Lodging Score Research Articles

Genetic Variability and Characters Association for Lodging, Yield and Related Traits of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Genotypes in Contrasting Plant Types

A total of 49 field pea genotypes, belonging to two different plant types were evaluated for 13 traits at Bekoji and Kofele in 2020 to assess the extent of genetic variability and association among morpho-agronomic traits. Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference between plant types and among the tested genotypes within each plant type for most of traits. Relatively, genotypes within prostrate type are more variable in thousand seed weight and genotypes within semi-leaf less type are more diverse in plant height, ascochyta blight and lodging severity score. Moderate to high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability in broad sense (H2b) and genetic advance as a percent of mean (GAM) combination were recorded from seed yield, thousand seed weight, plant height and number of seeds per plant in both plant types. The path and correlation analysis showed that lodging score had significant negative association and negative direct effect on seed yield in prostrate type. Number of seeds per plant and plant height had both positive direct effects and significant positive association with seed yield consistently in both plant types. Thousand seed weight also showed both positive direct effects and significant positive association with seed yield in semi-leaf less type. Therefore, great emphasis should be given for those traits while making selection of field pea genotypes for high seed yield. However, for the improvement of yield and lodging simultaneously there should be balance between yield and lodging related traits especially in prostrate type. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the first five principal component axes accounted for 71.67% of the total variability. Generally, the results suggested the possibility of further improvement of seed yield and associated desired traits through selection in both plant types.

AAC Planet field pea

AAC Planet is a semi-leafless and powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi Syd.) resistant field pea ( Pisum sativum L.) variety developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada. It has high yielding potential, late maturity, tall plant height with good lodging resistance, medium seed size, round seed shape, and low seed coat breakage. It has maturity of 100 days, and thousand-seed weight of 221 g with seed protein content of 24.6%. AAC Planet has a lodging score of 3.2 on the scale of 1–9. It is moderately susceptible to mycosphaerella blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes) and fusarium root rot (caused by Fusarium avenaceum and F. solani).

AAC McMurphy field pea

AAC McMurphy is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledonary field pea ( Pisum sativum L.) cultivar developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada. It has a maturity of 90 days, one-thousand-seed weight of 246 g, and a lodging score of 2.9 on the scale of 1–9. The seed crude protein content of AAC McMurphy is 24.2%. AAC McMurphy is resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi) and moderately susceptible to mycosphaerella blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes) and fusarium root rot (caused by Fusarium avenaceum).

Identification of quantitative trait loci for lodging and related agronomic traits in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)

BackgroundLodging, a crucial agronomic trait linked to soybean yield, poses a significant challenge in soybean production. Nevertheless, there has been less research on soybean lodging compared to other important agronomic traits, hindering progress in breeding high-yield soybeans. Our goals were to investigate lodging, pinpoint quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to lodging, and forecast potential candidate genes linked to this trait. To achieve this, we employed a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between Guizao 1 and B13 (GB) across various environments.ResultsThe lodging score of the RIL population was found to be significantly positively correlated with flowering time, maturity time, plant height, number of main stem nodes, stem diameter, and internode length, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.457 to 0.783. A total of 84 QTLs associated with soybean lodging and related traits were identified using the GB population. The contribution of phenotypic variance ranged from 1.26 to 66.87%, with LOD scores ranging from 2.52 to 69.22. Additionally, within these QTLs, a stable major QTL associated with lodging was newly discovered in the GB population. Out of the ten major QTLs associated with other related traits, nine of them were situated within the qLD-4-1 interval of the major lodging score locus, displaying phenotypic variations ranging from 12.10 to 66.87%. Specific alterations in gene expression were revealed through the analysis of resequencing data from the two parental lines, potentially indicating their significant roles in lodging. Subsequently, it was determined through qRT-PCR that four genes are likely to be the major genes controlling soybean lodging.ConclusionsThis study’s findings offer valuable insights into the genetic underpinnings of soybean lodging resistance traits. By comprehending the potential genetic factors associated with lodging, this research lays the groundwork for breeding high-yield soybeans with improved lodging resistance.

Genetic gain in yield of Australian faba bean since 1980 and associated shifts in the phenotype: Growth, partitioning, phenology, and resistance to lodging and disease

ContextFeeding a growing human population with limited arable land requires greater crop yield that is, in turn, driven by improved agronomy, better varieties, and their synergy. Here we focus on faba bean, Vicia faba L., an under-researched grain legume for which on-farm yield in Australia has increased at 0.8 % y−1 since 1990. ObjectiveWe aimed to quantify genetic gain in seed yield of Australian faba bean varieties released since 1980, and to identify associated shifts in physiological and agronomic traits. MethodsWe combined three studies: the complete historical collection of Australian faba bean varieties was grown in 1) a vintage experiment of three field trials; and 2) a pot experiment inoculated with old and new strains of Ascochyta fabae. Since most varieties were grown in a national network of trials, we 3) estimated genetic gain in seed yield and individual seed weight in 129 environments. ResultsIn the vintage experiment, genetic gain in seed yield varied from 0.4 % y−1 to almost zero; low rates of genetic gain were also apparent in the national network of trials. Biomass, harvest index, and crop growth rate in the critical period had low rates of genetic change, and there were strong trade-offs between yield components and in their responses to selection. Breeding increased seed size at 0.5 % y−1. Visual lodging scores decreased at 4.9 % y−1. There was breakdown in resistance to Ascochyta blight, but it was restored in new varieties. ConclusionsAustralian faba bean breeding contributed to on-farm yield and profitability through improved agronomic traits and seed quality. Low genetic gain in yield can be partially attributed to physiological trade-offs between traits, economic trade-offs between multiple breeding targets, and genotype-by-environment interaction. ImplicationUnder-researched crops require greater investment to match the genetic gain in yield of major crops.

AAC Hassler Canada Western Red Spring wheat

AAC Hassler (PT496) is an early maturing, high yielding, awned, and hollow stemmed Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar suited to growing conditions in the northern Canadian Prairies. AAC Hassler yielded 8% more than Glenn, 6% more than Parata, and 6% more than Carberry in the Parkland Wheat Registration Trials (2019–2021). AAC Hassler matured 4 days earlier than Carberry and had similar maturity as Parata. AAC Hassler had similar height to Glenn and the lodging score was similar to Parata. The test weight of AAC Hassler was 2% lower than the mean of the checks and the thousand kernel weight was similar to Glenn. AAC Hassler had protein content 0.1% higher than Carberry. AAC Hassler expressed an intermediate resistant reaction to Fusarium head blight (FHB; Fusarium graminearum Schwabe). AAC Hassler was moderately resistant to the prevalent races of stem rust ( Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn) and moderately susceptible to common bunt ( Tilletia caries (DC) Tul. & C. Tul.). It was resistant to prevalent races of leaf rust ( Puccinia triticina Erikss.) and stripe rust ( Puccinia striiformis Westend). AAC Hassler was susceptible to orange wheat blossom midge ( Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin). AAC Hassler was registered under the CWRS class.

AAC Dutton Canada Western Red Spring wheat

AAC Dutton (BW1094) is a hollow-stemmed, awned, and high yielding Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat cultivar suited to the growing conditions of Western Canada. AAC Dutton was 1% higher yielding than AAC Viewfield, the highest yielding check in the Central Bread Wheat Cooperative registration trials (2019–2021). Within the same test, AAC Dutton was 10% higher yielding than Carberry. AAC Dutton matured 1 day earlier than Glenn, Carberry, and AAC Viewfield and less than a day later than Unity: Unity being the earliest maturing check in the registration trial. AAC Dutton was 10 cm shorter than Unity with lodging score lower than the mean of the checks. The test weight of AAC Dutton was similar to Unity while the 1000-kernel weight was higher than AAC Viewfield. The grain protein content of AAC Dutton was lower than all the checks. AAC Dutton had a moderately resistant reaction to Fusarium head blight ( Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) and stripe rust ( Puccinia striiformis Westend). AAC Dutton had optimal resistance to leaf rust ( Puccinia triticina Erikss.), stem rust ( Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn), common bunt ( Tilletia caries [DC] Tul. & C. Tul.), and to orange blossom wheat midge ( Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin). AAC Dutton was registered under the CWRS class.

Registration of USDA‐N6006 soybean germplasm combining high yield, flood tolerance, and elevated oil content

AbstractUSDA‐N6006 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Reg. no. GP‐527, PI 704140) is a conventional F4–derived early maturity group (MG) VI germplasm jointly released by USDA‐ARS and North Carolina Agricultural Research Service in 2023. USDA‐N6006 is the first MG VI, publicly released germplasm that combines flood tolerance with high‐yield lodging resistance, and elevated seed oil. Over 19 environments of the MG VI USDA Southern Uniform Soybean Trials (2017–2018), seed yield of USDA‐N6006 (3393 kg ha−1) was similar to high‐yielding lodging‐resistant check cultivars ‘NC‐Dunphy’ (3427 kg ha−1) and ‘NC‐Dilday’ (3475 kg ha−1). It matured 1 day earlier than NC‐Dunphy and exhibited similar lodging scores. Over 5 years of testing in North Carolina (2016–2019), USDA‐N6006 exhibited very robust flood tolerance. Mean flooding scores were numerically or statistically (p < 0.05) superior to the four flood‐tolerant controls at both V4 and R1 growth stages. USDA‐N6006 was not intentionally bred to be flood tolerant and identified as such only through an extensive screening of “in house” USDA breeding lines. USDA‐N6006 and most of its antecedents are unique in that they are derived from unreleased breeding lines developed at the flood prone Tidewater Research station in North Carolina. Inadvertent selection for flood tolerance may have been a part of the USDA's long‐term breeding effort to improve yield. Seed oil content of USDA‐N6006 (237 g kg−1) was similar to that of elevated seed oil cultivar NC‐Dilday, but significantly higher than NC‐Dunphy (228 g kg−1) in the Uniform Trials. Seed protein content and estimated meal protein contents of USDA‐N6006 (389 g kg−1 and 46.4%, respectively) were similar to that of NC‐Dunphy. USDA‐N6006 should be excellent parental stock for applied breeding in the southern United States.

Assessment of Soybean Lodging Using UAV Imagery and Machine Learning.

Plant lodging is one of the most essential phenotypes for soybean breeding programs. Soybean lodging is conventionally evaluated visually by breeders, which is time-consuming and subject to human errors. This study aimed to investigate the potential of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based imagery and machine learning in assessing the lodging conditions of soybean breeding lines. A UAV imaging system equipped with an RGB (red-green-blue) camera was used to collect the imagery data of 1266 four-row plots in a soybean breeding field at the reproductive stage. Soybean lodging scores were visually assessed by experienced breeders, and the scores were grouped into four classes, i.e., non-lodging, moderate lodging, high lodging, and severe lodging. UAV images were stitched to build orthomosaics, and soybean plots were segmented using a grid method. Twelve image features were extracted from the collected images to assess the lodging scores of each breeding line. Four models, i.e., extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forest (RF), K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and artificial neural network (ANN), were evaluated to classify soybean lodging classes. Five data preprocessing methods were used to treat the imbalanced dataset to improve classification accuracy. Results indicate that the preprocessing method SMOTE-ENN consistently performs well for all four (XGBoost, RF, KNN, and ANN) classifiers, achieving the highest overall accuracy (OA), lowest misclassification, higher F1-score, and higher Kappa coefficient. This suggests that Synthetic Minority Oversampling-Edited Nearest Neighbor (SMOTE-ENN) may be a good preprocessing method for using unbalanced datasets and the classification task. Furthermore, an overall accuracy of 96% was obtained using the SMOTE-ENN dataset and ANN classifier. The study indicated that an imagery-based classification model could be implemented in a breeding program to differentiate soybean lodging phenotype and classify lodging scores effectively.

Registration of ‘ND Victory’ green field pea

Abstract‘ND Victory’ (Reg. no. CV‐31, PI 701908) is the first semi‐leafless, green cotyledon field pea cultivar (Pisum sativum L.) developed by the North Dakota State University Pulse Crops Breeding Program and approved for release by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. It has white flowers, opaque seed coat, and smooth, round seed. It is semi‐dwarf, with lodging score of 3.3/9 and canopy height of 57 cm. Based on 30 environments (location‐year) of replicated yield trials in North Dakota, seed yield of ND Victory (2847 kg ha−1) was similar to commercial cultivar ‘CDC Striker’ (2819 kg ha−1) but significantly greater than ‘Cruiser’ (2653 kg ha−1) and ‘Aragorn’ (2639 kg ha−1) by 7.3 and 7.9%, respectively. ND Victory was also tested across 14 environments in Montana, where it had an average seed yield of 3264 kg ha−1, which was similar to ‘Hampton’ (3355 kg ha−1) but significantly greater than Aragorn (3110 kg ha−1) by 4.9%. ND Victory matures in approximately 90 days. ND Victory is a high protein cultivar, with protein content of 25.2%, exceeding the premium protein threshold of 24%. ND Victory (20%) is resistant to powdery mildew and performed similarly with resistant check ‘Spider’ (15%) and had significantly lower disease severity than ‘Salamanca’ (97%, susceptible check) and CDC Striker (82%). In irrigated field trials conducted under high Ascochyta blight pressure, ND Victory (5%) had lower disease severity than ‘AC Agassiz’ (10%) and CDC Striker (14%). ND Victory and CDC Striker exhibited similar response but significantly lower severity than AC Agassiz to Fusarium root rot inoculated with multiple Fusarium species pathogenic to pea.

Use of growth regulators for lodging tolerance and increasing productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare): An empirical study

A field study was carried out during winter (rabi) seasons of 2015–16 to 2017–18 at Karnal, Hisar, Ludhiana, Durgapura and Agra to evaluate the efficacy of plant growth regulators (CCC, ethephon and their combination) to reduce lodging and enhance productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under high nitrogen level. Results revealed that application of 75 kg N/ha increased the grain yield by 3.17% over the recommended 60 kg/ha. The pooled mean lodging score with the application of growth regulators, viz. CCC, ethephon and combination of both was 5.21, 4.28 and 3.03 respectively, while without growth regulators application the lodging score was 9.57. With the application of plant growth regulator, the yield increased in the range of 2.5–4.1 q/ha (5.7–9.4%). The effect of CCC was relatively lesser as compared to ethephon, however the combination of both gave additive effect on yield increment (8.78%). Application of growth regulators increased 1000-grain weight by 6.21% over control. Therefore, the use of plant growth regulators i.e. CCC and ethephon under high nitrogen (75 kg N/ha) can be advocated as a sustainable strategy to enhance the productivity of barley through decreasing lodging problem.

Optimising nitrogen management strategies to minimise lodging risk while sustaining high seed yield in rapeseed

Appropriate nitrogen (N) fertiliser management is an essential strategy for improving the productivity of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) plants. However, the increased lodging risks under higher yield potentials with enhanced N application rates have largely been overlooked. Few studies have elucidated the trade-off between lodging resistance and seed yield, and a non-destructive method for in situ evaluation of crop lodging is urgently needed. A field study with five site-year environments was conducted to elucidate the trade-off between seed yield and lodging susceptibility under various N application rates in two varieties, and to evaluate the feasibility of using root electrical capacitance (EC) and impedance (EI) as non-destructive techniques for diagnosing the risk of crop lodging. Seed yield and lodging susceptibility (quantified by safety factor, lodging angle, and visual lodging score methods) increased with increasing N application rates. The natural crop lodging occurred in 2 out of 5 site-year environments, which agreed well with lodging resistance quantified by safety factor. A strong relationship between lodging susceptibility and seed yield was found (R2 = 0.31**– 0.82***, except 1 out of 5 site-year environments), and evidenced by a principal component analysis (PCA) and a structural equation model (SEM). EC was positively correlated to several root morphological parameters of taproot (R2 = 0.18*– 0.93***), lateral root (R2 = 0.17*– 0.61***), and total root system (R2 = 0.26**– 0.93***); whereas EI was negatively correlated to these root morphological parameters. In addition, EC and EI were found to be closely related to seed yield and root lodging susceptibility, through the Pearson correlation and partial correlation analysis. In conclusion, a moderate N application of 240 kg N ha−1 can fully explore the yield potential and could be recommended for rapeseed production. Root electrical measurements (EC and EI) can be regarded as high-throughput techniques for predicting lodging susceptibility.

AAC Aberdeen field pea

AAC Aberdeen is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledonary field pea ( Pisum sativum L.) cultivar developed at Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada. It has a maturity of 98 days, 1000-seed weight of 243 g, and a lodging score of 3.3 on the scale of 1–9. The seed crude protein content of AAC Aberdeen is 20.1%. AAC Aberdeen is resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi D.C.) and moderately susceptible to mycosphaerella blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes) and Fusarium root rot (caused by Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc.).

AAC Julius field pea

AAC Julius is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledonary field pea ( Pisum sativum L.) variety developed at Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lacombe, AB, Canada. It has a maturity of 100 days, 1000-seed weight of 210 g, and a lodging score of 3.6 on the scale of 1–9. The seed crude protein content of AAC Julius is 24.8%. AAC Julius is resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi D.C.) and moderately susceptible to mycosphaerella blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes) and Fusarium root rot (caused by Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. and F. solani).

Forefront Canada Prairie spring red wheat

Forefront is an awned hard red spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar with high yield potential, shorter stature with good lodging tolerance, and excellent rust resistance. During the three years of testing in the High Yield Wheat Cooperative test (2017–19), Forefront yielded similar to and matured one day later than the highest yielding check cultivar AAC Foray. Forefront had 10 cm shorter plants than AAC Foray, with a similar lodging score. Forefront had slightly higher test weight, lower grain weight, and higher grain protein content than AAC Foray. Forefront was rated “resistant” to the prevalent races of leaf, stem, and stripe rusts, whereas “moderately susceptible” to common bunt and Fusarium head blight (FHB) during the three years of testing. The end-use quality characteristics of Forefront were within the range of the checks of the Canada Prairie Spring Red market class.

Kitagenki, a high-yielding rice variety, exhibits a high yield potential under optimum crop management practices

In the Hokkaido region of Japan, a new japonica-type high-yielding rice variety (HYV), Kitagenki, demonstrated higher grain yield than the early developed japonica-type HYVs; however, its yield potential is unknown. Therefore, a four-year (2015–2018) field study was conducted to elucidate the (1) yield potential of Kitagenki, (2) effect of early and late nitrogen (N) applications on the grain yield of Kitagenki, and (3) effect of early N application and planting density on the grain yield of Kitagenki. Experiment 1 consisted of three early N (10.5 N: basal 10.5 g N m−2, 16.5 N: basal 16.5 g N m−2, and 10.5 N + T1: basal 10.5 g N m−2 with topdressing of 6 g N m−2 at the panicle formation stage) combined with two late N (− T2: no topdressing at the full-heading stage, and + T2: topdressing of 6 g N m−2 at the full-heading stage) applications. Experiment 2 consisted of two early N (10.5 N and 16.5 N) applications combined with two planting densities (standard planting: 22.8–23.0 hill m−2 and sparse planting: 11.4–11.5 hill m−2). The yield potential of Kitagenki was approximately 1200 g m−2 of gross hulled grain, which is the highest yield recorded among japonica-type HYVs cultivated in Japan. In experiment 1, the grain yield of Kitagenki was improved by both early N (16.5 N, 10.5 N + T1 > 10.5 N) and late N (+ T2 > − T2) applications owing to the improved sink capacity and source ability. We suggest 10.5 N + T1 + T2 and 16.5 N + T2 as the optimum combination of early and late N applications to stably maximize the grain yield of KG. In experiment 2, the grain yield of KG was significantly improved by early N (16.5 N > 10.5 N) application but not significantly by planting density. In 16.5 N, sparse planting tended to produce a higher grain yield by lowering the lodging scores and increasing the source-sink ratio compared to those obtained with standard planting. Therefore, we suggest 16.5 N sparse planting as the optimum combination of early N application and planting density to stably maximize the grain yield of Kitagenki.

Influence of Nutrient Management on Growth, Lodging and Yield of Transplanted Rice

Aim: To study the Influence of nutrient management on growth, lodging and yield of transplanted rice.
 Study Design: The study comprised of eight treatments viz.,T1- 100% NPK, T2- 100% NP + 125% K, T3- 75% N + 100% PK, T4- 75% N + 100% P + 125% K, T5- 100% NPK + K2SiO4 at 50 kg ha­-1, T6- 100% NPK + Ca2SiO4 at 50 kg ha­-1, T7- 100% NPK + Na2SiO3 at 50 kg ha­-1 and T8- absolute control in randomized block design.
 Place and Duration of Study: This research trail was conducted during the late samba (September – February) of 2021-22 at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute. TNAU, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India.
 Methodology: The study consisted of combination of 8 treatments in RBD which was replicated thrice. The rice variety of IW Ponni was used for this study. The observation have been recorded during the different phases of growth at regular intervals.
 Results: The results revealed that the application of 100% NPK + K2SiO4 at 50 kg ha­-1 has recorded significantly taller plant height (131.7 cm), higher dry matter production (11360 kgha­-1), grain (4535 kg ha-1) and straw yield (7259 kg ha-1) over absolute control. Minimum bending moment and lodging score were reported with 100% NPK + K2SiO4 at 50 kg ha­-1 and it was on par with 100% NPK + Ca2SiO4 at 50 kg ha­-1.

Validation of Molecular Markers Significant for Flowering Time, Plant Lodging, Stem Geometry Properties, and Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides in Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

The field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is studied as an important grain legume used in both human and animal feed. DNA markers can contribute to the rapid breeding of novel pea cultivars. This study aimed to identify such molecular markers as the number of days to the beginning of flowering, plant lodging, and stem geometry. Phenotypic measurements were recorded during the field trials. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of soluble carbohydrates (e.g., monosaccharides, sucrose, and raffinose family oligosaccharides) in the pea seeds were performed. A t-test was used to detect the significance of markers associated with each trait. Fifteen markers that were significant for thirteen traits were identified in this analysis. The same markers were identified for verbascose concentration in 2013 and 2014 and stem-wall thickness in 2014 and 2015. Our marker for the number of days to the beginning of flowering (AB141) was 4 cM from the AB64 marker, which was identified as a marker linked to days to 50% bloom. We found a negative correlation between lodging score at the end of flowering and stem diameter in the middle (2015, −0.40) of this study set of pea lines. Although similar correlations were detected in the Carneval × MP1401 population, the correlation between lodging at maturity and diameter in the middle and upper stem sections was positive. In markers validation, particularly for polygenic traits, a statistical analysis of the observed characters is an important step for a division of the trait values into a bimodal distribution.

‘S16‐14730C’: A high‐yielding conventional soybean cultivar with indeterminate growth habit and multiple disease resistance adapted to the Mid‐South

Abstract‘S16‐14730C’ (Reg. no. CV‐546, PI 699632) is a conventional maturity group (MG) IV (relative maturity, 4.7) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar released by the University of Missouri–Fisher Delta Research Center breeding program in 2020. It has an indeterminate growth habit, averaging 89 cm in height with a 2.1 lodging score. Plants have purple flowers, tawny pubescence, and tan pod wall color, and seeds have black hilum and 402.8 g kg–1 of protein and 224.0 g kg–1 of oil concentrations. S16‐14730C underwent extensive yield testing and disease evaluation from 2017 to 2020 over a total of 104 environments across 12 states. During the USDA uniform trials in 2018 and 2019, S16‐14730C yielded 4,192 kg ha–1, equivalent to 99 and 108% of the best checks and overall check mean, respectively. S16‐14730C shows resistance to stem canker and soybean cyst nematode (SCN) HG type 2.5.7 (race 1) and HG type 5.7 (race 3) and moderate resistance to SCN HG type 1.2.5.7 (race 2), southern root‐knot nematode, peanut root‐knot nematode, and charcoal rot. It is susceptible to reniform nematode and phytophthora root rot. S16‐14730C may serve as an excellent choice in regions where a late MG IV conventional line is in demand.

AAC Whitehead hard white spring wheat

AAC Whitehead, an awned hard white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, combines high grain yield and good agronomic characteristics with excellent disease resistance. Based on 34 station-years of registration trial data from 2017 to 2019, AAC Whitehead had grain yield significantly higher than all of the check cultivars. AAC Whitehead had maturity similar to the checks, low lodging scores, and significantly shorter plant height than Snowstar and Whitehawk. AAC Whitehead had significantly lower test weight and higher kernel mass than than all the check cultivars. AAC Whitehead expressed resistance to the prevalent races of leaf, stripe and stem rust, and common bunt; and moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB). It also expressed tolerance to the orange wheat blossom midge. AAC Whitehead expresses quality attributes within the range of the check cultivars and is eligible for grades of Canada Western Hard White Spring wheat.