Location Of Axis Research Articles

The Effectiveness of Temporary Hemiepiphysiodesis for Non-idiopathic Coronal Angular Deformity of the Knee in Children: A Comparison of Hinge Eight-Plate and Traditional Eight-Plate.

Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis (TH) is a very common technique for coronal angular deformity of the knee in children, especially non-idiopathic. However, there is currently a dearth of comparative research on the hinge eight-plate (HEP) and traditional eight-plate (TEP). This study aimed to assess the clinical effectiveness and implant-related complication rates of TH using TEP and HEP for non-idiopathic coronal angular deformity, as well as to identify clinical factors affecting correction velocity. We retrospectively observed a consecutive series of patients with non-idiopathic coronal angular deformity of the knee who underwent TH using HEP or TEP and completed the deformity correction process from July 2016 to July 2022. According to the kind of eight plates, we divided those patients into the HEP group and the TEP treatment group. Relevant clinical factors, including the mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA), screw divergence angle (SDA), angle of plate and screw (APS), hinge angle of HEP (HA), and the knee zone location of the lower extremity mechanical axis, were documented. Additionally, deformity correction velocity, complications, and clinical efficacy were assessed. Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-squared test, Fisher exact test, or Wilcoxon test, while continuous variables were evaluated using the t-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA). There were 29 patients in the HEP treatment group (seven girls and 22 boys) and 33 patients (12 girls and 21 boys) in the TEP treatment group. In all, 91.86% (79/86 knees) of the genu angular deformities were completely corrected, 6.98% (6/86 knees) had the overcorrection condition, and 10.47% (9/86 knees) had screw loosening. The swayback HEP rate was 11.29% (7/62 HEPs), which was related to the screw loosening in the HEP group (p < 0.001). The overall correction velocities and screw divergence angle change speeds in the HEP group were all significantly faster than those in the TEP group (p < 0.05). The initial APS of the HEP implanted was higher than that of TEP (p < 0.01), and multisite changes of APS during deformity correction of the HEP group were smaller than that of the TEP group. HEP proved to be an appropriate device for TH for non-idiopathic coronal angular deformities of the knee with high correction velocity in children. Avoiding the occurrence of the swayback phenomenon may reduce the complications of HEP.

Accuracy of kinetic equilibrium reconstruction of NSTX and NSTX-U plasmas and its impact on the transport and stability analysis

Abstract An accurate magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibrium reconstruction is an essential starting point for stability and transport plasma analysis. This work describes an approach for obtaining kinetic equilibrium reconstructions using the OMFIT framework, which has been applied for the first time to spherical tokamak data from NSTX and NSTX-U. The EFIT equilibrium solver is integrated with experimental data analysis procedures and subsequent TRANSP transport simulations to enhance the accuracy of the reconstruction, in particular at the edge region, by adding constraints on the total pressure and current density profiles, based on the transport code solution. The accuracy of the equilibrium depends on the uncertainty and number of constraints, as well as the choice of basis functions to represent the pressure and current density profiles. An improved fidelity of the equilibrium reconstruction is demonstrated by reducing the variability of the magnetic axis and boundary locations from several centimeters for reconstructions based on magnetic and experimental pressure constraints to only several millimeters for kinetic reconstructions based on transport code constraints, when different representations for basis functions were tested. Variability of the safety factor on-axis was reduced ten times in the same sensitivity study. The accuracy of the equilibrium reconstruction and subsequent mapping of experimental kinetic profile data have a significant impact on TGLF and linear CGYRO turbulence simulations, which predict different spectra of unstable modes and turbulent fluxes for cases with different numbers of constraints in the equilibrium reconstruction. Conversely, the stability analysis performed with the GATO code shows plasmas stable to n = 1 MHD modes in both equilibria using magnetic and experimental pressure constraints as well as the transport code constrained equilibrium. However, a scan of parameters away from these conditions shows considerable deviation in the threshold of unstable modes between these reconstructions. Therefore, for reliable plasma analysis and use in turbulence and stability calculations, a high fidelity equilibrium reconstruction with accurate kinetic constraints based on transport code solutions is necessary.

Evolution of the theory and practice of spatial development

Subject. This article analyzes the impact of the country's spatial development on economic indicators. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the theoretical concepts and cases of practical implementation of the policy of area's spatial development. Methods. For the study, we used the general scientific research methods. Results. Based on the analysis of the main provisions of the theories of the location of productive forces, central places, growth poles and axes, the article finds that the current Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2025 is declarative in nature. Conclusions. The article concludes that the integration of the Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2025 with the State program Balanced Regional Development will contribute to the spatial development of the regions of Russia.

삼국~통일신라시대 瓦棺墓에 대한 新고찰

Humanity chose ‘a tomb’ as the time after life, that is, a space to face death. In other words, a tomb is a space where people spend longer than life, and among them, a tomb made of tile used as a building material can be called a Tile Coffin Tombs. Until now, tiled coffin tombs have not received much attention in academia, but recent research cases are increasing. Accordingly, after conducting a survey on the current status, the size and longitudinal ratio of the tomb, the location and direction of the major axis, type classification and year, and burial products and burial patterns were examined. Through this, it was confirmed that there are not a few differences betweenthe tiled tombs of Baekje and Silla cultures. In addition, we looked at the case of China, where Tile Coffin Tombs was first created, and the social image of the Wei, jin, Northern and Southern dynasties in which Tile Coffin Tombs appeared in Baekje. As a result, it was confirmed that Baekje, which had a close relationship with the Chinese Southern Dynasties, continued to exchange technologies in various fields of society and received Buddhism and temples, half-down draft kiln, and new roof tile production techniques. In the process, it was confirmed that the tiled coffin tomb that was introduced into Baekje was later transmitted to Silla, and that through re-localization, the tiled coffin tomb of the two cultures came to be established in different forms. The nature of burial in tile-coffin tombs, which were originally mainly used as infant graves in China, must also be understood in conjunction with these changes and need to be interpreted from a broad perspective.

Novel Insights on the Dust Distribution in the Zodiacal Dust Cloud from PSP/WISPR Observations at Large Elongations

The Wide-Field Imager for Solar Probe (WISPR) on the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) mission maps the brightness produced by the zodiacal dust cloud (ZDC) from an historically unprecedented viewpoint. The brightness results from the scattering of photospheric light by dust particles in the ZDC, and is called zodiacal light (ZL). We exploit the PSP nominal science encounters in orbits 10 through 16 for an in-depth study of the location and brightness evolution of the symmetry axis of the ZL in images taken with the WISPR outer telescope (WISPR-O). During these 11 day encounters, PSP covered heliocentric distances between 0.25 and 0.0617 au (∼53.78−13.28 R ☉) and ∼255° in helioecliptic longitude from within the orbital plane of Venus. The unique WISPR-O viewpoint, which comprises line-of-sight elongations of 80° ± 27°, has led to further insights about the ZDC. Namely, we find that the gravitational pull of the planets warps the ZDC symmetry plane and shifts the ZDC towards the solar system barycenter, creating an east–west asymmetry in the ZL brightness. Additionally, our analysis provides the first consistent observational evidence of a circumsolar dust enhancement resulting from the sublimation of dust grains at ∼25 R ☉. Overall, the WISPR observations from the PSP platform are opening a new window in the remote sensing of the ZDC.

Determination of the spacecraft’s spin axis orientation. Photometric patterns method

Near-Earth space is becoming increasingly congested; the number of satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO), where there is already the greatest spatial density of objects (including man-made debris), is increasing rapidly. Knowing the status of non-cooperative space objects is one of the requirements of space situational awareness (SSA). Assessing the dynamic properties of large inactive satellites and rocket bodies, such as their rotation period and the spatial location of the rotation axis, is necessary to predict their orientation. This information is critical to both the success of active debris removal (ADR) missions and improved orbital propagation of objects in LEO. Monitoring the state of RSO is carried out by various means, including using ground-based optical sensors by collecting photometric data, processing it and analyzing light curves. This paper presents a new method for estimating the orientation of the RSO rotation axis in space. This method relies on structural analysis of RSO light curves and the search for similar fragments, called ”photometric patterns,” in observations obtained from one or several sites simultaneously or over a short period of time. The method does not require knowledge of the RSO shape and does not impose strict requirements on the quality of photometric observations.

Clinical examples of correct orientation of a toric intraocular lens in patients with postkeratotomic corneal ectasia

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of cataract in patients with postkeratotomic corneal ectasia has various features. First, difficulties arise when calculating the optical strength of an intraocular lens and its cylindrical component and determining the location of the main axes of astigmatism for toric intraocular lens implantation. Additionally, not all modern keratotopography installations are able to accurately determine the refractive power of the cornea in such patients owing to pronounced irregular astigmatism and a large difference in keratometric parameters in the main meridians. CLINICAL CASES DESCRIPTION: Two clinical cases of surgical treatment of cataract in combination with postkeratotomic keratectasia are presented. Patients underwent a standard preoperative ophthalmological examination. TMS-4 Tomey keratotopograph was used to accurately determine the refractive power of the cornea. The optical power of toric intraocular lens were calculated using the Holladay 2 formula with amendments for radial keratotomy and the Johnson Johnson VISIC online calculator. SN6AT9 intraocular lens (Alcon) and a Tecnis ZCT800 toric intraocular lens (Johnson Johnson) were implanted in patients. The orientation of the position of the cylinder axis of toric intraocular lens was performed perpendicular to the most flattened meridian, corresponding to the position of the keratectasia zone, determined by the most expanded keratotomy scar. Before surgery, the best corrected visual acuity of patient M was OD=0.2, OS=0.4 and that of patient K was OD=0.4, OS=0.2. After surgery, the best corrected visual acuity of patient M was OD=0.8, OS=0.8 and that of patient K was OD=0.8, OS=0.7. CONCLUSION: This study aimed to familiarize practicing ophthalmologists, clinical residents, and postgraduates with a possible treatment option for cataracts by phacoemulsification with implantation of a toric intraocular lens in patients with postkeratotomic keratectasia. The resulting high visual acuity and subjective satisfaction of patients indicate the accuracy of chosen treatment tactics. A reliable visual guide for choosing the cylinder axis is the meridian of the greatest degree of keratectasia (cornea flattening), which is determined by the maximally expanded keratotomy scar position. The intraocular lens cylinder axis is oriented perpendicular to the keratectasia meridian. Ultrasound phacoemulsification of cataract with implantation of a toric intraocular lens is an effective method for correcting induced ametropia after radial keratotomy against the background of postkeratotomy keratectasia with high astigmatism.

SurvdigitizeR: an algorithm for automated survival curve digitization

BackgroundDecision analytic models and meta-analyses often rely on survival probabilities that are digitized from published Kaplan–Meier (KM) curves. However, manually extracting these probabilities from KM curves is time-consuming, expensive, and error-prone. We developed an efficient and accurate algorithm that automates extraction of survival probabilities from KM curves.MethodsThe automated digitization algorithm processes images from a JPG or PNG format, converts them in their hue, saturation, and lightness scale and uses optical character recognition to detect axis location and labels. It also uses a k-medoids clustering algorithm to separate multiple overlapping curves on the same figure. To validate performance, we generated survival plots form random time-to-event data from a sample size of 25, 50, 150, and 250, 1000 individuals split into 1,2, or 3 treatment arms. We assumed an exponential distribution and applied random censoring. We compared automated digitization and manual digitization performed by well-trained researchers. We calculated the root mean squared error (RMSE) at 100-time points for both methods. The algorithm’s performance was also evaluated by Bland–Altman analysis for the agreement between automated and manual digitization on a real-world set of published KM curves.ResultsThe automated digitizer accurately identified survival probabilities over time in the simulated KM curves. The average RMSE for automated digitization was 0.012, while manual digitization had an average RMSE of 0.014. Its performance was negatively correlated with the number of curves in a figure and the presence of censoring markers. In real-world scenarios, automated digitization and manual digitization showed very close agreement.ConclusionsThe algorithm streamlines the digitization process and requires minimal user input. It effectively digitized KM curves in simulated and real-world scenarios, demonstrating accuracy comparable to conventional manual digitization. The algorithm has been developed as an open-source R package and as a Shiny application and is available on GitHub: https://github.com/Pechli-Lab/SurvdigitizeR and https://pechlilab.shinyapps.io/SurvdigitizeR/.

Association of Mechanical Axis With Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Femoral Condyle.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a condition characterized by abnormal subchondral bone with disturbance of overlying articular cartilage. The role of weightbearing alignment in the pathophysiology of OCD lesion development is not fully understood. Lower extremity mechanical axis would be concordant with femoral condylar OCD lesion location. Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Cases were identified from a single, large academic institutional database using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and Tenth Revision and Current Procedural Terminology codes associated with OCD. Patients were included if they had a magnetic resonance imaging scan demonstrating the OCD lesion and lower extremity alignment radiographs. OCD lesion location was identified using Cahill and Berg zones. The primary outcome was the association of OCD lesion location with weightbearing mechanical axis. Secondary outcomes included the association of mechanical axis with skeletal maturity, OCD lesion stability, and treatment. For unilateral OCD lesions, mechanical axis was compared between affected and unaffected lower extremities. A total of 86 patients (95 knees) with an OCD lesion of the femoral condyle were identified. The population was 74% male, and the mean age was 21 years. In total, 65% of knees had closed physes, 82% of lesions were unstable, and 85% underwent a surgical procedure. Mechanical axis was located in the same zone as the OCD lesion in 48% of cases and within the same compartment in 56% of cases. Spearman correlation coefficient demonstrated a moderate positive correlation (rs = 0.59). No significant differences were found in the association of mechanical axis and OCD lesion location in subgroup analysis of medial versus lateral femoral condylar OCD lesions, skeletal maturity, stability of the lesion, or treatment group. For patients with varus alignment and medial femoral condylar OCD lesions, the mean lateral distal femoral angle was 89.9°, and medial proximal tibial angle was 85.4°; for valgus alignment and lateral femoral condylar lesions, the lateral distal femoral angle was 84.8°, and medial proximal tibial angle was 88.8°. Patients with unilateral medial femoral condylar OCD lesions were more likely to have varus alignment of the affected extremity compared with the contralateral extremity (59% vs 36%; P = .01). This study demonstrated a relationship between lower extremity mechanical weightbearing axis and femoral condylar OCD location. Patients with unilateral medial femoral condylar OCD lesions frequently had asymmetric varus alignment in the affected extremity.

Paper 52: Association of Mechanical Axis with Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Femoral Condyle

Objectives: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a condition characterized by abnormal subchondral bone with disturbance of overlying articular cartilage. Pathophysiology for the etiology and underlying mechanism of OCD lesion development is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of lower extremity weightbearing axis with femoral condyle OCD lesion location, and if this association was affected by certain patient and OCD lesion characteristics such as lesion stability, skeletal maturity, and the presence of the OCD lesion on the medial versus lateral femoral condyle. Methods: This was a retrospective case series at a single, large academic institution. The primary outcome was the association of femoral condyle OCD lesion location with lower extremity weightbearing axis as categorized by Cahill and Berg zones of the knee. Secondary outcomes included sub-group analyses (treatment, skeletal maturity, and lesion stability) and contribution of femoral and tibial mechanical axis to lower extremity weightbearing axis deviations (mechanical lateral distal femoral angle [mLDFA] and medial proximal tibial angle [MPTA]). For unilateral OCD lesions, mechanical axis was compared between affected and unaffected lower extremities. Results: Eighty-six patients and 95 knees with an OCD lesion of the femoral condyle were identified, with 9 patients (11%) having bilateral OCD lesions. There were 74% male patients with average age of 21 years old. 65% of knees had closed distal femoral physes, 82% of OCD lesions were unstable on MRI imaging, and 85% underwent a surgical procedure. Seventy-five percent of OCD lesions were located in Cahill and Berg zone 2 at the lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle. Lower extremity mechanical axis was located in the same zone as the OCD lesion in 48% of cases and within the same knee compartment in 56% of cases. Over 90% of OCD lesions were within ±1 zone of the weightbearing axis. There were no significant differences in the association of mechanical axis and OCD lesion location in subgroup analysis of medial versus lateral femoral condyle OCD lesions, skeletal maturity, stability of the lesion, or treatment group. For patients with varus alignment and medial femoral condyle OCD lesions, the mean mLDFA was 89.9° and MPTA was 85.4°, whereas for valgus alignment and lateral femoral condyle lesions, the mLDFA was 84.8° and MPTA was 88.8°. Both the mLDFA and MPTA were significantly different when comparing medial to lateral femoral condyle OCD lesions (p &lt;0.001 and &lt;0.001, respectively). Patients with unilateral medial femoral condyle OCD lesions were more likely to have varus alignment of the affected extremity compared to the contralateral extremity (59% vs. 36%, p = 0.01). Conclusions: This study demonstrated a relationship between lower extremity mechanical weightbearing axis and femoral condyle OCD location. Patients with unilateral medial femoral condyle OCD lesions are more likely to have varus alignment in the affected extremity. Varus alignment associated with medial femoral condyle lesions had similar varus contributions from both femoral and tibial alignment whereas valgus alignment in the setting of lateral femoral condyle lesions appear to have predominantly femoral contributions. There were no significant differences in association with mechanical axis among medial versus lateral femoral condyle lesions, OCD lesion stability, or distal femoral physeal status. More work is required to better understand the relationship between mechanical axis and femoral condyle OCD lesion pathophysiology with the long-term goal of identifying patients at risk for progression of lesion instability and developing potential interventions to preserve articular cartilage.

디지털 휴먼 캐릭터의 성격 특성과 안면 디자인의 관계 탐색

Due to the development of AI technology, the use of digital humans and their market value are on the rise. Accordingly, as an alternative approach to communication between digital humans and users and building brand image, the purpose of this study is to suggest design elements by applying the Enneagram, Carl Jung's personality types, and Sasang Constitution's personality characteristics to facial design. To this end, the connection between each personality theory and digital human facial design was identified. Alternative design elements were extracted by finding consistency between the nine personality types of the Enneagram, Carl Jung's four personality types, and the four personality traits of Sasang Constitution. There are four possible facial shapes: rectangular, inverted triangle, oval, and square. These are the criteria for facial proportions and include facial shape and overall facial features, specifically the size and protrusion of eyes, nose, mouth, and forehead, and facial features. The location of the central axis and the degree of sagging were specified. As a result of the study, the significance of this study was that it found consistency between each personality type used as an argument for this study and used this to suggest alternative design guidelines.

A Coordinate-Free Approach to the Design of Generalized Griffis-Duffy Platforms

Architectural singularity belongs to the Type II singularity, in which a parallel manipulator (PM) gains one or more degrees of freedom and becomes uncontrollable. PMs remaining permanently in a singularity are beneficial for linear-to-rotary motion conversion. Griffis-Duffy (GD) platform is a mobile structure admitting a Bricard motion. In this paper, we present a coordinate-free approach to the design of generalized GD platforms, which consists in determining the shape and attachment of both the moving platform and the fixed base. The generalized GD platform is treated as a combination of six coaxial single-loop mechanisms under the same constraints. Owing to the inversion, hidden in the geometric structure of these single-loop mechanisms, the mapping from a line to a circle establishes the geometric transformation between the fixed base and the moving platform based on the center of inversion, and describes the shape and attachment of the generalized GD platform. Moreover, the center of inversion not only identifies the location of rotation axis, but also affects the shape of the platform mechanism. A graphical construction of generalized GD platforms using inversion, proposed in the paper, provides geometrically feasible solutions of the manipulator design for the requirement of the location of rotation axis.

Evaluation of the arterial kink point during flexion of the hip: A dynamic angiographic study in iliac endofibrosis patients.

The aim of the study was to determine the flexion point's location of the ilio-femoral arterial axis and its angulation. Thirty-seven dynamic digital subtraction angiographies were analyzed and were included in the current study. Different lengths were measured, based on specific anatomical landmarks: the origin of the external iliac artery, the inguinal ligament and the bifurcation of the femoral artery. These lengths were measured in extension and during flexion of the hip in order to determine the flexion point of the artery. In extension, some physiological angulations of the external iliac artery were measured. During flexion of the hip joint, the distance from the kink point to the bifurcation of the common iliac artery was respectively 82 ± 21mm (range 48-116) on the right side and 95 ± 20mm (range 59-132) on the left side. The distance from the kink point to the inguinal ligament was respectively 38 ± 40mm (range 12-138) on the right side and 26 ± 23mm (range 8-136) on the left side. The distance from the kink point to the bifurcation of the femoral artery was respectively 45 ± 29mm (range 15-107) on the right side and 27 ± 12mm (range 10-66) on the left side. During flexion, the angulation of the flexion point of the ilio-femoral axis was 114 ± 18° (range 81-136°). The flexion point was located cranially to the inguinal ligament and below the departure of the external iliac artery.

Reinforcement solution of damaged load-bearing frame structure in a coal power plant for additional loads

Significant subsoil deformation and additional loads from the new denitrification unit caused a major problem with the load-bearing capacity of the coal power plant. It was necessary to perform an advanced assessment of the technical condition of the structure. Laser scanning (LiDAR) were used to obtain detailed data upon structure. Based on the analysis of the point cloud, the location of the column axes was determined, which allowed to determine the global and local displacements of the structure. Spatial models of the structure were created. Non-linear analyses of the structure were carried out using two types of models: 1) global beam-shell 3D models of the boiler room used to calculate the magnitude of internal forces and deformations of the structure; 2) local beam-shell detailed models of selected structural elements. Based on the results of the calculations, necessary reinforcement of the structure was designed and successfully implemented. Advanced analysis of the structure using laser scanning, subsoil monitoring and complex numerical models made it possible to perform only local reinforcements of the entire complex structure.

The ectopic mandibular canines can start tooth formation in three different locations: a case series study based on single orthopantomograms from 47 individuals

IntroductionA former study on orthopantomograms from young children with abnormal dental development (not canine ectopia) demonstrated that the tooth bud of the mandibular canine, compared to a stable longitudinal canine axis, could be located normally, anteriorly or posteriorly, with close relation to the first premolar.AimThe aim of the present study is to analyse on orthopantomograms if the canine axis can demonstrate where the ectopic mandibular canine started tooth formation.MaterialsThe material consists of orthopantomograms with ectopic mandibular canines and presence of primary mandibular canines from 47 cases (29 cases 9–21 years old and 18 cases with unknown ages). The primary canines demonstrated from minor apical resorption to more severe apical resorption.MethodsBased on canine maturity, location of the canine axes and the interrelationships between the roots of the permanent canine and first premolar, the location from where the canine started tooth formation was determined. Canine maturity. Maturity stage below half root length and maturity stage above half root length revealed that 11 ectopic canines had less than half root length and 36 cases more than half root length. Canine axes. The canine axis, through the length of the primary canines Ax, is inserted on drawings of the orthopantomograms using the tracing programme Inkscape®. Interrelationship between roots. By visual inspection, the distance between the canine and first premolar was designated close distance, normal distance and extended distance.ResultsThe results are divided into 3 groups. Group 1: The initial site of the permanent ectopic canine is located within the canine axis (6 cases). Group 2: The initial site of the permanent ectopic canine is located posterior to the canine axis (36 cases). Group 3: The initial site of the permanent ectopic canine is located anterior to the canine axis (5 cases).ConclusionThe study explained that the canine axis could divide cases of ectopic canines into three groups according to the location from where tooth formation starts. For getting closer to the pattern of the ectopic canine eruption, it is necessary to analyse series of orthopantomograms taken from the same individual over several years.

High-efficiency light manipulation using a single layer of folded graphene microribbons

Since its one-atom thickness, it remains an open question to enhance light–matter interactions in graphene, which is usually implemented through external resonant structures such as Fabry–Perot cavity. Here, we propose an alternative scheme to enhance light–matter interactions in a single layer of folded graphene microribbons (FGMRs), and remarkably, for normal incidences rather than oblique incidences in most studies. By optimizing structural parameters (e.g., the location of folding axis and folding angle), three light manipulations such as perfect absorption, perfect reflection, and perfect transmission can be achieved independently. More interestingly, any one of the three functionalities can be actively switched to the other via changing material parameters (Fermi level and carrier mobility ), which is actually the most attractive feature of graphene plasmonics. Finally, we show FGMRs can also support triple functionalities, i.e., via changing material parameters, one of the three functionalities can be switched to the second one and then the third one. Our results will be of great interest to fundamental physics and pave the way for graphene plasmonic device applications.

The clinical anatomy of the atrioventricular conduction axis.

It is axiomatic that the chances of achieving accurate capture of the conduction axis and its fascicles will be optimized by equally accurate knowledge of the relationship of the components to the recognizable cardiac landmarks, and we find it surprising that acknowledged experts should continue to use drawings that fall short in terms of anatomical accuracy. The accuracy achieved by Sunao Tawara (1906) in showing the location of the atrioventricular conduction axis is little short of astounding. Our purpose in bringing this to current attention is to question the need of the experts to have produced such inaccurate representations, since the findings of Tawara have been extensively endorsed in very recent years. The recent studies do no more than point to the amazing accuracy of the initial account of Tawara. At the same time, we draw attention to the findings described in the middle of the 20th century by Ivan Mahaim (1947). These observations have tended to be ignored in recent accounts. They are, perhaps, of equal significance to those seeking specifically to pace the left fascicles of the branching atrioventricular bundle.

The power-extraction regime of a figure-eight trajectory flapping-foil turbine

At specified Reynolds numbers Re=ρvc/μ=5×105, this study investigates the power-extraction regime of a flapping-foil turbine executing a figure-eight trajectory. This study thoroughly explored the impacts of trajectory shape, heave and pitch amplitudes, phase difference, and pitch axis location on the power-extraction regime of a flapping turbine. A figure-eight trajectory substantially bolsters the energy harvesting capacity, achieving a peak efficiency of up to 50%. This trajectory capitalizes on the energy generated from the drag encountered by the flapping foil, thereby marking a significant efficiency breakthrough. This could denote a considerable progression for flapping foils tailored for heave and pitch motions since the free stream can be optimally harnessed by the trajectory we have established. In scenarios where the flapping foil undergoes the same maximum effective angle of attack, a wake diffusion spectrum aligns with the Betz limit threshold. Crucially, the closeness to this efficiency frontier suggests a universal maximum effective angle of attack—a consistent law that remains valid for the conventional flapping turbine design. It implies that selections for stroke and pitch amplitudes should be methodical rather than arbitrary. In addition, the positioning of the pitch axis ought to be modified in tandem with phase difference adjustments to bolster the synchronization between heaving motions and resultant lift. The ideal phase difference is variable, contingent on pitch amplitude and pitch axis position. Even with low pitch amplitudes, fine-tuning the phase difference guarantees that the energy harvesting efficiency does not fall below 30%. Such an enhancement would significantly broaden the operational envelope and the parameter space for flapping turbines.

Predicted and Experimental Bending Behaviour of Glulam Bonded by RPF Adhesive.

In this study, alder, spruce, and beech woods were used for homogeneous symmetric, inhomogeneous symmetric (combined) and inhomogeneous non-symmetric glued laminated timber (glulam) beams glued with resorcinol phenol formaldehyde (RPF) adhesive. The aim of this paper is to determine and compare the modulus of elasticity of glulam beams using three methods, i.e., analytical calculation, numerical model (FEM) and experimental testing. As an additional characteristic, the bending strength (MOR) of the beams was determined during experimental testing. Analytical calculation was used to calculate the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of glued laminated timber based on the knowledge of the modulus of elasticity of solid wood and to estimate the location of the neutral axis during bending. According to calculations, for symmetrical combinations, the deviation from the real neutral axis does not exceed 5%. In the case of the modulus of elasticity, the deviation is an average of 4.1% from that of the actual measured beams. The numerical model includes finite element modelling, where the deflection of the modelled beams can be calculated with a deviation of up to 10%. The last method was experimental testing of glued beams using four-point bending, in which, among homogeneous beams, beech glulam beams achieved the highest MOE and MOR, while alder glulam beams achieved the lowest. The combination of wood species resulted in an increase in both MOE and MOR compared to homogeneous spruce and alder beams.

ВОЗДУШНЫЙ РЕЖИМ ВЫСОТНЫХ ЗДАНИЙ

The air regime of multi-stores buildings is formed under the influence of wind pressure, air per-meability of enclosing structures, and the characteristics of the functioning of ventilation systems. The complex task of ensuring standardized air parameters in high-rise buildings is quite complex due to the presence of the stack effect, the action of which in the cold season leads to an increase in infiltration and energy consumption. In design practice, infiltration calculations are carried out using engineering methods that do not provide identical solutions. To assess the impact of in-filtration on the air regime of unique buildings, numerical calculations or modeling in wind tun-nels are used, which have a certain degree of reliability. The paper reviews the work on the influ-ence of the stack effect on the location of the neutral axis of the building and infiltration. One of the main measures to reduce infiltration is the use of façade structures with low air permeability. The selection of façade structures is more reliably carried out taking into account test results. Ex-perimental data are presented for determining the air permeability of a fragment of a modular fa-cade and their comparison with the regulatory requirements of the Russian Federation and differ-ent countries. The discrepancy between the calculation results using engineering methods and test results is shown. It is proposed to use the volume flow coefficient to determine the volume of infil-tration air when the pressure difference changes over a wide range. Tested structures can be rec-ommended for high-rise buildings to ensure the required tightness.