Arguable Research Articles

Application and Use of Rhetoric in the Scientific Field of Civic Education

Studying rhetoric means discussing the concept and application of a philosophy of science in a particular scientific field. The philosophy of science is all human thoughts spontaneously respond to every problem in the context of the basic concept of the formation of a science or the relationship between one science and another for the good of mankind In this method to be able to study rhetoric as a use and application in the scientific field of civic education we can use literature study or literature study. A systematic scientific method of literature. In the explanation above, the application of rhetoric in the scientific field of civic education is a form of branch of science that aims to form good and smart citizenship in civic life. So in the delivery of civic education science in delivering learning material can be done by providing logical arguments by showing evidence directly or indirectly to be able to prove scientific Civic education application of rhetoric in scientific midwives Civic education is a branch of the discipline of law and politics packaged in education which aims to form Smart and Good Citizenship. With good, ethical, and emotional delivery supported by the delivery of strong and accurate evidence, and can argue logically in presenting the evidence.

Silence (aphasia) and Laughter: Nietzsche’s Parody and Assessment of Pyrrho in “The Wanderer and His Shadow” 213 and in His Posthumous Sections of 1888

ABSTRACT This article examines Nietzsche’s evaluations of silence and laughter as Pyrrho’s two responses to the dilemma caused by doubts about truth in aphorism 213 of ‘The Wanderer and His Shadow’ (WS 213). Contrary to the common belief that speechlessness leads Pyrrho to tranquillity (ataraxia), in WS 213, it is a symptom of his intellectual impotence caused by logical impasse. Silence proves to be subject to the same traps as speeches. In his later period, Nietzsche deems Pyrrho’s impotent will to truth and pursuit of tranquility nihilism. He contends that Pyrrho’s impotence triggers his ressentiment of dogmatists and labels Pyrrho as a Greek Buddhist in unpublished sections writtenin 1888. For Nietzsche, the only antidote to dogmatism and even nihilism is laughter, a way of overcoming Pyrrho’s obstinate will to truth embodied in the form of logical argumentation. Nietzsche seems to attribute the Democritean cheerfulness (euthumia) to Pyrrho, a manifestation of healthy skepticism and a dynamicconstellation of drives that embrace and overcome suffering. In Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Nietzsche claims that laughter is a sign of recovery from a spirit of excessive seriousness, which is embodied by the free-spirited Zarathustra, an antipode to Pyrrho ‘the fanatic of mistrust.’

God and Purported Logical Arguments from Evil and Suffering

Abstract Logical arguments from evil against the existence of God are the strongest form of arguments from evil. They maintain that the all-good, all-powerful God of traditional theism is logically incompatible with the evil in the world. Given that the most well-known logical argument from evil remains the argument put forward by John Mackie over fifty years ago, I begin by setting out Mackie’s argument in detail as well as Alvin Plantinga’s well-regarded critique of it. I then discuss Mackie’s not well-known confusing response to Plantinga’s critique along with attempts by Hugh LaFollette and Quentin Smith to support Mackie’s argument, which fail to take into account Mackie’s own concession to Plantinga’s critique. I then discuss my own attempt in 2019 to provide a Mackie-style logical argument from evil and the reception it has received. I end by suggesting that further discussion might best be pursued by taking up the related question of whether an objective ethics can by adequately supported without appealing to the existence of the God of traditional theism.

Атеизм в цифровую эпоху

The article examines the transformation of atheism as a social and worldview phenomenon in the era of digitalization. Atheistic forums and collective blogs represent a rich field for the study of non-belief; however, they have so far received only sporadic attention from religious scholars and philosophers. The article also presents the phenomenon of “new atheism”. Rather than a system of logical argumentation and classical rational critique of typical theistic arguments, this new atheism comprises a complex of rhetorical techniques aimed at a mass audience, often characterized by irrationality and focused on eliciting specific emotions towards believers rather than fostering an informed understanding of the subject of controversy. Atheism took root in the postmodern situation from its ends of metanarratives, the primacy of feelings over reason, pluralism of opinions and other characteristic features. Moreover, the Internet turned out to be an excellent platform for disseminating the ideas of “new atheism”, promoted by opinion leaders and bloggers, which is a characteristic form of propaganda for Internet media. Nevertheless, the scale of modern non-belief does not approach that of religious movements, nor does it reach the level of cohesion and political passion characteristic of the militant atheism of the 20th century.

Automatic differentiation for ML-family languages: Correctness via logical relations

Abstract We give a simple, direct, and reusable logical relations technique for languages with term and type recursion and partially defined differentiable functions. We demonstrate it by working out the case of automatic differentiation (AD) correctness: namely, we present a correctness proof of a dual numbers style AD code transformation for realistic functional languages in the ML-family. We also show how this code transformation provides us with correct forward- and reverse-mode AD. The starting point is to interpret a functional programming language as a suitable freely generated categorical structure. In this setting, by the universal property of the syntactic categorical structure, the dual numbers AD code transformation and the basic $\boldsymbol{\omega } \mathbf{Cpo}$ -semantics arise as structure preserving functors. The proof follows, then, by a novel logical relations argument. The key to much of our contribution is a powerful monadic logical relations technique for term recursion and recursive types. It provides us with a semantic correctness proof based on a simple approach for denotational semantics, making use only of the very basic concrete model of $\omega$ -cpos.

Strategy Theory Using Analogy: Rationale, Tools and Examples

We discuss why analogical reasoning is widely used in strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation despite its assessment by many logicians as a weak form of logical argumentation. Given this popularity, we consider how analogies might be used to assist in strategic decision making to develop better strategy arguments, including those consistent with the theory-based view of strategy. We develop an extended analogy between the online platforms Tripadvisor and Glassdoor to illustrate our main points. We also describe in steps how to build and evaluate strategy analogies and we suggest why working with analogies may be helpful to those practicing the theory-based view of strategy.

Public (In)Tolerance of Government Non‐Compliance with High Court Decisions

Governments‐ compliance with high court decisions is a critical factor affecting judicial independence, power, and legitimacy. Under what conditions do citizens tolerate incumbent non‐compliance with apex court decisions? Some theories yield predictions that government supporters will be more tolerant towards non‐compliance, while others assert that citizens may value judicial review irrespective of their political preferences. Although the underlying logic of both arguments is plausible, the contexts that shape citizens‐ non‐compliance preferences are not well identified. Focusing on the moderating effect of elite behavior and contextual factors, we demonstrate that supporters of incumbent governments are more tolerant of government non‐compliance in the years following high-profile shows of interbranch attacks or government disregard of high court decisions, and in environments where the media is lacking independence.

THE INCONSISTENCY CHARGE IN CICERO'S DE FINIBUS 1–2

Abstract Cicero often challenged Epicureanism on the grounds of inconsistency. Cicero personifies the charge through his character Torquatus, who defends Epicureanism in De finibus 1–2. Cicero highlights the discrepancies among Torquatus’ beliefs and between them and his behaviour. Torquatus holds that the senses incontestably verify the tenets of Epicureanism, and that logic is superfluous. Yet he is sensitive to the fact that Epicurus’ teachings are not intuitive and require a fair amount of logical argumentation in its defence. Therefore, he defends his school against Cicero's criticisms. But by engaging in a defence of the system, Torquatus has already spoken against his commitment to the obviousness of Epicureanism and his disavowal of logic.

226. PHILOSOPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SURGICAL INNOVATION

Abstract Background Innovation in surgery has been viewed as synonymous with progress. This is not always the case as many new innovative processes, devices and techniques do not yield same results in "real world" as they do in the experimental stage. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the role of philosophical experiment in the process of appraisal of surgical innovation. Methods A thought experiment was conducted analysing past surgical innovations. Introduction of electrosurgery, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, surgical safety checklist and laparoscopic aortic aneurysm repair were tested. All consequences (known and hypothetical) of these innovations were considered in attempt to establish a more holistic metric of success. Results Significant limitations exist in the current assessment methods of innovation "success" which is commonly defined based on the results of a study of chosen pre-set metrics (main outcome). The utility of key metric used to assess innovation (e.g. lengths of hospital stay or visual pain scores) is limited by the choice of these outcomes. This reduces the changes of detecting rate, but possibly, much more significant unintended effects both advantageous and harmful (e.g. discovery of insulin vs thalidomide). The magnitude of detectable change is dictated by practicality of powering controlled studies and exposes results to the sensitivity bias. Unanticipated effects of the innovation are frequently not discovered until it is adopted on a large scale. Various outcomes of innovation are non-commensurable and further complicate the definition of "success". A novel innovation outcome assessment process is proposed: net global utility, a composite outcome measure which considers all potential effects of innovation (clinical, social, economic, ethical and other). Net global utility is a subjective measure that allows observer to compare non-commensurable values by not using them in isolation. One of the main advantages of net global utility is that it only requires knowledge of available metrics and principles of logical argument, providing an easy assessment tool to boost local oversight of introduction of innovation and policy-making. It includes calculation of risk (probability x consequence) which allows to account for improbable but highly consequential outcomes. Net global utility is compared to the best available alternative and derives internal face validity from this. Net global utility encompasses potential incidental future benefits as well as assessment of innovation against the test of justice. Conclusion Defining success in surgical innovation can be challenging. The use of thought experiment and logical argument is described to introduce a novel metric "net global utility" allowing for composite assessment of innovation success. Various previous surgical innovations used to demonstrate the application of the net global utility.

VAI TRÒ CỦA TƯ DUY PHẢN BIỆN TRONG GIÁO DỤC BẬC TRUNG HỌC

Critical thinking skills are broadly defined as the ability to analyse, evaluate, and construct logical arguments. It can therefore be affirmed that critical thinking is crucial for developing students’ autonomy, creativity, and problemsolving skills. Integrating critical thinking into the curriculum encourages students to form personal viewpoints, engage in indepth discussions, and tackle problems from various perspectives. Effective integration methods include the use of open-ended questions, promoting argumentative skills, and supporting multidimensional learning. Despite challenges such as training adequately competent teachers or the compatibility of traditional teaching methods, the potential opportunities to enhance the quality of education through the integration of critical thinking into the curriculum are highly significant. Critical thinking not only helps students achieve their best potential in learning but also prepares them to face the complexities of modern life. Keywords: Critical thinking; secondary education; teaching methods; problem-solving skills; curriculum integration.

Penalaran dalam Media Lokal: Analisis Opini Pada Kabar Madura

This study aims to analyse reasoning in the opinion columns of Kabar Madura, a prominent local newspaper in Madura. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical design to understand and evaluate the quality of argumentation in these opinion columns. Data were collected through content analysis and discourse analysis of opinion articles published within a specific timeframe. The findings reveal that while many articles demonstrate effective rhetorical use and a critical approach, there are deficiencies in evidence presentation and logical consistency. More experienced writers tend to construct stronger arguments supported by relevant evidence, whereas less experienced writers often struggle to formulate coherent and logical arguments. This variation in argumentative quality indicates a need for writer training and capacity development. Additionally, the analysis shows that some articles adopt a critical approach that aids readers in understanding the complexities of local issues. The local social and cultural context also influences reasoning in the opinion columns, with articles relevant to the daily lives of the Madurese community receiving more positive responses. The study concludes that enhancing reasoning quality in opinion columns can improve the credibility and impact of local media in shaping public opinion. Practical recommendations include providing training for writers and further research encompassing more local media and mixed methods for more comprehensive results. This research contributes significantly to the development of more critical and responsible journalism within the local media context in Indonesia.

The Human Condition in the 21st Century: Body and Architectural Space in Contemporary Art

Architectural practices that sustain economic power structures often overlook the complexity of place, prioritizing rationality and utility for funding while perpetuating issues like climate crises and income inequality. In contrast, art offers critical perspectives unconstrained by immediate practicality. This research examines how contemporary artists understand and create space to reach a spatial design approach that activates subjects and fosters new connections between humans and non-humans. In the scope of this research, seven contemporary artists who produce artworks related to either the body or space have been chosen. The discourses of artists exploring the body-space relationships serve as primary sources. Two methods are employed: logical argumentation and analysis by analogy. The latter involves visualizing the analysis of textual discourses through messy word maps to extract insights from artists’ concepts and tactics. “Artist topographies” contribute to a collective “cognitive topography,” revealing commonalities around themes of exploitation, oppression, profit, borders, otherness, agency, and complexity. The conclusion presents suggestions for an alternative spatial design approach based on the discourses and cognitive topography.

An abstract and structured account of dialectical argument strength

This paper presents a formal model of dialectical argument strength in terms of the number of ways in which an argument can be successfully attacked in expansions of an abstract argumentation framework. First a model is proposed that is abstract but designed to avoid overly limiting assumptions on instantiations or dialogue contexts. It is then shown that most principles for argument strength proposed in the literature fail to hold for the proposed notions of dialectical strength, which clarifies the rational foundations of these principles and highlights the importance of distinguishing between kinds of argument strength, in particular logical, dialectical and rhetorical argument strength. The abstract model is then instantiated with ASPIC+ to test the claim that it does not make overly limiting assumptions on the structure of arguments and the nature of their relations.

EU attacks on investor rights

Abstract The European Commission, with the cooperation of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), continues a crusade against investors’ rights. This is done by reducing the rights of access by investors to an independent arbitral tribunal to resolve disputes and by making arbitral awards impossible to enforce. The CJEU judgments which are discussed in this article are arbitrary, lack logical argument, and ignore international law (in particular, the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties). Recent judgments by states that are not EU Member States have restored the validity of arbitral awards that were annulled by EU courts. The judgments show that they do not believe in the CJEU judgments, which have led to the cancellation of inter-EU Bilateral Investment Treaties and the annulment of Energy Charter Treaty awards.

On the Logical Argument from Natural Evil: A Response to Moore

On the Logical Argument from Natural Evil: A Response to Moore

EFFECTIVE AND INEFFECTIVE WAYS USED BY PARENTS TO DEVELOP A RATIONAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN THEIR CHILDREN – RESEARCH RESULTS

ABSTRACT: Aim: The purpose of this article is to present and evaluate the ways used by parents to form a rational attitude towards electronic media in their children. Not all actions of this type described in the literature or taken by parents turn out to be effective, applicable, and some are even harmful. The interested parties – children and adolescents have (and should have) an important voice in this matter. Their views on the subject will be taken into account in this study. Methods: In order to achieve the chosen goal, an analysis of the literature was carried out and a survey research was conducted using the questionnaire technique. The group of respondents consisted of young people between the ages of 14 and 25 living in the Opole region. Their statements helped to determine the answer to the question - What are the effective (and ineffective) ways used by parents in terms of forming a rational attitude to electronic media in their children? Results: It was found that not all parents take measures to shape appropriate media behaviour in their children, as indicated by one in five respondents. In light of the mentioned data, the following can be considered effective ways of such measures: proposing non-media, family activities; conversations and discussions based on logical arguments, without excessive moralizing; setting rules and enforcing them consistently. Setting a good example also has positive effects. In addition, young people generally appreciate wise parenting – love, trust, positive attitudes they experience from them, can be much more important than specific ways of influence. According to young people, punishments (bans, taking away children’s devices, etc.) are extremely ineffective, as they lead to rebellion, conflict and breakdown of parent-child ties. Conclusion: In the face of the great expansion of new technologies, parents are now obliged to shape the proper relationship of their children with electronic media. These efforts should lead to the minimization of risks, moreover, they are to make the media environment a potential positive educational factor. To increase effectiveness of such measures, the feelings of young people should be taken into account as they are extremely important for the development of rational ways of influence on the issue discussed here. Originality: The literature on the subject most often presents directives on parental interactions with young people in terms of shaping their appropriate media behaviour in a general way. This article presents the position of young people on this subject, which sheds more light on the effectiveness of the efforts. Keywords: adolescents, electronic media, rational media use, media usage rules, parental influence, parental involvement, opinion of the young.

Review of Islamic Law on the Distribution of Inheritance in Muslim Families

This research aims to study how methods for dividing inheritance assets based on Islamic Inheritance Law and the Compilation of Islamic Law are able to resolve requests or disputes over the distribution of inheritance assets between Muslim people. This research uses a literature study method by collecting data from various sources, such as books, journal articles and previous research results. then analyzed using a qualitative descriptive method which is a logical and systematic legal argumentation. This research aims to provide a deeper understanding of how Islamic law influences inheritance distribution practices in Muslim families, as well as providing a framework for understanding how Islamic law can be adapted in the context of civil law to achieve better justice for all parties involved.

A PROPOSED CYCLE MODEL FOR SPATIAL SOLIDARITY AND ITS UNFILLABLE VOID

The categorization of buildings based on their form or function—in other words, architectural typology—could be defined as a literal way to comprehend the spaces where humans live as if in a cohesive progression. Despite the mainstream tendency to use canonical categories that account for every architectural feature, one of the most significant aspects of space antagonizes every fixed definition imposed upon it: the void of space that cannot be permanently filled by humans or reduced by mottos or concepts. Suggesting that the abyss of space, which can be seen more clearly in the broader period, necessitates temporal acts of solidarity, this paper focuses on the evoltions of symbiotic relationships among societal objects that play dramatically important roles in the appropriation and sustainability of built environments. Employing logical argumentation as its primary methodology, it leverages models and arguments from seemingly irrelevant disciplines such as literature, philosophy, and architecture. The proposed spatial cycle model, developed to illustrate bifurcations, obstructions, and several life cycles of a space, highlights the need for a temporal symbiotic model.

The European Union’s climate policy towards Ukraine: normative power Europe in action?

The EU’s aspirations for leadership are also evident in regional and global climate policy, especially given the urgency of the problem of rising global temperatures. Since 2014, EU member states have been actively involved in shaping the organisation’s legislative framework on climate policy. This article set out to determine when the EU gained the capability to act as a normative green power and to assess whether the EU acted as an established normative power in forming a climate partnership with Ukraine from the 1990s to the first half of 2024. The research is organized into two chapters. Chapter 1 explores two dimensions of the behavioral logic of different foreign policy actors: norm compliance and norm diffusion. Normative actors of foreign policy, unlike non-normative ones, are guided by the logic of appropriateness in the process of compliance with norms and the logic of argumentation in the process of diffusion of norms. Chapter 2 identifies the periods when the EU complied with climate norms according to the logic of appropriateness and spread climate norms in Ukraine according to the logic of arguing. After analyzing two dimensions of the EU’s behavioral logic in detail, it can be concluded that it was only after 2019 that the EU began to act as an established normative power in building a climate partnership with Ukraine. In other words, from this point onward, the EU both complied with climate norms according to the logic of appropriateness and diffused them in Ukraine according to the logic of arguing. The European Climate Law, enacted in 2021, further demonstrated the EU’s dedication to complying with climate norms based on the logic of appropriateness, establishing legislative obligations to achieve climate neutrality by 2050.

The death of the embodied philosopher and the life of the mind: On the literary and poetic features of Plato's Phaedo

AbstractSocrates is a man of faith whose love and pursuit of the truth is grounded in religious conviction. Faith, whatever else it may be, involves guiding one's life in terms of a transcendent dimension, recognizing a reality lying behind any particular experience. In Plato's Phaedo, a literary and philosophical masterpiece, we enter the narrative of Socrates' trial and execution on the day of his death, examining arguments for the immortality of the psyche. The dialogue combines logical argument and mythological speculation, and presents Socrates simultaneously as an abstract theorist and an unforgettably singular person. Distinct persons, such as Socrates, have an interest in continuing to exist as the individuals that they are. When we cease to exist, we lose the opportunity to engage in any activity that is worth doing, such as—emphatically, for some of us—doing philosophy. What Socrates is presented as having discovered in the Phaedo—with the ostensibly absent Plato lurking behind every line in this literary gem of a text—is a way of transforming oneself with an eye on immortality. That Socrates dies utterly without fear is the supreme vindication of the philosophical life.