Log-linear Analysis Research Articles

The Interaction between Self-Esteem, Perceived Gender Discrimination and Employment Motivation: A Log-Linear Analysis

This study analyzes the relationships between self-esteem, perceived gender discrimination, and employment motivation. Results show that individuals not perceiving gender discrimination are 3.66 times more prevalent than those who do. Individuals who see the purpose of employment as a way to improve themselves are 1.8 times more motivated than those who want to contribute meaningfully to society. Self-improvement is a stronger motivator than contributing to society, and income-focused individuals show 2.8 times higher motivation. Those with low self-esteem aspiring to contribute to society are 2.6 times more likely to be motivated than those focusing on self-improvement. Achieving gender equality and preventing discrimination can enhance personal development and societal contributions, leading to increased individual success and social welfare. The motivations of self-development and usefulness to society make the strongest contribution to an individual's self-esteem. These motives are related to inner satisfaction and social recognition.

Effects of clinical and socioeconomic factors on Medicare and patient costs for colorectal cancer in Australia: a retrospective multivariate regression analysis

ObjectiveWe study how clinical and socioeconomic factors influence colorectal cancer (CRC) costs for patients and Medicare in Australia. The study seeks to extend the limited Australian literature on CRC costs...

Exploring Interrelationships Among L2 Writing Subskills: Insights from Cognitive Diagnostic Models

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of interactions among second/foreign language (L2) writing subskills. Two types of relationships were investigated: subskill–item and subskill–subskill relationships. To achieve the first purpose, using writing data obtained from the writing essays of 500 English as a foreign language (EFL) students, the fit of the G-DINA model as general cognitive diagnostic model (CDM) was compared against a Wald-selected model (i.e., a model in which different CDMs such as DINA, DINO, A-CDM, LLM, and RRUM were selected for each item). To study cross-subskill impacts, two-way interactions between the subskills were estimated, and lens and scatter plots were checked. Subskill–item relationships showed that the subskills of L2 writing contribute additively and independently to the probability of successful performance. Furthermore, the loglinear analysis revealed that some of the subskills draw information from the other subskills. The plots showed that neglecting inter-subskill relationships would lead to misclassification of students.

The effect of parents' lifestyle on Schoolchildren's consumption of ultra-processed food

ObjectivesTo assess the association between schoolchildren's consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and various lifestyle factors of their parents in Brazil. Study designCross-sectional population-based study with parent-child dyads aged 6–11. MethodsThe sample was distributed proportionally across Brazilian macro-regions and type of school. Recruitment utilized the snowball technique, and participants filled in an online questionnaire. Initially, parents provided data on education, eating practices, food consumption markers, screen time, and physical activity. Subsequently, their children reported their UPF consumption using the Illustrated Questionnaire on Food Consumption for Brazilian Schoolchildren. The UPF consumption among children was assessed using the NOVA score. Poisson's regression log-linear analysis was performed (p < 0.05) with adjustments for macro-regions, type of school (as a proxy for socioeconomic status), gender, and age of the child. ResultsThis study included a total of 2021 child-parent dyads. On average, children consumed 3.5 UPFs on the previous day. We found a significant association between high consumption of UPFs by the child and parents with less healthy eating practices (p < 0.05), excessive screen time (p < 0.05), and high UPF consumption (p < 0.05). ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate a relationship between Brazilian schoolchildren's consumption of UPFs and various lifestyle factors of their parents, particularly regarding eating practices, food consumption markers, screen time, and physical activity. This underscores the importance of the home food environment in shaping children's health during this critical developmental stage of life, emphasizing the need to incorporate support for family lifestyle factors into public health policies.

The Relationship of Grade Expectation and Academic Achievement of College Students

Students’ motivation is an important factor in academic performance. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship and interaction effects among college students' grade expectations, academic performance and perceptions of course difficulty. The sample of the study consists of 2,946 students enrolled at an university in Ankara. 11,294 responses of the students to the Teaching Quality Assesment Questionnaire and grades of students form the study’s data. The dependency relationship between students' expected grade and received grades was examined with the Chi-square test of independence. In addition, multilevel frequency analysis and log linear analysis were applied to determine the interactions between the levels of expected grade, received grade and perceived difficulty level of the course variables. The study found that students who received high grades had expectations that closely aligned with their actual grades, while students who received low grades had expectations that were less aligned. In other words, as students' academic achievement increases, their expectations of their grades and the grades they receive align more closely. Another finding is a negative relationship between an increase in the perceived difficulty of the course and the likelihood of expecting and receiving high grades. The findings are discussed in terms of Expectancy Theory, Goal Setting Theory and the Dunning-Kruger effect.

Selection of priority watershed for water environment management.

As part of the National Water Management Basic Plan, this study conducted research to identify priority management watersheds in the Yeongsan River basin to respond to changes in water environmental conditions and improve water quality. Analysis of water quality over the past decade revealed that points located in the middle and lower of the Yeongsan River exceeded the target water quality standards. As based on the results, pollution sources and loads indicated that the W-1 watershed, classified as urban areas, exhibited high levels in residential, industrial, and urban landuse characteristics, whereas the W-6 watershed, classified as rural areas, showed high levels in livestock farming, aquaculture, and agricultural landuse (wet and dry filed) categories. To understand the impact of point source (PS) and non-point source (NPS) pollution within the watershed, load duration curve (LDC) analysis was conducted, indicating that downstream segments of all flow ranges exceeded the target water quality standards, necessitating management of both PS and NPS. Multivariate log-linear analysis also confirmed the influence of PS and NPS, suggesting that watershed management should concurrently address both types of pollution. Based on the results, priority management watershed rankings were derived through the calculation of standard and integrated indicators, with the analysis indicating the following order: W-1 > W-6 > W-3 > W-4 > W-2 > W-5 > W-7 > W-8. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Priority management watersheds that urgently need water environment management can be identified. The priority management watershed rankings were derived through the calculation of integrated indicators data on BOD, TP concentration, and loads. Serve as a guide for future diagnostic assessments of pollution sources and the development of effective management strategies. Anticipated to significantly contribute to the establishment of robust water quality management practices in the basin.

MACROECONOMIC ASPECTS IN INFLUENCING STOCK PRICE MOVEMENT ON THE INDONESIAN SHARIA STOCK INDEX 2018-2022

This study aims to analyze the influence of macroeconomic variables and world oil prices in influencing stock price movements on the Indonesian Sharia Stock Index (ISSI) in 2018-2022. In this case, stock price movements can be influenced by several factors, one of which is macroeconomics. The research methodology used in this study is to use a quantitative research approach and secondary data type, with quarterly samples from each year 2018 to 2022 which amounted to. The research model carried out is log linear regression panel data analysis conducted through the chow test and classical assumptions using Eviews 10 tools. Based on the results of this study, it states that partially shows the variables of Inflation, BI Interest Rate Economic Growth (GDP) and Money Supply. While simultaneously all variables did not have a significant effect on the Indonesian Sharia Stock Index (ISSI).

The Predictive Value of the Triglycerides/HDL-Cholesterol Ratio for Diabetes Incidence

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important disease with an impact on public health globally. Early assessment is necessary with accessible markers, such as the TG/HDL ratio, in predicting DM. Methods: A total of 11,653 subjects from the ELSA-Brazil were included in this analysis and were reevaluated after 3.9 ± 0.6 years of follow-up. Participants were classified according to the quartiles of the TG/HDL index, stratified by sex. ANOVA with Bonferroni correction and p-for-trend analysis were used to compare groups. Cox analysis was performed with adjustments for covariables. Kaplan–Meier curves are presented with the log rank pool and linear analysis. Results: From 11,653 participants (56% female; aged 50.5 ± 8.7 years), 866 (7.8%) were diagnosed with DM (7.2% in women and 7.8% in men). For both sexes, a worsening of the cardiometabolic profile was observed across the increase in TG/HDL quartiles (p &lt; 0.001). Incidence rates of DM increased across TG/HDL quartiles for both men (from Q1 3.3% to Q4 12.8%) and women (from Q1 3.3% to Q4 12.4%). For the entire period, the incidence was highest in participants in the fourth quartile of TG/HDL (log rank analysis &lt; 0.001 for both sexes). In the Cox regression analyses, for men, the HR (95%CI) for risk of DM was 2.4 (1.49–3.26) across the fourth quartile of the TG/HDL ratio, and in women it was 1.57 (1.11–2.22) for the third quartile and 2.08 (1.48–2.93) for the fourth quartile, compared to the first quartile after adjustments. Conclusions: Higher levels of the TG/HDL ratio were independently predictors of DM in both men and women.

Log-Linear Model Analysis of Aftershock Sequences: A Review on the 6 February Earthquakes in Turkey

Researchers have conducted numerous studies on earthquakes and aftershocks, some of which have utilized statistical analysis methods. However, there is no direct research examining the interaction between variables thought to influence aftershocks following major earthquakes. In this study, 2194 aftershocks with a magnitude of 3 or higher that occurred after two major earthquakes in Turkey on February 6, 2023 were analyzed using log-linear models with respect to variables such as depth, magnitude, time, and city. At the end of the study, all four primary variables - city, magnitude, depth, and time - were found to be statistically significant. Based on the parameter estimation values, it was found that the probability of aftershocks occurring in Malatya was 1.17 times greater than in Adıyaman, 2.82 times greater than in Gaziantep, and 1.38 times greater than in Hatay, while the probability of aftershocks occurring in Kahramanmaraş was 3 times greater than in Malatya. Thus, it can be said that the aftershocks are influenced by the center of the major earthquake. Additionally, it was found that the probability of aftershocks with a magnitude between 3 and 3.5 was 1.4 times greater than those with a magnitude of 4 or higher, and the probability of aftershocks with a depth of less than 10 kilometers was 2 times greater. We believe that the results of this study will provide information on aftershocks that occur after major earthquakes and will be helpful for future studies.

Assessing the existence of the male-female health-survival paradox in the past: Dental caries in medieval London.

This study seeks to identify signals of the male-female health-survival paradox in medieval London. This study uses skeletal data on age, sex, dental caries (n = 592) and antemortem tooth loss (n = 819) from adult individuals from medieval London cemeteries (c. 1200-1540 CE). The association between age and dental caries was assessed using binary logistic regression. The associations among age, time period (pre- vs. post-Black Death), oral biomarker (dental caries or antemortem tooth loss), and sex were tested using hierarchical log-linear analysis. The analyses reveal significantly higher odds of dental caries with increasing adult ages, more older adults after the Black Death, different age distributions of dental caries between the sexes, and a greater decrease in the prevalence of dental caries for females after the Black Death. These results appear not to be an artifact of trends in AMTL. However, this study does not yield evidence suggesting that females experienced both a survival advantage and a decline in oral health at late adult ages after the Black Death relative to males. These results do not provide evidence of the existence of a male-female health-survival paradox, but they do corroborate existing evidence of improvements in health in general in the aftermath of the Black Death. The decreased prevalence of dental caries after the Black Death may reflect dietary improvements or the effects of selective mortality during the epidemic.

Effect of the early diastolic blood pressure response to the head-up tilt test on the recurrence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

Otolith organ acts complementarily with the autonomic nervous system to maintain blood pressure. However, the effect of blood pressure variability in the autonomic nervous system on otolith organ has not yet been determined. This study aimed to verify the hypothesis that blood pressure variability in the autonomic nervous system affects the recurrence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), which is the most common disease of the vestibular organs, by using the head-up tilt test (HUTT). This study included 432 patients diagnosed with idiopathic BPPV. The follow-up period for all patients was 12 months. Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes and recurrence were analyzed. The HUTT parameters were divided into a group of patients whose average diastolic blood pressure increased in the upright position compared to supine position during the HUTT (DBP1) and a group of patients whose average diastolic blood pressure decreased in the upright position compared to supine position during the HUTT (DBP2). Model selection, general loglinear analysis, and logit loglinear analysis were performed using a hierarchically progressing loglinear analysis. In summary, the group with increased average diastolic blood pressure (DBP1) showed a higher tendency for BPPV recurrence compared to the group with decreased diastolic blood pressure (DBP2) in the upright position during the HUTT, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.080). However, in males, the DBP1 group demonstrated a significantly higher recurrence rate of BPPV than the DBP2 group during the HUTT (95% CI, -20.021 to -16.200; p < 0.001). It is presumed that poor autonomic nervous system response through vestibulosympathetic reflex maintains elevated diastolic blood pressure in the upright position during the HUTT. This variability is assumed to affect the recurrence of BPPV.

Prostate size ≥ 100g and its association with long-term outcomes of Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

It is unknown whether perioperative and functional outcomes of Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RS-RARP) may be affected by large prostate sizes (PS). All patients treated with RS-RARP were identified and compared according to PS. The definition of PS relied on the prostatic weight at final pathology (PS < 100g vs ≥ 100g). Multivariable logistic regression models tested immediate and 12-month urinary continence recovery (UCR, namely, 0-1 safety pad per-day), and positive surgical margins (PSM). Multivariable Poisson log-linear regression analyses tested operative time (OT), estimated blood loss (EBL), and length of stay (LOS). The analyses relied on the database of a high-volume European institution (2010-2022). Of 1,555 overall patients, 1503 (96.7%) had a PS < 100g and 52 (3.3%) had a PS ≥ 100g. No differences were recorded in LOS (3days), and intraoperative (1.9 vs 2.3%) as well as postoperative complications (13 vs 12%; all p values > 0.05). No significant difference was recorded in PSM (25 vs 23%, p = 0.6). In patients with PS ≥ 100g vs < 100g, immediate UCR rate was 42 vs 64% (p = 0.002), and 12-month UCR rate was 87 vs 88% (p = 0.3). PV ≥ 100g independently predicted worse immediate UCR (odds ratio 0.55, 95% CI 0.30-0.98, p = 0.044), but not worse 12-month UCR (p = 0.3) or higher PSM (p = 0.7). PV ≥ 100g independently predicted longer OT (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.12, 95% CI 1.10-1.15, p < 0.001) and higher EBL (IRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.24-1.28, p < 0.001), but not longer LOS (p = 0.3). RS-RARP is a valid option for prostate cancer treatment, even in case of very large prostates. Specifically, no significant association was recognized between PS ≥ 100g and PSM or 12-month UCR.

Medieval monastic health: Variation in skeletal signs of inflammation and developmental stress between religious orders in London.

Previous bioarchaeological analyses of medieval monastic and nonmonastic cemeteries in London revealed evidence of lower risks of mortality, and thus better health, in the monastic settings. However, comparison of the two monastic communities, Bermondsey Abbey and Merton Priory, which adhered to different religious ideals, suggested lower risks of mortality in the former. This study examines patterns of skeletal biomarkers, which reflect developmental stress or inflammation, in an attempt to clarify the possible underlying mechanisms producing apparent health differences in these monastic communities. This study uses skeletal data on age-at-death, periosteal new bone formation (PNBF), and cribra orbitalia from 558 adults (18 years of age and older) estimated to be male from Bermondsey Abbey and Merton Priory. Biomarker age patterns are assessed via Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and binary logistic regression. Differences in frequencies of biomarkers between the monastic sites are evaluated using Chi-square and hierarchical log-linear analyses. In general, PNBF is positively associated with age, and cribra orbitalia is negatively associated with age. The frequency of PNBF formation is significantly higher and that of cribra orbitalia is significantly lower in Bermondsey Abbey compared with Merton Priory. The differences in frequencies of these skeletal biomarkers support previous findings suggesting that health conditions were better in Bermondsey Abbey than in Merton Priory. The age patterns of cribra orbitalia suggest that these differences reflect conditions and the greater health-promoting effects of religiosity or isolation from the lay community in Bermondsey Abbey rather than differences in selective admissions processes.

Respirable crystalline silica and lung cancer in community-based studies: impact of job-exposure matrix specifications on exposure-response relationships.

The quantitative job-exposure matrix SYN-JEM consists of various dimensions: job-specific estimates, region-specific estimates, and prior expert ratings of jobs by the semi-quantitative DOM-JEM. We analyzed the effect of different JEM dimensions on the exposure-response relationships between occupational silica exposure and lung cancer risk to investigate how these variations influence estimates of exposure by a quantitative JEM and associated health endpoints. Using SYN-JEM, and alternative SYN-JEM specifications with varying dimensions included, cumulative silica exposure estimates were assigned to 16 901 lung cancer cases and 20 965 controls pooled from 14 international community-based case-control studies. Exposure-response relationships based on SYN-JEM and alternative SYN-JEM specifications were analyzed using regression analyses (by quartiles and log-transformed continuous silica exposure) and generalized additive models (GAM), adjusted for age, sex, study, cigarette pack-years, time since quitting smoking, and ever employment in occupations with established lung cancer risk. SYN-JEM and alternative specifications generated overall elevated and similar lung cancer odds ratios ranging from 1.13 (1st quartile) to 1.50 (4th quartile). In the categorical and log-linear analyses SYN-JEM with all dimensions included yielded the best model fit, and exclusion of job-specific estimates from SYN-JEM yielded the poorest model fit. Additionally, GAM showed the poorest model fit when excluding job-specific estimates. The established exposure-response relationship between occupational silica exposure and lung cancer was marginally influenced by varying the dimensions of SYN-JEM. Optimized modelling of exposure-response relationships will be obtained when incorporating all relevant dimensions, namely prior rating, job, time, and region. Quantitative job-specific estimates appeared to be the most prominent dimension for this general population JEM.

Log-Linear and Configural Analysis of Intra-Individual Time Series under Consideration of Serial Dependence.

Serial dependence often prevents researchers from obtaining unbiased parameter estimates. In this article, we propose taking serial dependence into account, and exploiting the information that comes with serial dependence. This can be done in the form of shifted variables that are included in addition to the original variables, when models are specified. This way, models become more complex but relations can be considered that, otherwise, cannot be analyzed. Two fields of application are discussed. The first is log-linear modeling. This method is variable-oriented, but it has found applications in person-oriented research. The gain from including shifted variables in log-linear models is that new, specific variable relations can be analyzed. The second field is that of Configural Frequency Analysis. This method is person-oriented, and it allows researchers to detect local relations that, without consideration of shifted variables, cannot be detected. Application examples are given in the context of single-case analysis.

DETERMINANTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY DISCLOSURE

This study examined the determinants of environmental sustainability disclosure. The broad objective of the study was to examine whether board size, board gender diversity and ownership concentration determine environmental disclosure of listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria. Data were collected from published accounts of studied firms using the purposive sampling technique to select a sample size of eight (8) oil and gas firms for the study. The log-linear regression analysis was used to analyze the data obtained. Findings revealed that board gender diversity and ownership concentration have significant effect on environmental disclosure of listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria. The study concludes that concern of environmental disclosure in the financial statements of firms is fundamental and imperative. It is indispensable that the activities of the firm in the environment in which they operate in terms of finance are well documented and accounted for the users of the report to evaluate. The study recommends that size of the board should be regulated to portray the intentions of the firm to further pursue environmental disclosure course and that female board members should be incorporated into the board to balance the compassionate rationale of the board

Merchandise replenishment and pricing decisions based on time series model forecasting and log-linear analysis with split logarithms

In this paper, in the process of researching the replenishment and pricing decisions of vegetable products, we use the Spearman model and log-linear analysis with logarithms to determine the correlation between individual vegetable products and categories, and analyze the relationship between the total amount of sales of each vegetable category and the cost-plus pricing, and then build a time-series model to fit the prediction to get the daily replenishment and pricing strategy for the coming week. Then a time series model is fitted to predict the daily replenishment and pricing strategy for the coming week. In this paper, based on the model of Spearman's correlation coefficient calculation, we set up a log-linear analysis model with logarithmic scores, and use MATLAB to calculate the correlation coefficients of each type of vegetables, and find that the total sales volume of each type of vegetables has a strong correlation with the cost-plus pricing and a high degree of fit. Then we establish ARIMA model in time series model to fit the time with the sales volume, cost and pricing of vegetables respectively, and predict the sales volume, cost- and cost-plus pricing in the coming week after passing the white noise test to get the total daily replenishment and pricing strategy.

Cost items in melanoma patients by clinical characteristics and time from diagnosis.

Costs related to the care of melanoma patients have been rising over the past few years due to increased disease incidence as well as the introduction of innovative treatments. The aim of this study is to analyse CMM cost items based on stage at diagnosis, together with other diagnostic and prognostic characteristics of the melanoma. Analyses were performed on 2,647 incident cases of invasive CMM that were registered in 2015 and 2017 in the Veneto Cancer Registry (RTV). Direct melanoma-related costs per patient were calculated for each year ranging from 2 years before diagnosis to 4 years after, and were stratified by cost items such as outpatient services, inpatient drug prescriptions, hospital admissions, hospice admissions, and emergency room treatment. Average yearly costs per patient were compared according to available clinical-pathological characteristics. Lastly, log-linear multivariable analysis was performed to investigate potential cost drivers among these clinical-pathological characteristics. Overall, the average direct costs related to melanoma are highest in the first year after diagnosis (€2,903) and then decrease over time. Hospitalization costs are 8 to 16 times higher in the first year than in subsequent years, while the costs of outpatient services and inpatient drugs decrease gradually over time. When stratified by stage it is observed that the higher expenditure associated with more advanced stages of CMM is mainly due to inpatient drug use. The results of the present study show that grouping patients according to tumour characteristics can improve our understanding of the different cost items associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma. CMM patients experience higher costs in the first year after diagnosis due to higher hospitalization and outpatient services. Policy makers should consider overall and stage-specific annual costs when allocating resources for the management of CMM patients.

Effect of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of a Single Oral Dose of Danuglipron in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes.

Danuglipron (PF-06882961) is an oral, small-molecule glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. Impaired renal function is prevalent in patients with T2D. This Phase 1, open-label study evaluated the effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of danuglipron (20 mg) in healthy participants with normal renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] unnormalized for body surface area: ≥90 mL/min), in participants with T2D and normal renal function (eGFR ≥90 mL/min), and in participants with T2D and mild (eGFR 60-89 mL/min), moderate (eGFR 30-59 mL/min), or severe (eGFR <30 mL/min) renal impairment (N = 39). Log-linear regression analyses and analyses of variance showed no evidence of a clinically significant effect of reduced renal function on danuglipron pharmacokinetics. Renal clearance of unchanged danuglipron was minimal (<1% across all renal function groups). Danuglipron pharmacokinetics were similar between healthy participants and participants with T2D and normal renal function. A single 20-mg oral dose of danuglipron was generally safe and well tolerated in all participant groups. In participants with T2D, renal impairment had no clinically meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetic, safety, and tolerability profiles of danuglipron, indicating that dose adjustment of danuglipron will not be required when administered to patients with T2D and reduced renal function.

Analysis of Korean elementary English textbook vocabulary activities and differences in textbook writers’ perception on vocabulary knowledge

Based on the nation’s framework of vocabulary depth, the present study investigated&#x0D; whether the proportion of vocabulary knowledge aspects in EFL textbooks would vary&#x0D; as a function of publishers (i.e., five textbook publishers) and grades (i.e., from 3rd&#x0D; to 6th grades). Log-linear analysis of 8,254 activities from 20 elementary school&#x0D; textbooks in Korea was conducted. Specifically, a noteworthy pattern emerged that&#x0D; the form aspect was more emphasized than the use aspect in Publisher C’s textbook&#x0D; while the opposite was observed from Publisher E. Expanding from this quantitative&#x0D; result, follow-up interviews with Publishers C and E were conducted. The content&#x0D; analysis of the qualitative data showed that all four textbook writers conceptualized&#x0D; vocabulary knowledge as consisting of all three aspects, while acknowledging the&#x0D; relative importance of the formal aspect of vocabulary learning for EFL learners in&#x0D; elementary schools. The present study discusses how the matter of vocabulary depth&#x0D; could be addressed in light of material development on a curriculum level.