Log Graph Research Articles

Solvent extraction studies of rhodium(III) by using n-octylaniline from malonate media: Analysis of synthetic mixtures and alloys

AbstractHerein, we have developed the solvent extraction method for the selective separation of precious rhodium(III). Various physicochemical parameters like pH, malonate concentration, n-octylaniline concentration, equilibrium time, aq: org phase ratio, and loading capacity of n-octylaniline are optimized for the quantitative recovery of the rhodium(III). The composition of the extracted species was determined by plotting the log–log graph of Log D[Rh(III)] vs. Log C[n-octylaniline] and Log D[Rh(III)] vs. Log C[malonate]; the stoichiometry was found to be (metal: acid: extractant) 1:2:1. The proposed method was successfully applied for the separation of rhodium(III) from various binary and ternary mixtures of associated metal ions. The separation of the rhodium(III) from real samples was also carried out with the proposed method. The proposed method was applied for analysis of synthetic mixture corresponding to alloys such as pseudo-palladium, iron–rhodium alloy, platinum–rhodium alloy, and rhodium–plat...

Analysis of geomembrane whale due to liquid flow through composite liner

When defects occur in geomembrane liner (GL), leaking water could infiltrate dry soil below, replace the pore air and may generate geomembrane whale (GW). An analytical solution is proposed in this paper to analyse the geometry and tensile force of axisymmetric GW. Parametric studies are also conducted to identify the influences from key factors and provide predicting charts for practical usage. It is concluded from the parametric studies that the maximum height and tensile force of GW can be achieved when the GW is just about to be submerged by external water. For a given level of external water, the height, width and tensile force of GW versus volume of leaking water curves are bilinear in a log–log graph, with a higher slope before a turning point but a smaller slope after that, whereas gas pressure in GW has reverse trends. It is also observed in this paper that GL with higher tension stiffness has a strong capacity to confine the gas pressure and thus generate lower and wider GW with higher tensile force and internal gas pressure.

Groundwater variability across temporal and spatial scales in the central and northeastern U.S.

Depth-to-water measurements from 181 monitoring wells in unconfined or semi-confined aquifers in nine regions of the central and northeastern U.S. were analyzed. Groundwater storage exhibited strong seasonal variations in all regions, with peaks in spring and lows in autumn, and its interannual variability was nearly unbounded, such that the impacts of droughts, floods, and excessive pumping could persist for many years. We found that the spatial variability of groundwater storage anomalies (deviations from the long term mean) increases as a power function of extent scale (square root of area). That relationship, which is linear on a log–log graph, is common to other hydrological variables but had never before been shown with groundwater data. We describe how the derived power function can be used to determine the number of wells needed to estimate regional mean groundwater storage anomalies with a desired level of accuracy, or to assess uncertainty in regional mean estimates from a set number of observations. We found that the spatial variability of groundwater storage anomalies within a region often increases with the absolute value of the regional mean anomaly, the opposite of the relationship between soil moisture spatial variability and mean. Recharge (drainage from the lowest model soil layer) simulated by the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model was compatible with observed monthly groundwater storage anomalies and month-to-month changes in groundwater storage.

Linked open graph: Browsing multiple SPARQL entry points to build your own LOD views

A number of accessible RDF stores are populating the linked open data world. The navigation on data reticular relationships is becoming every day more relevant. Several knowledge base present relevant links to common vocabularies while many others are going to be discovered increasing the reasoning capabilities of our knowledge base applications. In this paper, the Linked Open Graph, LOG, is presented. It is a web tool for collaborative browsing and navigation on multiple SPARQL entry points. The paper presented an overview of major problems to be addressed, a comparison with the state of the arts tools, and some details about the LOG graph computation to cope with high complexity of large Linked Open Dada graphs. The LOG.disit.org tool is also presented by means of a set of examples involving multiple RDF stores and putting in evidence the new provided features and advantages using dbPedia, Getty, Europeana, Geonames, etc. The LOG tool is free to be used, and it has been adopted, developed and/or improved in multiple projects: such as ECLAP for social media cultural heritage, Sii-Mobility for smart city, and ICARO for cloud ontology analysis, OSIM for competence/knowledge mining and analysis.

Using of Pickett’s plot in determining the reservoir characteristics in Abu Roash Formation, El-Razzak Oil Field, North Western Desert, Egypt

The present work was devoted to evaluate the reservoir characteristics of the Abu Roash Formation in the vicinity of El-Razzak Oil Field, North Western Desert, Egypt. The area of study is bounded by latitudes 30° 25′ and 30° 55′ N and longitudes 27° 50′ and 28° 40′ E. Nine distributed wells were utilized for this study.A new technique has been applied through Pickett’s plot, to develop some of reservoir petrophysical parameters. These parameters include capillary pressure, pore throat aperture radii, height above the free water table and bulk volume of water. This technique depends on the use of log–log plots of effective porosity versus resistivity combined with empirical relationships for calculating the capillary pressure expressed as a function of permeability, porosity and water saturation. Also, this technique gave the values of petrophysical exponents (m, n and a) which were used to calculate the accurate value of water saturation in both clean and shaly rocks and then adjust estimation of hydrocarbon saturation. The integration of these petrophysical parameters on a log–log graph of porosity versus resistivity gives the importance for Pickett plot to be used in reservoir interpretation.

클라우드 환경에서 MongoDB 기반의 비정형 로그 처리 시스템 설계 및 구현

Log data, which record the multitude of information created when operating computer systems, are utilized in many processes, from carrying out computer system inspection and process optimization to providing customized user optimization. In this paper, we propose a MongoDB-based unstructured log processing system in a cloud environment for processing the massive amount of log data of banks. Most of the log data generated during banking operations come from handling a client's business. Therefore, in order to gather, store, categorize, and analyze the log data generated while processing the client's business, a separate log data processing system needs to be established. However, the realization of flexible storage expansion functions for processing a massive amount of unstructured log data and executing a considerable number of functions to categorize and analyze the stored unstructured log data is difficult in existing computer environments. Thus, in this study, we use cloud computing technology to realize a cloud-based log data processing system for processing unstructured log data that are difficult to process using the existing computing infrastructure's analysis tools and management system. The proposed system uses the IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) cloud environment to provide a flexible expansion of computing resources and includes the ability to flexibly expand resources such as storage space and memory under conditions such as extended storage or rapid increase in log data. Moreover, to overcome the processing limits of the existing analysis tool when a real-time analysis of the aggregated unstructured log data is required, the proposed system includes a Hadoop-based analysis module for quick and reliable parallel-distributed processing of the massive amount of log data. Furthermore, because the HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) stores data by generating copies of the block units of the aggregated log data, the proposed system offers automatic restore functions for the system to continually operate after it recovers from a malfunction. Finally, by establishing a distributed database using the NoSQL-based Mongo DB, the proposed system provides methods of effectively processing unstructured log data. Relational databases such as the MySQL databases have complex schemas that are inappropriate for processing unstructured log data. Further, strict schemas like those of relational databases cannot expand nodes in the case wherein the stored data are distributed to various nodes when the amount of data rapidly increases. NoSQL does not provide the complex computations that relational databases may provide but can easily expand the database through node dispersion when the amount of data increases rapidly; it is a non-relational database with an appropriate structure for processing unstructured data. The data models of the NoSQL are usually classified as Key-Value, column-oriented, and document-oriented types. Of these, the representative document-oriented data model, MongoDB, which has a free schema structure, is used in the proposed system. MongoDB is introduced to the proposed system because it makes it easy to process unstructured log data through a flexible schema structure, facilitates flexible node expansion when the amount of data is rapidly increasing, and provides an Auto-Sharding function that automatically expands storage. The proposed system is composed of a log collector module, a log graph generator module, a MongoDB module, a Hadoop-based analysis module, and a MySQL module. When the log data generated over the entire client business process of each bank are sent to the cloud server, the log collector module collects and classifies data according to the type of log data and distributes it to the MongoDB module and the MySQL module. The log graph generator module generates the results of the log analysis of the MongoDB module, Hadoop-based analysis module, and the MySQL module per analysis time and type of the aggregated log data, and provides them to the user through a web interface. Log data that require a real-time log data analysis are stored in the MySQL module and provided real-time by the log graph generator module. The aggregated log data per unit time are stored in the MongoDB module and plotted in a graph according to the user's various analysis conditions. The aggregated log data in the MongoDB module are parallel-distributed and processed by the Hadoop-based analysis module. A comparative evaluation is carried out against a log data processing system that uses only MySQL for inserting log data and estimating query performance; this evaluation proves the proposed system's superiority. Moreover, an optimal chunk size is confirmed through the log data insert performance evaluation of MongoDB for various chunk sizes.

Reconstructive Platform for Local Communities Damaged by Nuclear Disaster: A Proposal

This paper aims to propose accumulation of information of the affected area by using ICT for reconstruction of the affected communities by the nuclear plant disaster. Such information is accumulated from local governments and inhabitants of towns in the evacuated zone. Goal of the platform proposed herein is to combine information retained by the local governments and memories retained by the inhabitants, and to create environment similar to actual towns in virtual world. Accumulation method of memories is discussed with consideration of results of the inhabitants’ survey and based on cognitive psychology theory. Specifically, accumulation of individuals’ memories is emphasized, and application of life log and social graph is proposed. Accumulating information and memories help create documents for local governments’ recovery planning and good educational materials to evoke memories of the separated inhabitants. It is indicated that by the separated inhabitants learning the accumulated digital archives, identity can be formed.

Observations on mermithid parasitism (Nematoda: Mermithidae) in two species of Lasius ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The morphological effects of nematode parasitism by Pheromermis myrmecophila were investigated in two species of ants, Lasius flavus and Lasius niger, collected on Clare Island, Ireland. Infected males and queens were found for L. flavus but only infected queens in L. niger. The numbers of nematodes present in each infected specimen were counted and their lengths were measured. Head width, femur length and wing measurements were made for infected and non-infected individuals of both species. In queens, the length of the nematodes decreased as the number per ant increased. When single nematodes were present their mean lengths were significantly greater in L. flavus than in L. niger. In addition to the reduction in wing size for all parasitized specimens, head widths and femur lengths of the queens were significantly different in both species. A log–log graph of radial cell length versus width suggested a linear reduction of wing size.

IS ALLOMETRIC SCALING A MATHEMATICAL ARTEFACT?

Every zoology undergraduate knows Max Kleiber's `elephant to mouse' curve. In the early 1930s, Kleiber plotted the body masses and metabolic rates of animals ranging in size from ring doves up to steers on a log graph and found a rather simple relationship; the metabolic rates scaled as the ¾ power

Effect of substrate roughness on photoluminescence spectra of silicon nanocrystals grown by off axis pulsed laser deposition

Silicon nanoparticles were prepared by off axis pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The optical properties of Si nanoparticles grown on quartz substrate have been characterized by optical absorption, photoluminescence, Raman, and transmission electron microscopy. TEM has demonstrated that the radius of nanocrystals decreases from 4to0.8nm as the off axis target to substrate distance increases. A blueshift up to 4.2eV is observed in the optical absorption spectra of the Si quantum dots. The slope of log(hν) vs log(α) graph shows that the optical transitions in Si quantum dots are allowed direct, allowed indirect, and direct forbidden transitions which depend on the nature of the substrate used for the growth of silicon. Relaxation of k selection rule is observed in these samples. Photoluminescence (PL) emission consists of an intense broad emission extending over visible to ultraviolet region. The photoluminescence peak energy and intensity are found to be sensitive to the nature of substrate. Possible mechanism of optical absorption and PL origin are discussed in terms of quantum confinement luminescent center model.

Measuring Surface Topography by Scanning Electron Microscopy. II. Analysis of Three Estimators of Surface Roughness in Second Dimension and Third Dimension

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is widely used in surface studies and continuous efforts are carried out in the search of estimators of different surface characteristics. By using the variogram, we developed two of these estimators that were used to characterize the surface roughness from the SEM image texture. One of the estimators is related to the crossover between fractal region at low scale and the periodic region at high scale, whereas the other estimator characterizes the periodic region. In this work, a full study of these estimators and the fractal dimension in two dimensions (2D) and three dimensions (3D) was carried out for emery papers. We show that the obtained fractal dimension with only one image is good enough to characterize the roughness surface because its behavior is similar to those obtained with 3D height data. We show also that the estimator that indicates the crossover is related to the minimum cell size in 2D and to the average particle size in 3D. The other estimator has different values for the three studied emery papers in 2D but it does not have a clear meaning, and these values are similar for those studied samples in 3D. Nevertheless, it indicates the formation tendency of compound cells. The fractal dimension values from the variogram and from an area versus step log-log graph were studied with 3D data. Both methods yield different values corresponding to different information from the samples.

Measuring Surface Topography with Scanning Electron Microscopy. I. EZEImage: A Program to Obtain 3D Surface Data

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is widely used in the science of materials and different parameters were developed to characterize the surface roughness. In a previous work, we studied the surface topography with fractal dimension at low scale and two parameters at high scale by using the variogram, that is, variance vs. step log-log graph, of a SEM image. Those studies were carried out with the FERImage program, previously developed by us. To verify the previously accepted hypothesis by working with only an image, it is indispensable to have reliable three-dimensional (3D) surface data. In this work, a new program (EZEImage) to characterize 3D surface topography in SEM has been developed. It uses fast cross correlation and dynamic programming to obtain reliable dense height maps in a few seconds which can be displayed as an image where each gray level represents a height value. This image can be used for the FERImage program or any other software to obtain surface topography characteristics. EZEImage also generates anaglyph images as well as characterizes 3D surface topography by means of a parameter set to describe amplitude properties and three functional indices for characterizing bearing and fluid properties.

Determining the cutoff between background and relative base metal smelter contamination levels using multifractal methods

For a specified, spatially distributed geoscience variable measure, log–log plots of contour interval versus cumulative contour area for all contours exceeding a specified contour value can provide insight into the nature of the multifractal spectrum; e.g. if there are sharp bends or breaks. These can be estimated graphically by plotting lines of best fit and finding their solution on a log–log graph of contour interval versus cumulative area per contour interval. The breakpoint between background and anomalous values is defined when the spectrum is relatively close to its minimum value. A new computer program using M ap I nfo 4.1, V ertical M apper 1.5 and E xcel 5.0 has been developed for the preceding method. As an example of application, variation in estimated background metal concentration cutoffs is illustrated using humus geochemistry in the vicinity of a base metal smelter near Flin Flon, Manitoba. Cutoffs between background and anomalous metal concentrations of copper, zinc and mercury are estimated using the multifractal area-concentration model. These metals return to background geochemical levels within approximately 142, 104 and 105 km from the source respectively.

Bradford ranking conventions and their application to a growing literature

Bradford distributions describe the relationship between ‘journal productivities’ and ‘journal rankings by productivity’. However, different ranking conventions exist, implying some ambiguity as to what the Bradford distribution ‘is’. A need accordingly arises for a standard ranking convention to assist comparisons between empirical data, and also comparisons between empirical data and theoretical models. Five ranking conventions are described including the one used originally by Bradford, along with suggested distinctions between ‘Bradford data set’, ‘Bradford distribution’, ‘Bradford graph’, ‘Bradford log graph’, ‘Bradford model’ and ‘Bradford’s Law‘. Constructions such as the Lotka distribution, Groos droop (generalised to accommodate growth as well as fall‐off in the Bradford log graph), Brookes hooks, and the slope and intercept of the Bradford log graph are clarified on this basis. Concepts or procedures questioned include: (1) ‘core journal’, from the Bradfordian viewpoint; (2) the use of traditional statistical inferential procedures applied to Bradford data; and (3) R(n) as a maximum (rather than median or mean) value at tied‐rank values.

An experimental method for macroscopic cross section measurements using neutron radioscopy

Neutron radioscopic images of high quality could be recently used for the quantitative measurements such as the length, the dimension, the shape or the form and/or the thickness. Generally the neutron transmission curve is expressed by a straight line in a graph of the Y-axis on a log scale and the X-axis on a linear scale, and the macroscopic cross section Σ of a material is estimated from the gradient of the line measured by the thickness for 90% neutron attenuation. In the method presented in this paper, the thickness could be obtained from a curve in a linear ( Y)-log( X) graph. This paper describes an experimental method to measure the macroscopic cross section for various materials using neutron radioscopy. Measured Σ values were relatively adequate compared to reference values.

Determination of the trap energy levels and the emitter area dependence of noise in polyemitter bipolar junction transistors from generation–recombination noise spectra

A noise model for bipolar junction transistors based on generation–recombination (GR) noise originating from the traps located in the space-charge region of the emitter–base junction is derived. The model indicates that the current noise power owing to traps located inside the base–emitter depletion region should be proportional to the square of the collector current and inversely proportional to the emitter area. In addition, the model shows how the activation energy of a trap and the quasi-Fermi level can be related to the rising and falling edges of a GR noise spectrum by plotting the noise power against the reciprocal absolute temperature. Predictions from the noise model were compared with experimental data using seven bipolar transistors with emitter areas varying from 1.6 to 144 μm2. The noise measurements were performed at 10 temperatures between 10 and 100 °C and at different biasing currents. From the measurements, the base current noise power spectra [Formula: see text] is found to be proportional to the square of the base current (ib) and inversely proportional to the square of the emitter area. By plotting the noise power against the reciprocal temperature on a log–log graph and performing a linear least square fit on part of the data, a trap energy level of 821 meV above the valence band was determined.

Cone-and-plate rheometry of yield stress fluids. Study of an aqueous gel

This work particularly focuses on the rheometric study of a physical gel exhibiting a yield stress. The measurements were carried out in a cone—plate configuration using two different types of rheometer working under controlled torque or under controlled velocity. Shear creep, constant shear rate, and stress relaxation tests have been performed. Measurements of apparent viscometric properties were conducted at the same time as observation of the strain field in the sample. Observing the strain field enables us to confirm the reliability of the interpretation of the results and also to estimate the true shear rate in the fluid. It is shown how the determination of shear rheological properties can be affected by anomalous phenomena such as fracture and slip at the wall. The influence of roughness of the tool surfaces and of evaporation shows up. The results presented in this study show how some rheometrical measurements of the yeild stress and the microstructural interpretations given, may be erroneous. Some recommendations are made in order to improve current rheometrical tests and their interpretation. A log—log graph with typical shear stress-shear rate measurements and their corresponding strain fields is given: it should be used as a guideline in yield stress fluids rheometry. In addition it is made clear that visual observation of the sheared sample is a key technique. A protection which completely eliminates evaporation is suggested. It is shown that the measurement of residual stress in stress relaxation tests may be a convenient means of determining the value of the yield stress.

Further Analysis Of Production-Performance Graphs

Abstract Techniques for interpreting rate-ratio-cumulative graphs for harmonic decline are described. These graphical techniques are a continuation of those for rate-ratio-time graphs for exponential decline described by the author in a recent JCPT paper. As before, the slope of various graphs is interdependent. Some specialty graphs are presented where the slope of the rate or ratio graphs is the analytical derivative of a cumulative production variable. Because of the inherent smoothing associated with cumulative data it is often advantageous to use cumulative graphs to define, or at least confirm, the slope of interdependent graphs. The techniques are applicable to both single-well and aggregated data for a lease, project, or pool. The examples emphasize the identification of the factors contributing to the observed production decline. Introduction Routine decline-curve analyses use time and cumulative production as the independent variables. Time is the most convenient independent variable because extrapolations of rate-time graphs can be directly used for production forecasts and lease evaluations. Although time is the most convenient independent variable, rate-cumulative graphs have the advantage that an extrapolation to the economic limit provides a direct estimate of the ultimate recovery. The rate-cumulative graph also shows the sensitivity of recovery to the economic limit. Moreover, shut-in times for workovers, pressure surveys, market conditions, etc. do not detract from graphical continuity. For harmonic decline, it is well known that log (rate) vs cumulative production exhibits a linear relationship. In addition to rate and ratio graphs, several other dependent variables have been proposed in the literature to facilitate interpretation of cumulative production graphs. Arps(1) demonstrated the utility of a few variables for pools subject to different drive mechanisms. For water-drive pools, Arps suggested a graph of log (fo) vs Qo. The ultimate recovery is obtained by extrapolating the log (fo) graph to a limiting oil cut. For solution-gas-drive pools, he reasoned that while only a fraction of the oil is recovered, most of the solution gas is produced. Therefore, the solution gas-in-place provides a logical end point for a graph of log (Qg) vs Qo. For pools with advancing oil-water contacts, Arps proposed extrapolating a graph of contact elevation vs Qo. The ultimate recovery is then estimated from the elevation of the top of the producing zone in the well or lease. Ershaghi and Omoregie(2) proposed a method for extrapolation of water flood performance. The method assumes that recovery is controlled by a fractional flow curve based on a linear log (kro/kru) vs Sw relationship. A graph of log [(l/fo) – l/fo] vs Qo is extrapolated to a limiting oil cut. The method was tested(3) by applying it to some field data and to the results from a reservoir simulator. Startzman and Wu(4) compared the method to the conventional log (WOR) vs Qo graph and concluded that both methods appeared equally valid for high water-oil ratios (WOR). Pool geometry is also an important consideration when forecasting future performance. For pools subject to vertical drives, Purvis(5) presented some schematic rate-cumulative graphs to illustrate the influence of a few simple geometries on oil rate.

Excluded-Volume Effects in Dilute Polymer Solutions. II. Limiting Viscosity Number

Measurements of [η] were made for seven fractions of polychloroprene (PCP) in methyl ethyl ketone, n-butyl acetate, and carbon tetrachloride at 25°C and for three fractions of PCP in trans-decalin at a number of temperatures ranging from 0.05° to 65°C. On a log–log graph paper, the values of αη3( = [η]/[η]θ) calculated from these data formed a composite curve when plotted against αs3( = 〈S2〉3/2/〈S2〉03/2) obtained from light-scattering experiments under the same conditions. This curve is characterized by a relatively marked upward curvature in the vicinity of the origin, followed by a linear portion of unit slope. Its initial tangent has a slope of 0.65, which is much smaller than 0.81 predicted theoretically by Kurata and Yamakawa. Plots of αη3 vs the interaction parameter z were prepared by evaluating z for each αs by use of the Yamakawa equation. They were fitted by a single curve having a slight downward curvature, suggesting that no drainage effect manifests itself in the viscosity behavior of the systems studied. This curve explains why the familiar Stockmayer–Fixman method to treat [η] in non-θ solvent systems works, despite the fact that, as shown previously, data for αs as a function of molecular weight, solvent species, and temperature can be reasonably well described by the modified Flory or by the Yamakawa equation. Recent viscosity data of Berry on polystyrene were re-examined in terms of the present method, and it was found that his demonstration of the drainage effect on [η] is not yet conclusive.

Genetic variation of relative growth rates inNotonecta undulata: I. The relation of femur length to body length

This paper presents the first part of a further analysis of data collected many years ago by Clark and Hersh on allometric growth inNotonecta undulata, the water boatman. The data consist of measurements of a number of dimensions, taken each instar, on 72 individuals reared separately from egg to adult. These individuals were the progeny of nine wild females, so that a rough estimate can be made of the magnitude of genetic effects by comparing the variances within and between families. The paper examines the allometric relationship between femur length of the three legs and body length.The statistical problems in this type of analysis are discussed. There are significant deviations from linearity when the six points for femur length are plotted against body length on a double log graph, but these are small compared with the overall linear trend. The growth coefficients (k) are calculated for the three femurs against body length for each individual, and are analysed for differences between femurs, between sexes and between and within families. This analysis shows that there are significant differences between the three femurs in growth coefficient, but the growth gradient, or pattern ofkvalues between the three femurs does not vary significantly from one individual to another. On the other hand, meankfor the three femurs shows significant individual variation and also a significant variation between families. From this it appears that about one third of the phenotypic variance in mean relative growth rate of the femurs is due to genetic effects.