Locomotor Apparatus Research Articles

The Convergent Evolution of Suspensory Posture and Locomotion in Tree Sloths

Recent phylogenetic analyses imply a distant relationship and long separated evolution of two-toed sloths (Choloepus) and three-toed sloths (Bradypus). No known fossil sloth is interpreted to have been suspensory. As a consequence, the suspensory posture and locomotion of the extant genera likely evolved convergently in both lineages, forming a new framework for the analysis of functional aspects of the locomotor apparatus of extant tree sloths. The suspensory posture and locomotion has altered functional demands from the phylogenetically plesiomorphic non-suspensory pronograde situation. Here, anatomical traits that have been argued to be of adaptive significance for quadrupedal suspensory locomotion are reviewed and the evolution of these traits is discussed in light of the new framework. Experimental data are largely limited to Choloepus, but help to deduce functional aspects of the anatomy in Bradypus as well. The most important adaptive traits are hands and feet modified into relatively rigid hook-like appendages, great mobility of all joints proximal to the midcarpal and transverse tarsal joints, relatively long arms with a relatively short scapula, a rounded thorax with a small diameter, a highly mobile sterno-clavicular articulation, and emphasis on powerful flexion in the proximal limb joints via advantageous lever arms. Despite these changes, patterns of limb kinematics remained conservative during the course of evolution in the lineages leading to extant tree sloths, and it is suggested here that this also applies to the pattern of neuromuscular control of limb movements during locomotion. Morphological ‘solutions’ to altered functional demands posed by inversed orientation of the body differ in the two genera of extant tree sloths, thereby corroborating the proposed diphyly. Convergent evolution in tree sloths may be attributed to functional constraints posed by fossorial adaptations in early Xenarthra that canalized sloths to adopt a suspensory posture and locomotion in the arboreal habitat.

F655 EFFECTIVENESS OF EXERCISE THERAPY IN COMBINATION WITH GLUCOSAMINE AND CHONDROITIN TREATMENT IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS

European Journal of Pain SupplementsVolume 5, Issue S1 p. 185-185 F655 EFFECTIVENESS OF EXERCISE THERAPY IN COMBINATION WITH GLUCOSAMINE AND CHONDROITIN TREATMENT IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS V. Povoroznyuk, V. Povoroznyuk Department of Clinical Physiology and Pathology of Locomotor Apparatus, Institute of Gerontology AMS Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineSearch for more papers by this authorN. Grygorieva, N. Grygorieva Department of Clinical Physiology and Pathology of Locomotor Apparatus, Institute of Gerontology AMS Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineSearch for more papers by this authorS. Unusova, S. Unusova Department of Clinical Physiology and Pathology of Locomotor Apparatus, Institute of Gerontology AMS Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineSearch for more papers by this authorA. Palamarchuk, A. Palamarchuk Department of Clinical Physiology and Pathology of Locomotor Apparatus, Institute of Gerontology AMS Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineSearch for more papers by this author V. Povoroznyuk, V. Povoroznyuk Department of Clinical Physiology and Pathology of Locomotor Apparatus, Institute of Gerontology AMS Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineSearch for more papers by this authorN. Grygorieva, N. Grygorieva Department of Clinical Physiology and Pathology of Locomotor Apparatus, Institute of Gerontology AMS Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineSearch for more papers by this authorS. Unusova, S. Unusova Department of Clinical Physiology and Pathology of Locomotor Apparatus, Institute of Gerontology AMS Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineSearch for more papers by this authorA. Palamarchuk, A. Palamarchuk Department of Clinical Physiology and Pathology of Locomotor Apparatus, Institute of Gerontology AMS Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineSearch for more papers by this author First published: 30 January 2012 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1754-3207(11)70635-6Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume5, IssueS1September 2011Pages 185-185 RelatedInformation

THE STATUS OF RHEUMATOLOGY CARE TO ADOLESCENTS WITH LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS PATHOLOGY IN THE ORENBURG REGION

Система комплексной поддержки и сопровождения научного журнала Elpub позволяет запустить двуязычный сайт журнала со встроенной системой электронной редакции в соответствии с лучшими издательскими практиками, а так же предусматривает техническую и методическую поддержку со стороны специалистов НЭИКОН.

Risk factors and injury mechanism in Triathlon

In the triathlon the combined practice of swimming, cycling and running permits the reduction of overuse injuries compared to the practice of the running alone. Redistribution of stress over several part of the body and correction of muscle imbalance are cited as reasons for the reduction in injuries occurrence. Nonetheless, like other endurance sports, 80-85% of triathlon injuries can be scribed to overuse. From an etiopathogenetic point of view the overuse injuries must be studied in relation to the technical characteristics of the triathlon, to the transitional phases between the disciplines and particularly to the cycle-run transition, to the different load of training that the preparation of the Olympic distance requires compared to the long distance triathlon. Most of the injuries are caused by running and athletes most at risk are former swimmers and cyclists, since they lack of running experience and muscle elasticity. The triathlon cycle-run transition (T2) is a period of particular risk for knee and lower back injury. The knee, the ankle/foot and the lower back are the anatomic site most at risk of injuries. Ileotibial band friction syndrome is common in age groupers whereas Achilles tendon injuries and stress fractures occur more in elite athletes. Previous injuries are correlated with injuries occurrence and the sudden changes in training intensity or volume, hill training and the insufficient development of running technical ability are injuries extrinsic factors. The acute traumatology is due almost exclusively to falls in training and competition in cycling. The episodes of rhabdomiolysis are instead not rare, associated or not to exertional heat/idratation injuries. Injury prevention is based in particular on the learning of the correct technique of the three disciplines, on the right programming of the training sessions, on the study of the overload that the biomechanics of the transition phases between the three sports act on the locomotor apparatus and on the suitability of the technical instruments used.

Screening to Prevent to Carential and Metabolic Disease and HPTNS of Equids Grazing Forage Grasses with Unbalanced Levels of Minerals, Through the Mineral Profile and Creatinine Clearance Ratio for Ca and P Assessment

4 Abstract: In the present study, 229 horses were evaluated, belonging to 76 properties, 25 Municipalities of the Center-Western region of Sao Paulo State, covered for a period of clinical observations from 1984 to 2010. Were performed sampling grazing elephant grass and various supplements for dosages minerals, being macro and microminerals and oxalate content in dry matter (DM) of Brachiaria humidicola and elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum). The equids of farms with a history of skeletal or osteoarticula r problems were evaluated for Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P) and Creatinine (Cr) in urine and serum to determine the percentage of Cr depuration for the Ca and P (%DRCr-Ca and P). The clinical observations of osteopathies were determined. The main lesions found in animals after death were evaluated. The analysis leaf mineral of B. humidicola presented values ranging from 2.40 g Ca to 3.68 g Ca/kg DM and 0.40 g P to 0.74 g P/kg DM. The high toxic levels of oxalate ranged from 1.15-3.10% oxalic acid in DM of B. humidicola and 4% in DM of elephant grass. The higher Ca/Oxalate ratio was 0.37 (B. humidicola) and the lower of 0.08 (P. purpureum). The largest amounts were excreted 58 mg of Ca and P 47.50 mg/dL in the urine and the lowest was 4 mg Ca and 3.50 mg P/dL of urine. The clearance of ratio, ranged from 0.63-6.28% (µ = 2.48; sd ± 1.28; cv = 51.61%) for %DR- Ca, while the %DR- P ranged from 1.23-35.92% (µ = 17.33; sd ± 8.35; cv = 48.15%). 50% of values of %DRCr-Ca and 95% of values of %DRCr-P were considered abnormal, thus predisposing to osteopathy and renal dysfunction as glomerulonephritis and nephritis. Above of 50% of the animals of properties, presented one or more types of skeletal tissue disease, affecting bones flat (osteochondrosis) or long bone (epiphysitis). Young animals showed accelerated growth in bon e problems of members. Animals at play and hard work showed symptoms of nutritional secondary Hyperparathyroidism (HPTNS) when presenting the fibrous osteodystrophy (swollen face disease) in addition to problems with the locomotor apparatus and in general with the skeletal system. The diagnosis in a timely manner the problem of imbalance in the diet using the technique of %DRCr-Ca and P possible prevention of osteopathies, those reversible. The change of grazing animals to forage less oxalic acid content (<0.50%) and appropriate supplementation prevented the problem, except frames and pathophysiology of chronic glomerulonephritis due to HPTNS. Young animals in accelerated growth showed bone problems of members. Animals in reproduction and hard work showed symptoms of HPTNS , presented signs of fibrous osteodystrophy, besides problems with the locomotor system and in general with the skeletal system. The diagnosis in time habile of the problem of imbalance of diet through of th e assessment of %DRCr- Ca and P, enabled prevent the osteopathies, those reversible. The change of the animals to pasture with forages of minor oxalic acid content (<0.50%) and receiving adequate supplementation prevented the problem, except frames chronic pathophysiological of HPTNS and

Higher Incidence of Common Diagnoses in Patients with Low Back Pain in Primary Care

Most studies on comorbidity in low back pain (LBP) have been conducted in specialized settings with the use of self-reports. This study has an original design using data from family practices: the incidence of the most frequent diseases was compared in patients with and without LBP in 2004. The database includes data from 67 family physicians in 52 family practices in Flanders, Belgium. It contains data from 160,000 different patients with 1,500,000 diagnoses during the period 1994 to 2004. The incidence of the most frequent diagnoses is presented in patients with and without LBP in 2004. The diagnoses were coded according to the ICPC-2-classification. In 2004, the incidence of LBP was 51.4‰ (95% CI: 49.8 to 53.1) in patients aged 18 or older. The incidence was slightly higher in women than in men: 53.0‰ (95% CI: 50.7 to 55.4) vs. 49.9‰ (95% CI: 47.7 to 52.3). The highest incidence was recorded in the age group of 50 to 54 years. The most frequent "other" diagnoses in patients with and without LBP are comparable, but some were more frequent in patients with LBP. Respiratory infections and diseases of the locomotor apparatus (neck syndrome, bursitis) are more frequent in patients with LBP. Low back pain is one of the most frequent diagnoses in general practice. Striking is the relatively higher frequency of common self-limiting diseases in patients with a diagnosis of LBP during the same year. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that medical demands for non-LBP reasons in family practice have been reported in patients with LBP.

The formation and development of biomechanics in Sytenko Institute of Spine and Joint Pathology (to the 125th anniversary of M. I. Sytenko’s birth)

Landmarks in the formation and development of the first Soviet biomechanics laboratory are elucidated in a historical sketch. The part of biomechanical studies in the development of new methods for treating diseases and injuries of the locomotor apparatus is shown. The article lists a range of tasks of biomechanics as a science, and the laboratory in particular, for improving the efficacy of treatment of patients of the orthopaedic-traumatological type.

Muscle torques of lower leg rotators in untrained subjects

Muscle torques of lower leg rotators in untrained subjects Study aim: To determine the relationships between muscle torques of lower leg rotators and rotation angle, and angular position at the knee joint. Material and methods: A group of 171 untrained male subjects aged 19 - 25 years were studied. A specially designed measuring set was used. Muscle torques were determined at -30, 0 and 45° of lower leg rotation, angular positions at the knee joint being 30 or 90°. Results: Rotation angle and angular position at the knee joint, as well as the declared laterality, significantly affected muscle torques of lower leg rotators. Highest muscle torques amounted to 55.2 ± 5.6 Nm (lower leg pronation) and 42.6 ± 7.4 Nm (lower leg supination). Conclusions: The results may contribute to a deeper evaluation of human locomotor apparatus and to reduce the destructive forces acting on the knee joint in athletes and to improve monitoring the functions of reconstructed knee joint in rehabilitees.

Clinical laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia-induced arthropathies

Chlamydia-induced reactive arthropathy is one of the common urogenital chlamydial infections. The urgency of the problem is associated with diagnostic difficulties, which is due to its unnoticeable clinical course, lesions of many organs and systems, and inadequate patient management. The lecture covers the current terminology and classification of Chlamydia-induced joint damage. Chlamydia-induced arthropathies are defined; its clinical forms are identified. Lesions of the locomotor apparatus, urogenital system, eyes, and skin, and systemic manifestations are characterized in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected patients. Used laboratory studies, clinical diagnostic informative criteria, and a differential diagnostic algorithm for arthropathies are discussed.

In-Shoe Pressure Measurement and Foot Orthosis Research

Foot orthoses are believed to exert their therapeutic effect on the human locomotor apparatus by altering the location, magnitude, and temporal patterns of ground reaction forces acting on the plantar foot during weightbearing activities. In-shoe pressure-measurement systems are increasingly being used by clinicians and researchers to assess kinetic changes at the foot-orthosis interface to better understand the function of foot orthoses and to derive more efficacious treatments for many painful foot and lower-extremity abnormalities. This article explores how the inherent three-dimensional surface topography and load-deformation characteristics of foot orthoses may challenge the validity, reliability, and clinical usefulness of the data obtained from in-shoe pressure-measurement systems in the context of foot orthotic therapy and research. The inability of in-shoe pressure-measurement systems to measure shearing forces beneath the foot, the required bending of the flat two-dimensional sensor insole to fit the pressure insole to the three-dimensional curves of the orthosis, the subsequent unbending of the sensor insole to display it on a computer monitor, and variations in the load-deformation characteristics of orthoses are all sources of potential error in examination of the kinetic effects of foot orthoses. Consequently, caution is required when interpreting the results of orthotic research that has used in-shoe pressure insole technology. The limitations of the technology should also be given due respect when in-shoe pressure measurement is used to make clinical decisions and prescribe custom foot orthoses for patients.

Ist Ölziehen eine wirksame Entgiftungs-Methode?

It is only since a few decades, that oil pulling has been used in empiric therapeutics in Germany. The experience from patients, and the result of small studies show improvements of the state of health, e. g. with diseases in the ENT area and of the locomotor apparatus, in the case of tiredness, sleep disturbances, and diseases of the gums. A scientific proof of the modes of action is still pending. The article explains the use in practice; the possible success is described exemplarily with the help of 2 case studies.

Evaluation of the assumption of responsibility of the traumatisms of the locomotors apparatus due to the traffic accidents road in the university hospital – Yalgadogo Ouedraogo (CHU-YO) of Ouagadougou

AimsTo evaluate the assumption of responsibility of the traumatisms of the locomotors apparatus due to the traffic accidents road in the university hospital – Yalgadogo Ouedraogo (CHU-YO) of Ouagadougou.MethodThis study...

Muskeldysbalancen als Ursache von Überlastungsbeschwerden und Gelenkschmerzen

Complaints of the locomotor apparatus due to overstress are often caused by muscular dysfunctions and muscular dysbalances in connection with repetitive movement patterns. The goal of a therapy is to identify and to treat the causes of the dysbalances, and thus make an autoregulation for the body possible. Many complaints can be treated effectively with acupuncture, applied kinesiology, neural therapy, and automobilization of the craniosacral system. This is shown with the help of 5 case studies.

The Neonatal Ilium—Metaphyseal Drivers and Vascular Passengers

At birth the newborn is equipped with a developing locomotor apparatus, which will ultimately become involved in load transfer from the period when the child adopts a sitting posture through to the attainment of a bipedal gait. This load transfer has been considered to influence trabecular bone structural organization by setting up forces, which remodel the internal architecture into a functionally optimized form. However, during the neonatal developmental period the locomotor apparatus is nonweight bearing and instead only supports reflexive movements. Surprisingly, a structural organization has been identified within the internal trabecular architecture and external cortical morphology of the neonatal ilium, which appears to mimic the structural composition of the more mature bone. This study aims to build upon previous qualitative and quantitative investigation of this apparently precocious patterning by further examining structural data obtained from selected volumes of interest within the ilium. Analysis has revealed statistically significant differences in regional trabecular and cortical bone characteristics, which have formed the basis of a possible growth model for the ilium. Volumetric comparison has demonstrated the presence of three progressive "growth regions" and three "restricted growth regions," which appear to relate to metaphyseal and nonmetaphyseal borders of the ilium. Therefore, the structural data and statistical analysis presented in this study challenge the current concept of implied centrifugal ossification within the human ilium and present evidence of an alternative pattern of ossification that is largely dictated and controlled by vascular distribution and growth plate position.

Limb kinematics during locomotion in the two-toed sloth ( Choloepus didactylus, Xenarthra) and its implications for the evolution of the sloth locomotor apparatus

In order to gain insight into the function of the extant sloth locomotion and its evolution, we conducted a detailed videoradiographic analysis of two-toed sloth locomotion (Xenarthra: Choloepus didactylus). Both unrestrained as well as steady-state locomotion was analyzed. Spatio-temporal gait parameters, data on interlimb coordination, and limb kinematics are reported. Two-toed sloths displayed great variability in spatio-temporal gait parameters over the observed range of speeds. They increase speed by decreasing the durations of contact and swing phases, as well as by increasing step length. Gait utilization also varies with no strict gait sequence or interlimb timing evident in slow movements, but a tendency to employ diagonal sequence, diagonal couplet gaits in fast movements. In contrast, limb kinematics were highly conserved with respect to ‘normal’ pronograde locomotion. Limb element and joint angles at touch down and lift off, element and joint excursions, and contribution to body progression of individual elements are similar to those reported for non-cursorial mammals of small to medium size. Hands and feet are specialized to maintain firm connection to supports, and do not contribute to step length or progression. In so doing, the tarsometatarsus lost its role as an individual propulsive element during the evolution of suspensory locomotion. Conservative kinematic behavior of the remaining limb elements does not preclude that muscle recruitment and neuromuscular control for limb pro- and retraction are also conserved. The observed kinematic patterns of two-toed sloths improve our understanding of the convergent evolution of quadrupedal suspensory posture and locomotion in the two extant sloth lineages.

Mesoterapia como opción terapéutica en patología dolorosa del aparato locomotor

Introduction Mesotherapy is a technique that consists in the application of multiple intradermal injections (deep dermis) with different drugs according to the conditions to be treated. It is used in different medical specialties, its use being especially interesting in pain, a prevalent symptom in our specialty. This work has aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of this treatment in patients with chronic painful condition of the locomotor apparatus. Material and methods We conducted a prospective study of the results obtained with the application of this technique in 59 patients, referred from the Rehabilitation Service, suffering from different conditions. The medications used for pain treatment were a combination of Piroxicam, Lidocaine 1% and Pentoxifylline. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Health Questionnaire EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D Index score) and the measurement of the painful zone diameter were used to evaluate the results. The statistical analysis was conducted with the SPSS V15.0 computer program and the method consisted in a comparison of means, using the Student's T test for matched data of each of the 3 measurement instruments used. Results and conclusions None of the patients dropped out of the treatment. Their mean age was 46 years old and 74.5% of the patients were women. Neck pain was the most frequently treated condition. We have demonstrated a statistically significant improvement (p<0.001) of the painful condition of the locomotor apparatus after mesotherapy treatment, with mean decreases of 52.28 mm (95% CI: 44.78–59.79) in the VAS, 45.86 cm (95% CI: 30.97–60.75) in the lesion diameter and average increase in the EQ-5D Index score of 0.3550 (95% CI: 0.2924–0.4177). As side effects, 26% of the patients had hematomas in the application zone that resolved spontaneously. Mesotherapy is a safe and effective method for the treatment of chronic painful condition of the locomotor apparatus.

LONG-TERM OUTCOMES IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN RELATION TO THE TIME AFTER THE INITIATIONOF BASIC ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG THERAPY

Система комплексной поддержки и сопровождения научного журнала Elpub позволяет запустить двуязычный сайт журнала со встроенной системой электронной редакции в соответствии с лучшими издательскими практиками, а так же предусматривает техническую и методическую поддержку со стороны специалистов НЭИКОН.

Estudo do membro pélvico do avestruz: considerações anatômicas, radiográficas e histológicas da rotação tibiotársica

Várias doenças músculo esqueléticas foram observadas em aves de rápido crescimento, sendo o elevado peso corporal, associado a uma estrutura óssea em formação, citados como as principais causas responsáveis pela ocorrência destas doenças, resultando em disfunções do aparelho locomotor. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um estudo anátomo-patológico e radiográfico das estruturas envolvidas na rotação tibiotársica, assim como estudar as alterações articulares por meio de artrografias e histologia fazendo uma descrição das considerações anatômicas, macroscópicas, microscópicas e radiográficas do membro pélvico do avestruz (African Black). Dessa forma, será possível contribuir para o entendimento desta enfermidade, que tem causado perdas para a estrutiocultura.

Acoustic changes in locomotor apparatus under the different stages of overstrain of track and field athletes

28 АКУСТИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ОПОРНО-ДВИГАТЕЛЬНОГО АППАРАТА НА РАЗНЫХ СТАДИЯХ ПЕРЕНАПРЯЖЕНИИ У ЛЕГКОАТЛЕТОВ Светлана Игоревна Захарова, соискатель, Национальный государственный университет физической культуры, спорта и здоровья имени П.Ф. Лесгафта, Санкт-Петербург, (НГУ им. П.Ф. Лесгафта, Санкт-Петербург) Андрей Вячеславович Калинин, доктор медицинских наук, Городской врачебно-физкультурный диспансер, Санкт-Петербург

CONDITION OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM IN PATIENTSWITH ACROMEGALY.

Despite the relatively low incidence of acromegaly (60-70 cases per I million inhabitants), this disease has a special place among the heterogeneous group of diseases that lead to the defeat of the locomotor apparatus. The slow growth of the clinical manifestations of acromegaly and as a consequence, late diagnosis, the cause of early disability and premature death of patients. In order to improve the quality of life and social adaptation of patients to date is an obvious need to identify groups of patients with acromegaly, requiring additional therapy for osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. We performed the search in bibliographic bases MEDLINE and Cochrane Collaboration from 2000 on 2009. Key words were the following: acromegaly, acromegaly and arthropathy, osteoporosis and acromegaly, the bone mineral density and acromegaly, fractures and acromegaly. In this article the data about role of risk factors for the defeat ofosteoarticular apparatus, the dynamics of the articular syndrome and the state of bone tissue in acromegaly.