established as a direct connection of the subject with the being of the object of knowledge, which implies the formulation and solution of the main question of philosophy, including ontological and epistemological aspects. Turning to the concept of contemplation, K. Marx pointed out the main drawback of previous materialism, which ignored human activity with the subject. Idealism developed it, but misinterpreted its correlation with the subject of knowledge. Further, the objective-idealistic version of contemplation, dating back to the ancient philosophy of Plato, and the subjective-idealistic version, dating back to the philosophy of I. Kant, are analyzed. The differences and similarities in their content are revealed. Finally, it is shown that contemplation, as an epistemological problem, has a rational content in materialistic philosophy, because here we are talking about establishing a direct connection between the subject and objective reality, the various phenomena of which act as a variety of cognizable objects, providing absolutely new knowledge (absolute truth) in contrast to knowledge relatively new (relative truth) in the course of formal logical deduction. Such contemplation is obtained by the subject of cognition in the process of his contemplative activity. It is opposed by simulation, and its characteristic is given, which goes back to the Platonic concept of “copy of a copy”, which is being mastered in modern philosophy. The difference between the concepts of Plato and Plotinus, who switched to the position of simulation, is shown. The dialectical method of the unity of historical and logical, supplemented by the comparative method, was used as a research methodology, which made it possible to identify the fundamental opposite of contemplation and simulation.

EFFECTIVENESS ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM AT NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE AREA OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST AND CORRUPTION IN LATVIA

Purpose and aim of the study: to assess the effectiveness of conflict of interest and corruption risk management at national public administration institutions and develop proposals for the improvement therein.Design / Methodology / Approach: The research employed logical construction and deduction, the graphical and monographic methods, as well as SWOT analysis and pairwise comparison.Main Findings: In 2017, a Cabinet Regulation of the Republic of Latvia regarding the implementation of internal control systems (ICS) to prevent conflict of interest and corruption risks became effective. However, some research studies found that the systems were practically formal and did not lead to effective risk management. Comprehensive ICS policies were found to be implemented by national institutions with the policies being designed by their risk management departments, and effective risk management was achieved by implementing three lines of protection as well as regularly reviewing and enhancing the risk management policies.Originality: The novelty of the present research: no shortcomings were found in the legal framework for internal control systems or in the binding guidelines, yet there was a problem with meeting the requirements set by the formal legal framework, which were not aligned with the specifics of institutions and the respective field.Implications: The research found that the application of risk management tools beyond the relevant legal framework for internal control systems by national institutions needed to be improved to increase the effectiveness of the system applied in practice and enhance risk management processes.

Contextual factors influencing bubble continuous positive airway pressure implementation for paediatric respiratory distress in low-income and middle-income countries: a realist review.

Bubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) is a low-cost, non-invasive respiratory support therapy for children with respiratory distress, but its effectiveness is dependent on the context. We aimed to understand contextual factors influencing bCPAP implementation for children aged 1-59 months in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) and to develop a theory explaining how these factors influence implementation outcomes. In this realist review, we generated an initial programme theory comprising candidate context-mechanism-outcome configurations (CMOCs) via review of key references and team discussion. On July 25, 2023, we conducted a search for peer-reviewed and grey literature, without date restrictions, describing bCPAP use for paediatric respiratory distress in LMICs. We included references describing related contexts, mechanisms, or outcomes. We coded statements from the literature supporting each CMOC, iteratively revising and adding CMOCs using inductive and deductive logic. We assembled an international, interdisciplinary panel of 22 bCPAP stakeholders to refine CMOCs using iterative surveys, focus groups, and interviews until we reached thematic saturation. This realist review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023403584). Of 1640 peer-reviewed references and eight grey literature references retrieved, 38 peer-reviewed articles and two grey literature documents were deemed eligible for inclusion after removal of duplicates and screening. After four rounds of expert surveys and three focus groups, we identified 18 CMOCs. CMOCs were synthesised into a final programme theory operating at five levels to influence implementation feasibility, fidelity, and sustainability: (1) the bCPAP device, (2) local partnerships and infrastructure, (3) clinical and technical teams, (4) caregivers and the community, and (5) institutional practices. Using realist methods with a diverse, international stakeholder panel, we generated a theory that could explain how bCPAP therapy works in different contexts. This theory could be leveraged to enhance the rigour of future bCPAP implementation trials. Yale National Clinician Scholars Program, US National Center for Advancing Translational Science (TL1TR001864), and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL155000).

The Use of the Detective Genre in 19th-Century English Prose

The detective genre in 19th-century English literature emerged as a response to the social, cultural, and legal transformations of the Victorian era. Rooted in urbanization, the rise of crime, and advancements in legal systems, the genre offered both entertainment and moral reflection for its readers. Key figures such as Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, and Arthur Conan Doyle played pivotal roles in shaping the genre, introducing enduring archetypes and innovative narrative structures. Detective fiction not only captivated audiences with its intricate plots and logical deductions but also reinforced societal values by exploring themes of justice and morality. This study examines the genre's foundational characteristics, its influence on Victorian readers, and its enduring legacy in modern literature and culture.

A Proof Calculus for Automated Deduction in Propositional Product Logic

Propositional product logic belongs to the basic fuzzy logics with continuous t-norms using the product t-norm (defined as the ordinary product of real numbers) on the unit interval [0,1]. This paper introduces a proof calculus for the product logic which is suitable for automated deduction. The calculus provides one of possible generalisations of the family of modifications of the procedure (algorithm) of Davis, Putnam, Logemann, and Loveland (DPLL) in the context of fuzzy logics. We show that the calculus is refutation sound and finitely complete as well. The deduction, satisfiability, and validity problems are solved in the finite case. The achieved results contribute to the theoretical (logic and computational) description of multi-step fuzzy inference.

Effectiveness of Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence in Cases of Gender-Based Violence

Gender-based violence is a social phenomenon that has existed since ancient times and has become increasingly prevalent lately. In fact, gender-based violence is increasing, both in terms of number, form and modus operandi which are increasingly diverse. The Law on the Crime of Sexual Violence is considered to still require more nuances in the definition and details of sexual violence, does not provide a guarantee of safety and protection for victims and also does not fully consider an adequate gender perspective. The research method uses a descriptive normative legal research type, and the data is analyzed qualitatively. Drawing conclusions uses deductive logic. The purpose of the study is to describe the effectiveness of the Law on the Crime of Sexual Violence against cases of gender-based violence. The results of the study indicate that the existence of the Law on the Crime of Sexual Violence is still not fully effective because it is seen from the increasing cases of gender-based violence every year. It is recommended that there needs to be a strong commitment from law enforcement to consistently apply the rules of the Law on the Crime of Sexual Violence to support the effectiveness of the Law on the Crime of Sexual Violence.

Integrating Reasoning with Learning: Neurosymbolic AI's Impact on NLP

In the changing realm of Natural Language Processing (NLP) the rise of deep learning has brought about a notable advancement enabling machines to understand and produce human language with impressive accuracy. However, despite these strides current NLP systems encounter hurdles in tasks that demand intricate reasoning, nuanced comprehension, and the ability to draw conclusions from limited or unclear data. To tackle these challenges the emerging field of Neurosymbolic AI suggests a blend of approaches by combining the learning capabilities of deep neural networks with the precise rule-based reasoning of symbolic AI. This fusion aims to develop systems that do not excel in language processing tasks but also possess a deeper understanding resembling human cognition intuitively. By harnessing the strengths of both paradigms— learnings efficiency in handling extensive datasets and symbolic AIs skill in logical deduction—Neurosymbolic AI offers potential solutions to current barriers in NLP. It opens up possibilities for AI systems to undertake complex tasks like grasping metaphors detecting sarcasm and interpreting context sensitive language with finesse. This piece explores the principles of Neurosymbolic AI evaluates its influence, on NLP and discusses how it could reshape AIs analytical and decision-making frameworks in intricate real-world scenarios. Keywords: Neurosymbolic AI, Natural Language Processing, Symbolic AI, Deep Learning, Machine Reasoning.

Criminal Charge: Scientific Discourse and Problems of Legislative Consolidation

Introduction: “free” use of the term criminal charge at the legislative level and in its official interpretation is largely a consequence of the scientific discourse on the essence of criminal charge, the controversy that has been waged for decades in the theory of criminal procedure on problems related to the concept of criminal charge. In the paper, the authors set a goal to consider the admissibility of polysemicity when using the concept of criminal charge, to identify possible aspects of this legal phenomenon that allow us to reveal its essence and the procedure for its implementation in criminal proceedings. Methods: the methodological framework for the research is a set of methods of scientific cognition, such as the methods of information processing and logical analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, and generalization. Results: the results of the scientific discourse on the essence of the criminal charge presented in the paper make it possible to understand the problems associated with the polysemicity of the legislator’s use of this concept and demonstrate the influence of doctrinal ideas about the essence of legal phenomena on their legislative consolidation. Conclusions: the concept of “criminal charge” is an integral, interrelated system of aspects, the totality of which allows us to fully express its essence. Only consideration of criminal charge as a multidimensional phenomenon and as an integral systemic category that has certain natural properties and allows revealing its essence explains the ambiguity of using this concept in the text of the law.

Підходи до реформування спрощеної системи оподаткування в умовах реалізації Національної стратегії доходів до 2030 року

Introduction. Subjects of small and medium-sized enterprises in global fiscal practice can be taxed either under the general tax system or through simplified tax regimes. The application of such taxation regimes is determined by a number of their advantages and is established at certain stages of the socio-economic development of the state. Problem Statement. In the conditions of Ukraine's European integration and a critical shortage of financial resources, there is an urgent need to reform the simplified taxation system in Ukraine. The National Revenue Strategy until 2030 (hereinafter - the Strategy) outlines the reasons and main directions of reform. Its main objective, in this regard, is to establish incentives for business entities to transition from a simplified to a general taxation system. Purpose.To substantiate the approaches to the development and operation of a simplified taxation system, and to form proposals for its design in Ukraine in line with the implementation of the Strategy. Methods. The research employed a variety of general scientific and specialized methods, including logical analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, description, theoretical generalization, abstract-logical reasoning, critical analysis, comparison, and expert evaluation. Results. Based on the analysis of the negative and positive aspects of the operation of the simplified taxation system in Ukraine, the expediency of its preservation with the elimination of negative aspects and taking into account the needs of the socio-economic development of the state is substantiated. Key areas and approaches to the design of a simplified taxation system in Ukraine are determined. Proposals have been made to define individual elements of the simplified system in the context of the implementation of the Strategy. Conclusions. The study of the methodological foundations of the design of certain spheres of simplified taxation regimes reveals the existence of several alternatives in the selection of approaches to their formation. These approaches are influenced by the macroeconomic situation in the state and the choice of tasks to be achieved when introducing or reforming the simplified regime. The authors outlined proposals for the design of a simplified taxation system in Ukraine, highlighting key areas and evaluating the extent to which these proposals are reflected in the Strategy.

"Three-education" Synergistic Innovation Driven by New Quality Productive Forces: Connotation Deconstruction, Logical Deduction and Path Exploration

The new quality productive forces led by science and technology innovation is reshaping the global economic and social structure, with far-reaching impacts on the field of education. In this context, "three-education" collaborative innovation has become a key force to promote the modernization of education. The new quality productive forces will optimize the allocation of educational resources through scientific and technological means, promote the transformation of the education model and conceptual innovation, and lead the education system to deep-level changes. In this change, technological innovation and educational innovation are mutually empowering, emphasizing the core role of interdisciplinary integration and open cooperation in building a new era of educational ecology. To cope with this trend, the "three educators" collaborative innovation should build a smart education platform, implement cross-border integration education strategies, establish an ecosystem for industry-education integration, build an open resource symbiosis network, and innovate the education evaluation system. These strategies are aimed at cultivating high-quality talents that meet the needs of the new era and providing solid human and intellectual support for high-quality economic and social development.

The Translation Quality Assessment of Google Translate’s Toward A More Critical Approach To Bio-events

There are few Chinese translation resources in paleontology, and literature reading relies heavily on machine translation, yet the translation quality cannot be guaranteed. Taking Towards a More Critical Approach toward Bio-events as a sample, this study aims to discuss the effectiveness of Google Translate in English-to-Chinese translation of paleontology literature. By comparing the translated text by Google Translate with that in Selected Papers of Theoretical Paleontology, the study assesses the translation from the perspectives of accuracy in word, sentence usage, meaning expression, logical accuracy, and readability. The assessment results show that the English-to-Chinese translation by Google Translate can accurately translate the deductive reasoning logic of the original text, and its coherence is basically consistent with the original text. However, there are paucity such as inaccurate word usage and deviations in sentence structure, leading to poor readability in some passages. This study provides insights into the use of machine translation strategies for paleontology researchers.

KEBIJAKAN PIDANA KEKERASAN SEKSUAL YANG DILAKUKAN KEPADA LEBIH DARI SATU ORANG ANAK DALAM PERSPEKTIF KEADILAN, KEPASTIAN HUKUM DAN KEMANFAATAN

The research discusses sexual violence, which is an act committed by a defendant who forces children to engage in sexual intercourse, resulting in 13 child victims, some of whom have given birth. This is based on case study Number 989/Pid.Sus/2021/PN.Bdg. The issues addressed are: 1) What are the criminal policies regarding sexual violence (intercourse) committed against more than one child? 2) How does the ruling of Judge Number 989/Pid.Sus/2021/PN.Bdg. reflect justice, legal certainty, and utility in cases of sexual violence (intercourse) against multiple children? The research employs a juridical-normative legal study method, is descriptive-analytical in nature, and utilizes both secondary and primary data. Data is collected through literature reviews and analyzed qualitatively. Conclusions are drawn using deductive logic. The answers to the problems are: 1) The criminal legal policy is an effort to combat crime and is an integral part of community protection efforts. The legal policies include: Law Number 23 of 2002 on Child Protection, Law Number 35 of 2014 amending Law Number 23 of 2002 on Child Protection, Law Number 17 of 2016 concerning the Establishment of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2016 on the Second Amendment to Law Number 23 of 2002 on Child Protection into Law, and Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes. 2)The handling of the case in this instance does not reflect the principle of justice, as the death penalty was imposed despite the Constitutional Court Decision No. 2-3/PUU-V/2007 and the Criminal Code of 2023 stating that the death penalty can be executed with a 10-year probationary period. This period allows for the possibility of change in the Defendant, showing remorse or developing a good character, which could lead to the death penalty being commuted to a life sentence or a 20-year term, with eligibility for remission and conditional sentences.

The potential of spatial economic theories in studying municipalities’ economic well-being

The interdisciplinary nature of modern economic research contributes to the growing scientific popularity of spatial economics, which performs as an integrator when exploring various objects. The paper aims at investigating the explanatory potential of spatial economics in relation to the economic well-being of municipalities. Methodologically the study relies on a host of theories forming the foundation of spatial economics. The methods include the abstract logical method, deduction and induction. The study identifies and analyses five stages in the evolution of the theoretical basis of spatial economics and shows the spatial aspect of creating municipalities’ economic well-being, which manifests itself in maintaining the economic activity in the territory as well as its population and is based on the reproduction process. The reproduction process then is a space-forming one, while such parameters as distance (connectedness), (dis)advantages of location, and distribution (concentration) reflect spatial inclusiveness of a municipality, presence of objects either increasing the risks of its development or its attractiveness, and the limits of territorial capacity, respectively. These parameters can also be applied to determine the level of municipalities’ economic well-being. The findings may underlie the development of a research methodology and a method for measuring the level of municipalities’ economic well-being.

THE INFLUENCE OF INFORMAL ECONOMIC EDUCATION ON THE ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR OF INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS MEDIATED BY ECONOMIC AND ENTREPRENEURIAL LITERACY

Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) ideally have a stable and prosperous economic condition characterized by the ability to manage finances wisely through safe and efficient savings and investments. However, this condition differs from most PMIs, who experience economic difficulties after returning to Indonesia. This study aims to confirm the influence of informal economic education, economic literacy, and entrepreneurial literacy on PMI's economic behavior. This research applies Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) using a quantitative approach with deductive thinking logic. Data were collected through an online survey and analyzed using IBM-SPSS-AMOS 25 to confirm the hypothesis proposed. The results showed that informal economic education, economic literacy, and entrepreneurial literacy positively affected PMI's economic behavior. Economic and entrepreneurial literacy also mediate the relationship between informal economic education and PMI's economic behavior in a partial (partial mediation) manner. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers and job training institutions on involving families to improve economic and entrepreneurial literacy in encouraging PMI's economic behavior.

Модели сетевого адаптивного взаимодействия организаций в условиях принятия решения доминирующим собственником о реализации проекта

In modern business conditions, the network interaction of organizations is one of the most effective forms of cooperation within the framework of the project. The ability of the network to adapt to changing factors and conditions of the external and internal environment based on the reactive management of business processes of project interaction ensures not only the achievement of project goals, but also the satisfaction of the complementary interests of all counterparties. The process of developing the author's model includes an analysis of existing models of network interaction between organizations, the study of methods and approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of such interaction, as well as the identification of key factors influencing the success of the project. The results obtained will improve the understanding of the processes of networking between organizations in the implementation of projects, as well as develop recommendations to improve the effectiveness of such interaction. The results can also be useful both for the scientific community and for practitioners involved in project management and business processes in a network context. The methodological basis of the study was the methods of comparative and logical analysis, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis. As a result of the work carried out, the author's model of network adaptive interaction of organizations was formed in the conditions of decision-making by the dominant owner on the implementation of the project.

FEATURES OF THE ACCOUNTING OF FINANCIAL RESULTS AT AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

The subject of the study is a set of theoretical, methodological and practical issues related to the formation, organization and creation of the most advanced accounting system of financial results, which ensures the improvement of the management efficiency of an agricultural enterprise. The purpose of writing this article is to substantiate certain theoretical and methodological provisions and develop practical recommendations for improving the accounting of financial results of activities for making managerial decisions regarding the development of agricultural production. The methods of logical analysis, induction and deduction are also applied to clarify the essence of income and financial results; methods of expert assessments – for researching the state of accounting in agricultural formations; methods of functional and logical analysis – for building an accounting information model of financial results.