Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment Research Articles

Efficacy of computer plus humanities in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction after brain injury

A total of 60 patients with cognitive impairment were divided randomly into observation and control groups. Both groups were treated by conventional exercise therapy and computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation while humanities therapy was combined in the observation group. After 8-week treatment, Loewenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment (LOTCA) and modified Barthel index (MBI) scores were enhanced in both groups (P<0.05) while the scores of self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) declined obviously in observation group (P<0.05). The thought operation function, optomotor tissue, consciousness, concentration and total score of cognitive function in observation group were higher than control group (P<0.01) while the scores of SAS and SDS obviously lower (P<0.01). The scores of SAS were (50±4),(55±5) and SDS (53±4),(56±5) in two groups respectively. Therefore the therapy of computer cognitive rehabilitation plus humanities has the significant effect on improving cognitive function. Key words: Cognitive therapy; Rehabilitation

Clinical Application of Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment Battery-Second Edition in Evaluating of Cognitive Function of Chinese Patients with Post-stroke Aphasia

To investigate the clinical application value of Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment battery in Chinese patients with post-stroke aphasia. Cognitive functions of 59 Chinese patients with aphasia following a stroke were assessed with the Chinese version of the second edition of LOTCA battery and their linguistic functions were tested with the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) Scale, respectively. The Results of LOTCA were analyzed and compared across different groups, in the light of gender, age, educational background, the length of illness, and the degree of aphasia. Neither the score of subtests of the LOTCA nor the overall scores of LOTCA of aphasia patients with different gender and educational background differed (all P>0.05). In different age groups, apart from thinking operation (F=3.373, P=0.016), visuomotor organization (F=3.124, P=0.022), attention (F=3.729, P=0.009) and the total score (F=2.683, P=0.041), there was no difference in terms of the other subtest scores of LOTCA (all P>0.05). In the groups of different length of time with illness, apart from orientation (F=2.982, P=0.039) and attention (F=3.485, P=0.022), the score of other subtests and the total score of LOTCA were not different (all P>0.05). In the groups of different degree of aphasia, apart from attention (F=2.061, P=0.074), both the score of other subtests and the total score of LOTCA differed (all P<0.05). LOTCA might be suitable to assessing the cognitive ability of post-stroke Chinese patients with aphasia.

Danish translation and adaptation of Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment 2nd Edition (LOTCA-II)

Objective: To translate and adapt the English version of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment 2nd Edition (LOTCA-II) to Danish. Method: The translation process followed the overall guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) with forward translation, expert panel discussion, pre-tests and interviews with patients and laymen, and back-translation. Results: The translation was successful and minor corrections and adaptations were made. In total three versions were produced before the final Danish version LOTCA-II/D was drafted. Conclusions: The Danish version of LOTCA-II was successfully translated and adapted based on the WHO guidelines. Before implementation in clinical practice further research of the reliability and validity of the LOTCA-II/D are needed.

Relationship between linguistic functions and cognitive functions in a clinical study of Chinese patients with post-stroke aphasia

Background There has been a long debate among scholars surrounding the relationship between language and cognition. The worldwide study of aphasia is actively exploring the function of language from cognitive point of view. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between linguistic functions and cognitive functions in a clinical study of Chinese patients with post-stroke aphasia. Methods Cognitive functions of 63 Chinese patients with aphasia following a stroke were assessed with the Chinese version of the second edition of Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) battery and their linguistic functions were tested with the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) Scale, respectively. The correlation between the results observed on the LOTCA battery and those on the WAB was analyzed. Aphasia quotient, performance quotient, cortical quotient, and linguistic function of the patients were compared. Then, each language function was analyzed by way of dependent adopt multiple regression analysis. Results The total score of 63 patients as shown on the LOTCA battery was significantly correlated with the aphasia quotient, performance quotient, and cortical quotient observed on the WAB Scale (P &lt;0.05, P &lt;0.01). However, the correlation between visuomotor organization under LOTCA and repeat under WAB was not significant (P &gt;0.05). The attention of LOTCA and WAB's spontaneous speech, repeat, naming, and aphasia quotient was not relevant either (P &gt;0.05). In addition, correlations between the results observed on the LOTCA battery and the WAB were significant (P &lt;0.05, P &lt;0.01). Among the significant variables finally entered into the standardized canonical discriminant functions, main factors affected the aphasia. Multiple regression analysis showed that orientation, spatial perception, and visual perception had a notable influence on aphasia quotient and naming. Orientation and thinking operation was found to have a notable influence on spontaneous speech. Spatial perception and visual perception was found to have a notable influence on auditory comprehension. Thinking operation and orientation was found to have an obvious influence on reading. Thinking operation, spatial perception, and attention was found to have a notable effect on writing (P &lt;0.01). Conclusion There exists a close relationship between linguistic functions and cognitive orientation, spatial perception, visual perception, and thinking operation in a clinical study of Chinese patients with post-stroke aphasia.

Using the LOTCA to Measure Cultural and Sociodemographic Effects on Cognitive Skills in Two Groups of Children

Abstract OBJECTIVES. Our objectives were (1) to compare the differential effects of cultural and sociodemographic variables on the cognitive performance of Israeli and Palestinian children, (2) to examine validity of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) for kindergarten children, and (3) to determine the feasibility of using the LOTCA as a screening tool for assessing Palestinian children’s cognitive abilities. METHOD. Participants were 101 Jewish Israeli and 125 Muslim Palestinian children, ranging in grade from kindergarten to second grade. RESULTS. Israeli children achieved significantly higher scores than the Palestinian children on most LOTCA domains. We obtained significant Grade × Cultural Group interaction effects (F[10, 364] = 1.73, p &amp;lt; .001, effect size [ES] − η2 = .045) and also found a significant Cultural Group × Mother's Education interaction (F[5, 184] = 2.49, p &amp;lt; .05, ES − η2 = .064). CONCLUSION. Cultural and sociodemographic variables appear to affect cognitive performance. The LOTCA revealed cognitive differences between the cultural groups and school grades and may thus constitute an appropriate evaluation tool focusing on children’s school grade promotion.

Cultural factors affecting the differential performance of Israeli and Palestinian children on the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment

Cognitive performance is essential for children's functioning and may also predict school readiness. The suitability of Western standardized assessments for cognitive performance among children from different cultures needs to be elaborated. This study referred to the existence of differences in cognitive performance between and within children from the middle-east—Israeli and Palestinian on the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA), by elucidating cultural effects on the construct validity of the LOTCA using factor analysis. Participants included 101 Israeli and 125 Palestinian children from kindergarten, first and second grade who underwent the LOTCA. Factor analysis revealed four factors underlying items on the LOTCA, explaining the differences found between Israeli and Palestinian children in most of LOTCA subtests. Culture may affect the construct validity of the LOTCA and may explain the difference in performance between both cultural groups. LOTCA's validity as well as the validity of other instruments on which norms and decisions regarding the child's development and performance are made should be further evaluated among children from different cultural backgrounds.

Music therapy for alleviating cognitive dysfunction in early stroke patients

Objective To investigate the effects of music therapy in treating cognitive dysfunction in early stroke patients. Methods Forty patients who had suffered a stroke in the previous four weeks were randomly di-vided into two groups of 20. One received music therapy as part of their cognitive training ( observation group) , and the other did not (control group). Before and after 6 weeks of treatment, cognitive functioning was evaluated using the second Chinese edition of Loewenstein's occupational therapy cognitive assessment (LOTCA). The patients' a-bility in the activities of daily living was also evaluated using the modified Barthel index (MBI). Results After treatment, the total LOTCA and MBI scores in both groups were significantly higher than before. Both LOTCA and MBI scores in the observation group were significantly higher than in the control group, and there were also signifi-cant differences between the observation and control groups on all of the LOTCA sub-items except spatial percep-tion. Conclusions Music therapy can improve the effects of rehabilitation on cognition and the ADL ability of early stroke patients. Key words: Music therapy ; Cognitive training; Stroke ; Loewenstein's occupational therapy cognitiveassessment

Validity of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment in People With Intellectual Disabilities

We examined the psychometric properties (internal consistency, concurrent criterion validity, and known-group validity) of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) in people with intellectual disabilities. A total of 111 people with intellectual disabilities and 19 people with no disabilities were included. We used Cronbach's alpha, Spearman's rho, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and one-way analysis of variance for analysis, where appropriate. Results showed good internal consistency on Orientation, Visual Perception, Spatial Perception, Visuomotor Organization, and Thinking Operations subscales (Cronbach's alphas = .82, .74, .76, .86, and .80, respectively), but not on the Motor Praxis subscale (alpha = .48). We found significant correlations between participants' performance on the Pictorial IQ test and disability level and scores on the LOTCA. The known-group validity of the LOTCA in people with intellectual disabilities was satisfactory. We concluded that the LOTCA is a suitable instrument for measuring cognitive abilities and visual perception in people with intellectual disabilities.

Correlation study of Token Test and Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment in Chinese aphasia after stroke

Objective To study the correlation of Token Test and Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment in Chinese aphasia, and to offer objective basis for clinical application in China. Methods A total of 54 patients with aphasia after stroke were selected. Japanese revised Token Test was used to assess their language functions and Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment to assess their cognition functions. The associations between Token Test scores and every subentry scores, total scores on Leewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment were analyzed by using correlations analysis and multiple stepwise regression analysis. Results Correlations of Token Test scores and every subentry scores, total scores in LOTCA were significant (all P < 0.05) by using Pearson correlations analysis and partial correlations analysis. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that the main factor which affected the scores of Token Test was Visual and Spatial Perception. Conclusions The cognition function can promote the improvement of language functions of patients with aphasia after stroke, which may be related mostly to the perception of cognition function. Key words: Cerebrovascular accident; Aphasia; Cognition; Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment; Token Test

Neurofibrillary changes of the Alzheimer type in very elderly individuals: Neither inevitable nor benign: Commentary on “No disease in the brain of a 115-year-old woman”

Excessive expression of cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines exerts a negative affect on cognitive functioning and hippocampal structure in older adults. Although the interrelation between cortisol and cytokines was fully elucidated previously, few studies considered how their association with exercise can affect brain structures or play an anti-inflammatory role in preserving cognitive function among older adults. To evaluate both the neuro-protective and anti-inflammatory activities of moderate aerobic exercise in improving cognitive performance among healthy older adults, the serum levels of CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and cortisol and their correlation with cognitive performance were estimated in all participants. A total of 60 healthy older adults aged 50–85 years were included in this study. The Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) test, colorimetric testing, and ELISA immunoassays were used to measure cognitive abilities; blood sugar; and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cortisol, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, respectively, in older adults before and after 12-week exercise interventions. Exactly 50% of the participants showed moderate cognitive impairment (MCI) (LOTCA scores: 84.8 ± 8.2), and the remaining 50% of the participants (n = 30) were diagnosed as normal healthy subjects (LOTCA scores: 98.7 ± 8.1). There was a significant association between cognitive decline in LOTCA scores of motor praxis, vasomotor organization, thinking operations, and attention and concentration and higher levels of cortisol, CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6, as well as adiposity markers BMI and WHR, in the MCI group compared to control subjects. However, significant improvements in the same LOTCA score domains in MCI subjects were recorded along with decrements in the levels of cortisol and cytokine CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6, as well as improved adiposity markers, following a 12-week moderate exercise program. Cognitive performance correlated positively with cortisol levels and negatively with physical activity, adiposity markers, and cytokine levels. Also, in participants with normal and abnormal cortisol profiles, there was a positive interrelation between cytokine levels and cortisol. Moderate aerobic exercise for 12 weeks showed beneficial effects on cognitive performance in older adults. Our results suggest that 12 weeks of aerobic exercise improves cognitive disorders in older adults via modulating stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This may have been due to significant changes in the levels of cortisol, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and physical activity may thus be used as non-drug strategy for treating cognitive disorders.

Correlation study of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment and the Western Aphasia Battery

Objective To study the correlation of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment and the Western Aphasia Battery, and to offer trusty warrant for clinical application.Methods A total of 37 patients with aphasia following brain lesions were selected.They received an evaluation by the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment for their recognition function, and an evaluation by the Western Aphasia Battery for their language function.The association between every subentry scores, total scores on the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment and the western aphasia battery of every subentry scores, aphasia quotient, performance quotient and cortical quotient was analyzed by using Pearson correlations analysis, partial correlations analysis, with the program SPSS 12.0.Results All 37 patients were involved in the result analysis.Correlations of total scores in LOTCA and the aphasia quotient, the performance quotient,the cortical quotient in WAB were positively significant (P＜0.01).Correlations of Visual and Spatial Perception,Thinking Operations subentry scores, total scores in LOTCA and every subentry scores in WAB were positively significant (P＜0.01 ).Correlations of Orientation, Visual Motor Organization subentry scores in LOTCA and repetition in WAB were not significant (P＞0.05 ).However, correlations of it and other items in WAB were significant (P＜0.05 ).Conclusions The relation between Language function and cognitive function was highly close correlated.The LOTCA can be clinically used to evaluate the Chinese aphasia subjects with cognitive problems after brain lesions. Key words: Aphasia; Cognition; The Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment; The Western Aphasia Battery

An investigation of the factors affecting handwriting performance in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy

Purpose. This study investigated the effects of sensory – perceptual – motor and cognitive functions on handwriting performance in primary-school children with left-hemiplegic cerebral palsy, compared with that of their healthy peers.Methods. The study included 26 children aged 8 – 12 years with left-hemiplegic cerebral palsy and 32 typically developing children of similar age with dominant right hand. The Minnesota Handwriting Assessment was used to evaluate handwriting ability. The Bruininks – Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency was used to assess motor performance. Cognitive function was assessed by the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment. The Ayres Southern California Sensory Integration Tests were used to assess visual perception, kinaesthesia, and graphesthesia.Results. Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in sensory-perceptual-motor and cognitive function and in handwriting ability (p < 0.05). There were also significant correlations between handwriting parameters and upper-extremity speed and dexterity, proprioception, bilateral coordination, visual and spatial perception and, visual-motor organisation in children with cerebral palsy (p < 0.05).Conclusions. The results showed that left-hemiplegic children with cerebral palsy whose right sides were dominant were significantly less competent at handwriting than their right-dominant, healthy peers. It was found that the impairment in proprioception seen in the non-hemiplegic side in children with cerebral palsy, and also the impairment in bilateral coordination, speed and dexterity of the upper extremities, visual and spatial perception, visual-motor organization, and tactile-sensory impairments negatively affected their handwriting skills. In the treatment approaches for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, comprehensive sensory – perceptual – motor assessments that involve both extremities must be performed in detail at the earliest possible stage, in order to minimize the existing problems with early-treatment policies. Developing the sensory – perceptual – motor and cognitive function of hemiplegic children would thus be possible, and they would be able to adapt to the same primary-school curriculum as their healthy peers.

Cognitive and functional outcomes of terror victims who suffered from traumatic brain injury

Primary objective: To describe the outcomes of terror victims suffered from traumatic brain injury (TBI).Research design: Retrospective chart review of 17 terror and 39 non-terror TBI patients treated in a rehabilitation department during the same period.Methods and procedure: Variables include demographic data, Injury Severity Scale (ISS), length of stay (LOS) and imaging results. ADL was measured using the Functional Independence Measurement (FIM), cognitive and memory functions were measured using the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) battery and the Rivermead Battery Memory Test (RBMT), respectively.Main outcome and results: Terror TBI patients were significantly younger, had higher ISS score and higher rates of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), brain surgery and penetrating brain injuries than the non-terror TBI group. There was no difference in mean LOS, mean FIM values, mean FIM gain and mean cognitive and memory improvement between groups. Terror victims suffered from a higher percentage of post-traumatic epilepsy (35% vs. 10%, p= 0.05), whereas the rate of PTSD and the rate of return to previous occupation were similar between groups.Conclusions: Although TBI terror victims had more severe injury, they gained most of ADL functions and their rehabilitation outcomes were similar to non-terror TBI patients. These favourable results were achieved due to a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to terror victims and also by national support which allowed an adequate period of treatment and sufficient resources as needed.

A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Chinese Version of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment—Second Edition in a Taiwanese Mixed Clinical Sample

The objective of the current study was to determine the factor structure of the Chinese version of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment—Second Edition (LOTCA-II) in a Taiwanese heterogeneous clinical sample ( n = 128). Translation into Chinese (Mandarin) and back-translation into English were performed by three different individuals and adapted by an expert panel, with the primary objective of creating semantic equivalence. Area-level confirmatory factor analysis was used to analyze two models in the total sample. The results indicated that a model with two first-order factors (perceptual memory/praxis and constructional/conceptual function) presents the best fit (chi-square = 5.66, df = 4, p = .23, GFI = .983, AGFI = .938, TLI = .990, CFI = .996, NFI = .987, RMSEA = .057, IFI = .996, SRMR = .02). When a second-order factor (identified with general cognitive abilities) is added to this model, the fit indices are identical to those of the oblique two-factor model. This hierarchical two-factor model was also consistent across subgroups with neurological and schizophrenic disorders. Recommendations were made regarding clinical interpretation of the LOTCA-II using the cognitive model derived from the factor analysis and further validation of the LOTCA-II in other racial or diagnostic groups.

Psychometric Properties of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment–Second Edition in Taiwanese Persons With Schizophrenia

This study sought to determine the psychometric properties for the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment-Second Edition (LOTCA-II) in a population of persons with schizophrenia. Sixty-four participants with schizophrenia were administered the LOTCA-II at baseline, and 43 of these were randomly selected to undertake four more standardized measures of cognitive and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) functions to test convergent validity. One week later, 48 randomly selected participants from the total sample were readministered the LOTCA-II to determine test-retest reliability. Substantial ceiling effects existed in 96% of LOTCA-II items. Cronbach's alpha for all six sub-tests ranged from .20 to .91; the alpha for the global scale was .90. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from .49 to .89 for the subtests and .95 for the full LOTCA-II. Low to moderate correlations were found between LOTCA-II total score and scores on cognitive and IADL measures. No overall significant differences in subtest scores were found across participants differing in employment status. LOTCA-II performance is best interpreted in the context of total score. Further revision of the test items is recommended for a more reliable and valid use of the LOTCA-II in persons with schizophrenia.

Criterion validity of the Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test (OT-APST)

This paper reports on the criterion validity of the Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test (OT-APST) including concurrent criterion validity and its sensitivity and specificity. The performance of 208 people following stroke on the OT-APST and a reference tool (either the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) or the LOTCA – Geriatric version (LOTCA-G)) was compared. The OT-APST subscale scores and performance outcome (intact or impaired) on related subscales of the reference tool was analyzed to evaluate the concurrent criterion validity of the OT-APST and its sensitivity and specificity at selected cut-off scores. Significant correlations were found between participants’ performance (intact or impaired) on the reference tool and scores on the OT-APST. The sensitivity and specificity of the OT-APST were analyzed at selected cut-off scores to explore the validity of decisions based on OT-APST performance when compared with the reference tool. This study shows that the OT-APST is a tool with demonstrated concurrent criterion validity for the assessment of visual perception.

Construct and ecological validity of the Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test (OT-APST)

This paper reports on the construct validity (scale design and convergent validity) and ecological validity of the Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test (OT-APST). The performance of 208 participants following stroke on the OT-APST and a reference tool (either the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) or the LOTCA-Geriatric version (LOTCA-G)) was compared. The OT-APST performance of the stroke sample was compared with a healthy normative sample (n=356). The relationship between the OT-APST performance and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM™) score of the participants following stroke was also examined. Factor analysis and internal consistency results supported the scale design of the OT-APST. Significant correlations between the performance of the participants following stroke on the OT-APST and the reference tool supported the convergent validity of the OT-APST. The ability of the OT-APST to separate the two participant groups provided further evidence of its construct validity. Significant correlations between OT-APST and FIM™ scores supported the ecological validity of this tool. This study shows that the OT-APST is an ecologically valid tool with demonstrated construct validity in the assessment of visual perception.

Relationships of categorization on tests and daily tasks in patients with schizophrenia, post-stroke patients and healthy controls

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between performance on formal categorization-sorting tests and daily tasks that require sorting skills among individuals with schizophrenia compared with post-stroke and healthy control groups. Furthermore, the relationships among the performances of patients with schizophrenia on the various tests were studied. The study included 70 participants: 37 patients with schizophrenia treated at a community day center, 18 post-stroke patients, and 15 healthy controls. Subjects were evaluated on four different categorization tests (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Short Category Test (SCT), Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA), and Riska Object Classification (ROC); and five different functional daily tasks that require categorization abilities. Results showed significant differences between the performance of patients and control subjects on both tests and daily tasks. Spearman correlations within the schizophrenic group between test scores showed moderate significant correlations, and between tests and daily tasks showed low to moderate significant correlations. These findings suggest that weaker, yet significant relationships were found between performance on cognitive tests and daily tasks than between cognitive tests tapping the same or similar constructs. This type of difference would be expected; however, further research is needed to clarify the underlying components of categorization tests and their relations to daily task performance of individuals with schizophrenia.

Cognitive Profiles of Individuals with Dementia and Healthy Elderly: The Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA-G)

The aim of this study was to validate the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA-G) for individuals with dementia compared to healthy elderly in order to provide a starting point for intervention. Subjects included 30 participants with dementia and 43 healthy elderly. Results showed significant differences between the groups on all LOTCA-G areas. Most subtests differentiated between individuals with mild dementia (MMSE 20–23) and moderate dementia (MMSE 16–19), suggesting that the test is sensitive to levels of dementia. Significant moderate correlations were found between LOTCA-G areas and MMSE score. In conclusion, the LOTCA-G is recommended for elderly with dementia to obtain a detailed cognitive profile beyond the MMSE cut-off score, enabling intervention planning.

Cognitive Profiles of Individuals with Dementia and Healthy Elderly: The Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA-G)

The aim of this study was to validate the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA-G) for individuals with dementia compared to healthy elderly in order to provide a starting point for intervention. Subjects included 30 participants with dementia and 43 healthy elderly. Results showed significant differences between the groups on all LOTCA-G areas. Most subtests differentiated between individuals with mild dementia (MMSE 20–23) and moderate dementia (MMSE 16–19), suggesting that the test is sensitive to levels of dementia. Significant moderate correlations were found between LOTCA-G areas and MMSE score. In conclusion, the LOTCA-G is recommended for elderly with dementia to obtain a detailed cognitive profile beyond the MMSE cut-off score, enabling intervention planning.