Logical Inconsistencies Research Articles

Smart tourism destinations: a critical reflection

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of the main literature contributions that concern smart tourism development and management, highlighting gaps and logical inconsistencies. In addition, to further stress the importance of the issues at stake, a simulation is performed for showing how technology allows achieving better outcomes when a certain level of efficiency is obtained via re-engineering of main organizational and operational processes.Design/methodology/approachA content analysis of recent relevant literature is performed with the help of machine learning topic modelling algorithms. A network analytic approach to digital ecosystems, then, is used to study the relationship between technological tools and physical entities in a destination and how these and their combination affect the efficiency of the system at local and global levels.FindingsThe literature analyzed lacks a good discussion on the necessity to improve and rationalize the operational and organizational processes while emphasizing mostly the technological aspects. On the other hand, the simulation case presented shows that if information and knowledge flows are reasonably efficient and well organized in the physical world, the integration of digital components further enhances these processes, whereas inefficiencies can hinder the flow of information and reduce its efficiency.Originality/valueApart from the methods used, relatively little explored, the authors show that, as also much of the computer science literature states, a fundamental prerequisite for successful “smart” projects is a logical and effective restructuring of the main operational and organizational processes.

Sequent-Type Calculi for Systems of Nonmonotonic Paraconsistent Logics

Paraconsistent logics constitute an important class of formalisms dealing with non-trivial reasoning from inconsistent premisses. In this paper, we introduce uniform axiomatisations for a family of nonmonotonic paraconsistent logics based on minimal inconsistency in terms of sequent-type proof systems. The latter are prominent and widely-used forms of calculi well-suited for analysing proof search. In particular, we provide sequent-type calculi for Priest's three-valued minimally inconsistent logic of paradox, and for four-valued paraconsistent inference relations due to Arieli and Avron. Our calculi follow the sequent method first introduced in the context of nonmonotonic reasoning by Bonatti and Olivetti, whose distinguishing feature is the use of a so-called rejection calculus for axiomatising invalid formulas. In fact, we present a general method to obtain sequent systems for any many-valued logic based on minimal inconsistency, yielding the calculi for the logics of Priest and of Arieli and Avron as special instances.

Measuring Inconsistency in Some Logics with Modal Operators

The first mention of the concept of an inconsistency measure for sets of formulas in first-order logic was given in 1978, but that paper presented only classifications for them. The first actual inconsistency measure with a numerical value was given in 2002 for sets of formulas in propositional logic. Since that time, researchers in logic and AI have developed a substantial theory of inconsistency measures. While this is an interesting topic from the point of view of logic, an important motivation for this work is also that some intelligent systems may encounter inconsistencies in their operation. This research deals primarily with propositional knowledge bases, that is, finite sets of propositional logic formulas. The goal of this paper is to extend the concept of inconsistency measure in a formal way to sets of formulas with the modal operators “necessarily” and “possibly” applied to propositional logic formulas. We use frames for the semantics, but in a way that is different from the way that frames are commonly used in modal logics, in order to facilitate measuring inconsistency. As a set of formulas may have different inconsistency measures for different frames, we define the concept of a standard frame that can be used for all finite sets of formulas in the language. We do this for two languages. The first language, AMPL, contains formulas where a prefix of operators is applied to a propositional logic formula. The second language, CMPL, adds connectives that can be applied to AMPL formulas in a limited way. We show how to extend propositional logic inconsistency measures to such sets of formulas. Finally, we define a new concept, weak inconsistency measure, and show how to compute it.

From ontological orientation to axiomatic habitus? An historical reappraisal of contemporary political economy from a Marxian angle

Abstract An accurate analysis of Marx’s early works reveals the pivotal role of ontology in defining his critical research project, which culminated with the publication of Capital. By re-assessing Marx’s critical project in such terms, a careful review of the ontological conceptions of contemporary heterodox economics becomes possible, revealing a paradoxical situation. By focussing exclusively on mainstream’s logical inconsistencies, a branch of heterodox economics converged towards the same ontological assumptions as mainstream economics. These economists fall into the ‘axiomatic habitus’ of mimicking, at times unconsciously, the same stances as mainstream economics. By contrast, segments of mainstream economics (new political economy and neo-institutionalist economics) are more aware of the nature of the social reality to be investigated, introducing an axiomatised history within their framework. A careful review of Karl Marx’s ontological rupture then becomes an inescapable reference in order to amend both heterodox and orthodox economics, challenging the increasing insularity of our discipline.

Memory-Based Deep Neural Attention (mDNA) for Cognitive Multi-Turn Response Retrieval in Task-Oriented Chatbots

One of the important criteria used in judging the performance of a chatbot is the ability to provide meaningful and informative responses that correspond with the context of a user’s utterance. Nowadays, the number of enterprises adopting and relying on task-oriented chatbots for profit is increasing. Dialog errors and inappropriate response to user queries by chatbots can result in huge cost implications. To achieve high performance, recent AI chatbot models are increasingly adopting the Transformer positional encoding and the attention-based architecture. While the transformer performs optimally in sequential generative chatbot models, recent studies has pointed out the occurrence of logical inconsistency and fuzzy error problems when the Transformer technique is adopted in retrieval-based chatbot models. Our investigation discovers that the encountered errors are caused by information losses. Therefore, in this paper, we address this problem by augmenting the Transformer-based retrieval chatbot architecture with a memory-based deep neural attention (mDNA) model by using an approach similar to late data fusion. The mDNA is a simple encoder-decoder neural architecture that comprises of bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM), attention mechanism, and a memory for information retention in the encoder. In our experiments, we trained the model extensively on a large Ubuntu dialog corpus, and the results from recall evaluation scores show that the mDNA augmentation approach slightly outperforms selected state-of-the-art retrieval chatbot models. The results from the mDNA augmentation approach are quite impressive.

Scientific Realism, Metaphysical Antirealism and the No Miracle Arguments

Many formulations of scientific realism (SR) include some commitment to metaphysical realism (MR). On the other hand, authors like Schlick, Carnap and Putnam held forms of scientific realism coupled with metaphysical antirealism (and this has analogies in Kant). So we might ask: do scientific realists really need MR? or is MR already implied by SR, so that SR is actually incompatible with metaphysical antirealism? And if MR must really be added to SR, why is that so? And which additional arguments scientific realists need to support it? After reviewing and classifying a number of different kinds of realisms, metaphysical and not, I answer that SR and MR are logically independent of each other, so that there is no logical inconsistency in holding SR while rejecting MR. However, I argue that the “no miracle” argument (NMA) not only is the “ultimate” argument for SR, but by the same token it also supports MR. Therefore one cannot effectively defend SR without also subscribing to MR, but this can be done at no additional argumentative cost. I show this by discussing not only the standard version of the NMA, but also three more versions which are not usually considered as such in the literature.

Close Binary Perspectives

Development of analytic binary star models is discussed in historical and on-going perspective, beginning with an overview of paradigm shifts, the merits of direct (rectification-free) models, and fundamental four-type binary system morphology. Attention is called to the likelihood that many or even most cataclysmic variables may be of the double contact morphological type. Eclipsing binary distance estimates differ from those of standard candles in being individually measurable—without reliance on (usually nearby) objects that are assumed similar. Recent progress on circumstellar accretion disk models is briefly summarized, with emphasis on the separate roles of fluid dynamic, structural, and analytic models. Time-related parameters (ephemeris, apsidal motion, and light travel time) now can be found with a unified algorithm that processes light curves, velocity curves, and pre-existing eclipse timings together, without need to compute any new timings. Changes in data publication practices are recommended and logical errors and inconsistencies in terminology are noted. Parameter estimation strategies are discussed.

Simulation analysis on the effectiveness of missile defense

Literatures on the influences of missile defense (MD) on the existing nuclear deterrence are divided into negative and positive perspectives. However, both sides seem to make contradictory arguments. Skeptics argue that it is not feasible that MD influences deterrence stability but that it causes security dilemma and arms race, while proponents suggest that MD does not have to be perfect to reinforce deterrence stability but that it does not cause security dilemma and arms race. To fix this logical inconsistency, we identify an additional variable which is crucial in understanding the security dilemma mechanism in addition to Jervis’s (1978) two variables. By adding another variable, a minimum MD effectiveness level required for deterrence success suggested by Quackenbush (2006), to Jervis’s framework, we develop three hypotheses, two of which are novel on MD and its potential influences on deterrence stability and arms race. We then introduce a probabilistic model of the MD effectiveness by modifying Wilkening’s (2000) and conduct simulation analysis to see if MD is more likely to incur security dilemma and arms race. Our simulation results show that MD influence is likely to be different depending on a potential challenger’s national capability. Against a great power challenger, MD is least likely to meet the minimum MD effectiveness level required for deterrence success, so that the challenger is more likely to respond flexibly to the defender’s buildup of MD. Against a newly nuclear-armed state, however, a defender’s MD is more likely to satisfy the minimum MD effectiveness level, so that the defender is highly likely to respond flexibly to the potential challenger’s reinforcement effort of its nuclear force. In either case, our simulation results indicate that arms races concerning MD among them are not likely to occur.

Validating the New Paradigm for Extinction: Overcoming 200 Years of Historical Neglect, Philosophical Misconception, and Inadequate Language

The first “complete” paradigm of extinction was proposed as “the multigenerational, attritional loss of reproductive fitness,” for which MALF is a suitable acronym. A “complete” paradigm must encompass cause, effect, and a mechanism. The primary goal of this study is to verify the new paradigm. We cite four independent tests of the paradigm employing observational, experimental, and wholly theoretical techniques, utilizing phyletically diverse organisms from disparate parts of the Earth. All of these analyses confirmed the new paradigm. This new paradigm was originally derived from studies of MALF on six species of higher plants. We now report seven additional, worldwide examples from the earlier literature of higher plants (and a small mammal) that support the new paradigm. We also note the stark deficiencies in comparing “mass” and “background” extinctions and the unique case of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. To provide context for the new paradigm, we explore the long history of linguistic and philosophical contradiction or misconception that prevented the construction of a complete extinction paradigm for approximately 200 years. We also discuss the inadequacy of “incomplete” paradigms based largely on “cause-alone” explanations. We then consider logical inconsistencies and difficulties inherent in the usage of the term “extinction” itself and propose a new term for extinction. We then discuss cases of relict species that are the last survivors of their lineage and are essentially “functionally” extinct, thus making them excellent subjects for the study of MALF. Anthropogenic extinctions are exceptionally rapid when compared to typical MALF extinctions. For extinctions occurring at least within the life span of a species we suggest the term “quasi-catastrophic.”

Ensuring Privacy in Big Data

Enormous is characterized as a term used for astoundingly enormous enlightening lists that have progressively various and composite structure. Further, additional difficulties like taking care of, analyzing and applying further strategies for isolating outcomes come inseparable. It is the term used to depict the route toward investigating a lot of complex information to part with the game examples or recognize concealed relationships. In any case, there is a conspicuous logical inconsistency between the security and different worries in large information. The principal concern and reason for this paper is on detachment and security worries in enormous information. This paper speaks to on investigation and arrangement of different unknown methods for protection conservation like t-proximity, k-obscurity, l-assorted variety and differential security.

Quantitative Instrumental Assessment of Cooked Rice Stickiness

Stickiness is a major textural characteristic of cooked rice and an important criterion in cultivars classification. Many reports on instrumental evaluation cooked rice stickiness are based on variants of the texture profile analysis (TPA), a method that has fundamental methodological flaws and creates logical inconsistencies. Notable among these is that cooked rice tested as a flat cylindrical specimen having a larger diameter is always harder and stickier than when tested as a narrower specimen. Recent novel improvements have been the use of a universal testing machine (UTM) to record the force and calculate the work needed to separate a pre-compressed pair of individual cooked rice kernels, or to separate a single pre-compressed cooked kernel from the flat surface to which it is attached, while accounting, in both cases, for the contact areas. It is proposed to modernize an older manual method to measure the attractive force between two uncompressed cooked rice kernels directly with a tensiometer by replacing it with a UTM and expressing the result in term of a cohesion index, the dimensionless ratio between the net separation force and an individual cooked kernel’s weight. Rough calculations based on published data indicate that cooked rice of cultivars known to be sticky would have an index on the order of 15 while those known as non-sticky about 3 only, where the actual values will depend on the cooking procedure and the dry rice’s history. Also proposed is a similar adhesion index to characterize the attractive interaction of cooked rice with any surface of interest.

LA VERIFICABILIDAD DEL LENGUAJE RELIGIOSO: UN ANÁLISIS FILOSÓFICO

Las experiencias místicas y el conocimiento que producen son comunicados a través de un lenguaje religioso. En este texto presentaré un estudio de caso de una tradición yóguica del norte de la India, el Surat Shabdt Yoga, que se practica para obtener este tipo de experiencia. Desde el punto de vista de la teoría verificacionista del significado desarrollada por Alfred J. Ayer, el lenguaje religioso carece de significado.Mi objetivo es analizar y evaluar la teoría verificacionista y mostrar que no sólo se auto refuta; sino que también exhibe ciertas inconsistencias lógicas, empíricas y cognitivas que la debilitan como un buen criterio para evaluar la significatividad del lenguaje religioso. Se argumentará que los instrumentos y métodos de verificación se constriñen a nuestras habilidades, límites, expectativas e intereses cognitivos específicos; por lo que el valor de verdad del contenido fáctico de los enunciados religiosos no puede ser decidido de forma indubitable.

НЕПРЯМЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ В ЕСТЕСТВЕННОМ ЯЗЫКЕ И НЕКОНСИСТЕНТНЫЕ ЛОГИКИ

A new approach to the formal semantics of indirect meanings (e.g. poetical tropes, etc.) is proposed. Its main difference from its closest predecessors (Hintikka and Sandu’s multiworld semantics of indirect meainings and Davidson’s pragmatic theory of metaphor) is to be semantics of inconsistent logics, that is, those types of logic that allow some kinds of contradiction. According to the authors, communication with indirect meanings is based on the human capacity to think using contradictions.

CONTRADICTIONS IN THE FORMATION OF THE ARTISTIC IMAGE OF SACRED SPACE IN XX CENTURY ARCHITECTURE

The article analyzes the history of changes in the formation of artistic image of sacral architecture of the XX century, which comes from the aggravation of contradictions between modernist and traditional values. From the state of temporary dominance of modernism, the period of postmodern counter-revolution to the modern assertion of irrational values, which, among other things, is in the subtly articulated worship of transcendence. The factors that influence the formation of sacral space are considered. In particular, issues of a more general nature and ideological causes of diversity, including doctrinal sources of particular approaches. The causes of the diversity of forms and contradictory concepts in the construction of temples were also investigated. A number of logical inconsistencies are presented, which violated the homogeneity of the architecture characteristic of earlier eras for the meetings of followers of Christianity.The view of theologians on the positive meaning of the phenomenon of desacralization, as well as the influence of secular studies, which have found a relationship between modern psychological attitudes and such a specific sphere of activity, which is temple building, is considered. The general principles of the formation of church structures, which, according to this concept, ceased to be constructed in such a way that allowed them to be distinguished from buildings of other purposes, are presented.

The peculiar case of the Standards of Care: Ethical ramifications of deviating from informed consent in transgender-specific healthcare

Summary In this article, we discuss the alternate model of consent that has become dominant for the provision of transgender-specific health care within the United States, referred to here as the Standards of Care model. This model, which requires medical professionals to provide official opinions on a transgender patient's readiness to accept and undergo care, stands in contrast to the majority model of medical consent in the US, namely individually provided informed consent. Here, we review the informed consent model, including the basic ethical components of this model and the essential elements of medical decision-making capacity. We then consider the Standards of Care model. We situate its origins in pathological understandings of gender variance and review the current requirements of the model. Consideration is given to logical inconsistencies within the current Standards of Care model, which holds that gender variance is non-pathological and affirming care is medically necessary, but that adult patients requesting such care require psychiatric diagnoses and are unable to consent to their own care. We then consider the bioethical meaning of the Standards of Care model, which others have proposed cedes some of the patient autonomy offered by informed consent for an inflated reliance on nonmaleficence. We align ourselves with this position. We continue this interpretation to suggest that the Standards of Care model ultimately fails to deliver this proffered nonmaleficence.

Explaining complementarity in false memory

• Some events are remembered as belonging to logically incompatible reality states (complementarity). • Complementarity comes in two forms, within-item and between-item. • The experiments provide the first evidence of within-item complementarity (impossible memory conjunctions). • Complementarity was predicted by the non-compensatory gist principle but selective retrieval may also be responsible. Complementarity is a paradoxical phenomenon in which memory for incompatible reality states (e.g., old vs. new) violates basic logical constraints: Subjects remember certain groups of items as belonging to both of two incompatible states at reliable levels. The theoretical principle that predicts this phenomenon, non-compensatory gist memory, also predicts a more stringent form in which individual items are successively remembered as belonging to each of two incompatible states. In the present experiments, we investigated this within-item form of complementarity and evaluated an alternative theoretical explanation that relies on a selective retrieval principle. The experiments provided evidence of robust within-item complementarity, for both old items and new items that were semantically related to old ones. Logical incompatibility constrained memory for different reality states to only a limited degree. Our experiments provided no support for the selective retrieval explanation of complementarity. That account predicts several effects, some for judgment probabilities and others for latencies, none of which was observed. Thus, non-compensatory gist memory proved to be the more satisfactory of the two explanations.

Research and Design of Three-Phase Inconsistent Protection Circuit for Circuit Breaker Based on Chip Technology

The typical configuration of inconsistent protection of circuit breaker is that the auxiliary switch of circuit breaker is connected in series and parallel with start-up time relay, and the outlet relay is tripped by delay start-up. In order to improve the reliability of circuit breaker, this paper presents a new design idea of inconsistent protection of circuit breaker based on chip technology, and presents a phased digitized site designed with circuit breaker mechanism as a whole. The overall architecture scheme mainly consists of module and general control module. The phase-separated digitized local module realizes on-site acquisition of circuit breaker position and optical fiber transmission. The main control module realizes ontology inconsistent logic operation, exit and communication with spacer layer. The design scheme uses chip processing instead of traditional relay and optical fiber transmission instead of traditional cable, effectively avoiding relay and circuit differences. The misoperation often caused can greatly improve the reliability of inconsistent protection of circuit breaker.

ÉLETKORI SAJÁTOSSÁGOK A MOORE-PARADOXONOS MONDATOK MEGÉRTÉSÉBEN KÉTNYELVŰ GYERMEKEKNÉL

A kétnyelvű gyermekek számos kognitív és végrehajtó funkció működtetésében mutatnak előnyt az egynyelvűekhez képest. Kutatásomban a tudatelmélet fejlődéséhez kapcsolódó képességet vizsgálom kétnyelvű gyermekeknél: a Moore-paradoxonos mondatok megértésének sajátosságait. Ezeket az eredményeket összevetem a szintaktikai tudatosság kompetenciájának fejlődésével. Kutatásom célja, hogy megismerjem a kétnyelvű gyermekek ezen képességeinek jellemzőit, kialakulásuk időpontját, megfigyeljem, hogy mutatnak-e összefüggést egymással. Kérdéseim: Mikor alakul ki a logikai ellentmondást tartalmazó mondatok megértése kétnyelvű gyermekeknél? Hatással van-e a kétnyelvűség típusa a megértés fejlődésére? Összefügg-e a szintaktikai tudatosság képessége és a Moore-paradoxonos mondatok megértése? Kísérletemben nyolcvan szimultán és szukcesszív kétnyelvű 5–8 éves gyermek vett részt. Eredményeim igazolják, hogy a szimultán kétnyelvű gyermekek gyorsabban fejlődnek a szukcesszív kétnyelvűeknél.

How to measure the impact of place marketing activities: a methodological discussion

ABSTRACT This paper aims to explicate and discuss the main methods of measuring the effects of place marketing. Rather than favouring one method over another a priori, we seek to understand each method on its own terms in order to illuminate key assumptions and hypotheses. Additionally, we compare and contrast the different methods to reveal areas of logical inconsistency. Generally, the impact of place marketing activities is dominated by fragmented, often single case studies, analysed using qualitative methods. The methods hitherto developed to measure the effect of place marketing activities posit causal mechanisms in line with simple ex ante/ex post comparisons. As place marketing appears to be “political” and policy oriented, the need to understand what happens in the policy process and the context in which marketing activities take place is paramount, we need to unfold the political process so as to understand why and how some place marketing activities work, and others do not.

Metrizable preferences over preferences

A hyper-preference is a weak order over all linear orders defined over a finite set A of alternatives. An extension rule associates with each linear order p over A a hyper-preference. The well-known Kemeny extension rule ranks all linear orders over A according to their Kemeny distance to p. More generally, an extension rule is metrizable iff it extends p to a hyper-preference consistent with a distance criterion. We characterize the class of metrizable extension rules by means of two properties, namely self-consistency and acyclicity across orders. Moreover, we provide a characterization of neutral and metrizable extension rules, based on a simpler formulation of acyclicity across orders. Furthermore, we establish the logical incompatibility between neutrality, metrizability and strictness. However, we show that these three conditions are pairwise logically compatible.