Location Patterns Research Articles

Formation mechanism of pumping-induced earth fissures associated with a pre-existing normal fault, Beijing, China

The Shunyi (SY) earth fissures originated due to groundwater pumping and have caused severe damage to the Beijing Capital International Airport (BCIA) and other infrastructure in Beijing, China. They are distributed along the pre-existing NE-SW trending normal Shunyi-Liangxiang (SL) fault zone, with 1–30 cm vertical offsets. Previous studies of this long-term ground displacement have concluded that a subsidence bowl has formed on the footwall (northwestern side) of the SL fault in the BCIA. However, based on our observations, the relative subsidence occurred exclusively on the southeastern side, behaving like the activation of the SL fault. This complex deformation pattern has led to the formation mechanism of the SY earth fissures remaining unclear. In this study, two groups of numerical simulations based on the geological and hydrogeological settings of the SY earth fissures were performed. In Scenario I, the pumping load was on the footwall, whereas in Scenario II, the pumping load was on the hanging wall. Our results show that there are always two areas in the faulted model that have undergone pumping-induced subsidence. The first subsidence area indicates that the actual regional subsidence bowl occurred extensively around the pumping well. This subsidence was blocked by the pre-existing normal fault zone. The second subsidence area is localized and occurred abruptly in the hanging wall adjacent to the fault zone regardless of the effect of the position of the pumping load. This localized differential subsidence, representing the secondary surface faulting, was accompanied by earth fissure formation due to concentration of the surface shear strain. These simulation results agree with the actual land deformation across the SY earth fissures. Furthermore, our results suggest that both the formation location and deformation pattern of the SY earth fissures were dependent upon the characteristics of the pre-existing SL fault zone. This is mainly attributed to the fact that the fault zone has a lower resistance than the surrounding materials. Our findings reveal the formation mechanism of the SY earth fissures and provide a new understanding of pumping-induced earth fissures in other faulted areas.

Primary vulvar squamous cell carcinomas with high T cell infiltration and active immune signaling are potential candidates for neoadjuvant PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy

BackgroundA profound insight into the immune landscape of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) is lacking. Here, an in-depth interrogation of T cell infiltration, local immune contexture, signaling pathways and checkpoint...

Clinical and Angioarchitectural Features of Hemorrhagic Brain Arterio-Venous Malformations in Adults and Children: Contrasts and Implications on Outcome.

Hemorrhage from brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) is estimated at 3% per annum. Features influencing risk of hemorrhage include perforator/posterior circulation supply, associated aneurysms, and deep drainage. Children are more likely to present with bAVM bleeds. To analyze differences in bAVM angioarchitecture between children and adults and describe predictors of poor outcome. Data were collected from adult and pediatric tertiary referral hospitals. Demographic data, bleed location, treatment, and follow-up modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were collected. Angioarchitectural assessment included aneurysm presence, nidus morphology, perinidal angiogenesis, intranidal shunting, steal phenomenon, venous ectasia, venous stenosis, venous reflux, and pseudophlebitic pattern. Regression analyses conducted to determine predictors of mRS>2. A total of 270 adult and 135 pediatric ruptured bAVMs were assessed. Median age was 42 (adults) and 10.9 (children) yr. Intranidal aneurysms were more frequent in children (P=.012), whereas prenidal aneurysms were more common in adults (P<.01). Children demonstrated more perinidal angiogenesis (P=.04), whereas steal phenomenon was commoner in adults (P<.01). Venous ectasia (P<.01), reflux (P<.01), and pseudophlebitic pattern (P=.012) were more frequent in adults. Children had better outcome (mRS score≤2) (P<.01). Older age (odds ratio [OR]=1.02), eloquent location (OR=2.5), multicompartmental hemorrhage (OR=1.98), venous reflux (OR=2.5), diffuse nidus (OR=1.83), pseudophlebitic pattern (OR=1.96), intranidal shunts (OR=2), and no treatment (OR=3.68) were significant predictors of mRS>2. Children are more likely to have intranidal aneurysms and perinidal angiogenesis, whereas adults have more prenidal aneurysms, venous ectasia, corticovenous reflux, and pseudophlebitic pattern. Eloquent location, diffuse nidus, intranidal shunts, venous reflux, and pseudophlebitic pattern predict poorer outcome.

Incorporating label correlations into deep neural networks to classify protein subcellular location patterns in immunohistochemistry images.

Analysis of protein subcellular localization is a critical part of proteomics. In recent years, as both the number and quality of microscopic images are increasing rapidly, many automated methods, especially convolutional neural networks (CNN), have been developed to predict protein subcellular location(s) based on bioimages, but their performance always suffers from some inherent properties of the problem. First, many microscopic images have non-informative or noisy sections, like unstained stroma and unspecific background, which affect the extraction of protein expression information. Second, the patterns of protein subcellular localization are very complex, as a lot of proteins locate in more than one compartment. In this study, we propose a new label-correlation enhanced deep neural network, laceDNN, to classify the subcellular locations of multi-label proteins from immunohistochemistry images. The model uses small representative patches as input to alleviate the image noise issue, and its backbone is a hybrid architecture of CNN and recurrent neural network, where the former network extracts representative image features and the latter learns the organelle dependency relationships. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed model can improve the performance of multi-label protein subcellular classification.

Urban ethnic enclaves and migration industries: The urban choices of mobile people

When migrants come in large numbers, they tend to segregate in enclaves where they lead a familiar lifestyle alongside people who can provide a support system. But how do these enclaves come about? This paper engages with migration industries literature, saying that it is ‘the labour involved in managing, facilitating and controlling migration’ that makes it an industry. Relying on the case of privileged Jewish migration to Israel, I argue that while the state remains central in facilitating and controlling migration, migration industries and migrants’ social networks dictate in which urban areas privileged migrants settle, creating unequal urban geographies. To illustrate this, I rely on qualitative data gathered in two research projects I completed in Israel over the past decade, in various Israeli cities relating to migrants and second-home owners from Western countries. I look at how and why people decide where to settle upon migrating and the role of various migration industries actors in their choices. I argue that what seems like individual decision-making is in fact a ‘structured agency’, repeating patterns of the imagined urban geographies produced by agents of migration and various urban stakeholders. The result is unequal patterns of location and consumption, where privileged migrants locate in urban enclaves, distancing themselves from other groups and causing gentrification.

Weighted Centrality and Retail Store Locations in Beijing, China: A Temporal Perspective from Dynamic Public Transport Flow Networks

The spatial relationship between transport networks and retail store locations is an important topic in studies related to commercial activities. Much effort has been made to study physical street networks, but they are seldom empirically discussed with considerations of transport flow networks from a temporal perspective. By using Beijing’s bus and subway smart card data (SCD) and point of interest (POI) data, this study examined the location patterns of various retail stores and their daily dynamic relationships with three weighted centrality indices in the networks of public transport flows: degree, betweenness, and closeness. The results indicate that most types of retail stores are highly correlated with weighted centrality indices. For the network constructed by total public transport flows in the week, supermarkets, convenience stores, electronics stores, and specialty stores had the highest weighted degree value. By contrast, building material stores and shopping malls had the weighted closeness and weighted betweenness values, respectively. From a temporal perspective, most retail types’ largest correlations on weekdays occurred during the after-work period of 19:00 to 21:00. On weekends, shopping malls and electronics stores changed their favorite periods to the daytime, while specialty stores favored the daytime on both weekdays and weekends. In general, the higher store type level of the shopping malls correlates more to weighted closeness or betweenness, and the lower-level store type of convenience stores correlates more to weighted degree. This study provides a temporal analysis that surpasses previous studies on street centrality and can help with urban commercial planning.

Book review: New Workplaces – Location Patterns, Urban Effects and Development Trajectories. A Worldwide Investigation

Thirteen chapters refer to studies that were conducted before the Covid-19 pandemic, while one chapter by Manzini Ceinar and Mariotti discusses how the pandemic will re-shape new workplaces. Referring to methods for analysing new workplaces (and mainly co-working and maker spaces, as well as fablabs), the contributions to I New Workplaces - Location Patterns, Urban Effects and Development Trajectories. Hence, the book is suggested for readers who want to learn about new workplaces and those who are already conversant in the field but want to revisit what new workplaces mean. [Extracted from the article] Copyright of Urban Studies (Sage Publications, Ltd.) is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Geographical discrimination of propolis using dynamic time warping kernel principal components analysis

The chemometric analysis of chromatographic data is commonly used for discriminating bee propolis based on their geographical origin. Traditional machine learning methods for this purpose include principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering. When viewed as a time-series, the key discriminatory features in chromatographic data are the peaks, which should have similar location patterns for the propolis of the same origin. However, the peaks between same-origin samples are not always exactly aligned. Without proper alignment, samples from the same origin may be perceived by the clustering method to be very different. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic time warping kernel principal component analysis (DTW-KPCA) method for the chemometric discrimination of propolis. The proposed method uses a Gaussian dynamic time warping kernel to measure the similarity between chromatographic time-series which incorporates time-series alignment. Results show a better clustering of propolis samples compared to the currently used methods, as measured by the silhouette coefficient. Hence, the proposed method enables a more reliable clustering as to the origin of propolis samples.

Territoriality and Settlement in Southern France in the Early Neolithic: Diversity as a Strategy?

AbstractIn the western Mediterranean, the question of the settlement patterns of the first farming communities remains a much debated issue. Frequently compared with the LBK model, based on hundreds of well-documented villages, the settlement organization of the Impressed Ware complex is still poorly characterized and highly diversified. New data obtained in Southern France (Languedoc) may shed light on this matter, based on new excavations, revised data, and a multi-proxy perspective (site type, domestic area, food supply strategies, activities, spheres of acquisition of raw material, and so forth). Rather than reproducing a pattern of site locations and settlement structuring, it seems that these Early Neolithic groups sought to optimize the location and structuring of their settlements in relation to the specific characteristics of the surrounding environment and available resources. We therefore propose that the diversity observed in the settlement organization of these first farming communities is a reflection of a social organization well-adapted to the diversity of the ecosystem.

Relocation of public healthcare network of a large city in the event of a major earthquake: a combined methodological analysis

PurposeThe aim of this research is to improve the responsiveness of the healthcare network of a large city to a major earthquake, by applying a combined methodology to reduce human suffering and death.Design/methodology/approachScenario analysis, a non-linear programming (NLP) model, and the analytical network process are sequentially applied to find the “best location pattern”.FindingsWhen considering the occurrence of major earthquakes in cities with high population density, as a rule of thumb, the location of healthcare facilities should prioritize areas characteristically overcrowded and/or that were built based on poor standards of seismic resistance.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed research design does not include a cost criterion in the set of decision variables involved. Furthermore, the results derived from the NLP-model are restricted by the input simulation data.Practical implicationsThe performance of the “best location pattern” is compared with the current location of healthcare facilities in terms of their distances to the affected zones. Metropolis areas worldwide with similar conditions to the city under consideration could be benefited from applying the general methodology for relocation of healthcare facilities described in this research.Originality/valueThis research implements a diverse combination of methodologies to examine the problem of relocating of healthcare facilities in a large city in the wake of an assumed earthquake. In addition, to the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first study of its kind that proposes improvements in the responsiveness of the healthcare facilities' network in the city in question.

Acoustic Wave Reflection Control Based on Broadband Differential Phase Shifters

Controlling the flow of acoustic waves has broad applications in acoustic imaging, communication, energy harvesting, audio systems, etc. Metasurfaces have been developed for wave control. In this work we propose the design of broadband differential phase shifters for acoustic reflected waves, which can achieve nearly constant phase shift values over a broad frequency ranges. We further demonstrate the design of a broadband differential π phase shifter that works in the frequency range of (10 kHz, 16 KHz) and its applications in acoustic metasurfaces for steering and focusing of reflected acoustic waves. The metasurfaces we designed have the following advantages: 1) The metasurface is formed with binary patterns instead of more complex phase discretization steps, thus the metasurface realization is less complex for fabrication and assembly. 2) The phase shift values of the two basic phase shifter elements are broadband, thus we do not need to fabricate new elements for each frequency. Rearranging the same elements into different location patterns would allow us to tune the working frequency of the metasurfaces.

Cross-Correlation Wavelet-Domain-Based Particle Swarm Optimization for Lightning Mapping

Several processing methods have been proposed for estimating the real pattern of the temporal location and spatial map of the lightning strikes. However, due to the complexity of lightning signals, providing accurate lightning maps estimation remains a challenging task. This paper presents a cross-correlation wavelet-domain-based particle swarm optimization (CCWD-PSO) technique for an accurate and robust representation of lightning mapping. The CCWD method provides an initial estimate of the lightning map, while the PSO attempts to optimize the trajectory of the lightning map by finding the optimal sliding window of the cross-correlation. The technique was further enhanced through the introduction of a novel lightning event extraction method that enables faster processing of the lightning mapping. The CCWD-PSO method was validated and verified using three narrow bipolar events (NBEs) flashes. The observed results demonstrate that this technique offers high accuracy in representing the real lightning mapping with low estimation errors.

Análise Pluviométrica do município de Poços de Caldas-MG usando a metodologia de Anos-Padrão

The weather pattern of a given location is influenced by numerous factors and elements, which can be either natural or anthropogenic. Natural factors and elements are related to the expression of topography, location, latitudinal positioning, and distinct vegetation types, among others. Anthropogenic elements are those that, in some way, change this climate pattern, emission of greenhouse gases. The municipality of Pocos de Caldas, contextualized in the south of the state of Minas Gerais, presents particularities related to the physical environment that impose important climatic differences compared to those verified in the surrounding municipalities. For example, the high altitude with the presence of mountain ranges, the latitudinal position, and the interior location, that is, more distant from the coast, interfere in the distribution of monthly and annual rainfall totals and the average temperature. From this perspective of analysis, a study was developed to identify the atmospheric habitually of the city in the last years based on the methodology of standard years, analyzing the precipitation from the data available in a series of 16 years made available by the Companhia Brasileira de Aluminum - CBA and Municipal Department of Water and Sewage - DMAE. The results obtained allow us to highlight the delimitation of two atmospheric behaviours, the first with constant rainfall, where habitually is confirmed in the historical average. The other, with oscillation, is exposed in this study through extreme years related to events extremes of rain or drought.

Exploring the spatio-temporal dynamics of moped-style scooter sharing services in urban areas

Spain is one of the countries with the highest shared mobility fleet in the world. The shared use of motorcycles, also known as moped-style scooter sharing, has spread far and wide throughout the country at a dramatic pace in recent years. Despite its increasing popularity and impact on urban mobility, efforts devoted to the study of its spatio-temporal travel patterns are still scant. Based on the analysis of GPS records of an operator present in seven Spanish cities, this study aims to contribute to this research gap by analysing mopeds' location patterns over time and assessing how different dynamics influence its usage level and self-balance potential. Our study is replicable to different cities and different shared modes, since we propose a methodology to identify the most important origins and destinations over time and analyse the system's self-balance capacity based on spatial autocorrelation tools. These insights are useful for operators to adjust and optimise vehicle distribution routes and maintenance/recharge tasks, decreasing congestion and increasing efficiency. The results may also be helpful for policy makers when planning and offering effective policies and infrastructure to encourage shared mobility.

Delineating the Implications of Dispersing Teams and Teleworking in an Agile UK Construction Sector

A scientometric analysis of extant literature is conducted to elucidate upon the practicality of teleworking throughout industry as a prelude to prescribing a bespoke conceptual adoption model that embeds innovative digital technologies to facilitate teleworking for construction professionals. The model is premised upon the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) work stages and illustrates how technologies are being used at each incremental stage. An interpretivist philosophy and inductive reasoning were adopted using a sample of longitudinal secondary data contained within pertinent extant literature, where each publication constitutes a unit of analysis. The qualitative scientometric software VOSviewer and Voyant Tools were utilised to examine emergent research trends, with further manual review of prominent papers contained within the sample dataset. Four distinct historical advances are delineated in a timeline that describes the evolution of home working from the 1970s through to the present day (and during the global COVID-19 pandemic). Key milestones delineated indicate how technological advances have created new opportunities for teleworking. The research indicates that an acceleration of digital advances has engendered modernity in contemporary work location patterns and that these offer potentials to reduce the environmental impact of anthropogenic activities. This unique study highlights how COVID-19 and available digital technologies have shaped the future of teleworking from home and the potential environmental impact of such. This concludes by signposting directions for future research into the adoption of teleworking at the organisational level and establishing the cost and environmental savings to businesses from abandoning the traditional model of employer-based working.

The impact of COVID-19 on trips to urban amenities: Examining travel behavior changes in Somerville, MA.

While there has been much speculation on how the pandemic has affected work location patterns and home location choices, there is sparse evidence regarding the impacts that COVID-19 has had on amenity visits in American cities, which typically constitute over half of all urban trips. Using aggregate app-based GPS positioning data from smartphone users, this study traces the changes in amenity visits in Somerville, MA from January 2019 to December 2020, describing how visits to particular types of amenities have changed as a result of business closures during the public health emergency. Has the pandemic fundamentally shifted amenity-oriented travel behavior or is consumer behavior returning to pre-pandemic trends? To address this question, we calibrate discrete choice models that are suited to Census block-group level analysis for each of the 24 months in a two-year period, and use them to analyze how visitors' behavioral responses to various attributes of amenity clusters have shifted during different phases of the pandemic. Our findings suggest that in the first few months of the pandemic, amenity-visiting preferences significantly diverged from expected patterns. Even though overall trip volumes remained far below normal levels throughout the remainder of the year, preferences towards specific cluster attributes mostly returned to expected levels by September 2020. We also construct two scenarios to explore the implications of another shutdown and a full reopening, based on November 2020 consumer behavior. While government restrictions have played an important role in reducing visits to amenity clusters, our results imply that cautionary consumer behavior has played an important role as well, suggesting a likely long and slow path to economic recovery. By drawing on mobile phone location data and behavioral modeling, this paper offers timely insights to help decision-makers understand how this unprecedented health emergency is affecting amenity-related trips and where the greatest needs for intervention and support may exist.

The dual-targeted prolyl aminopeptidase PAP1 is involved in proline accumulation in response to stress and during pollen development.

Plant endosymbiotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts harbour a wide array of biochemical reactions. As a part of protein homeostasis to maintain organellar activity and stability, unwanted proteins and peptides need to be completely degraded in a stepwise mechanism termed the processing pathway, where at the last stage single amino acids are released by aminopeptidases. Here, we determined the molecular and physiological functions of a prolyl aminopeptidase homologue PAP1 (At2g14260) that is able to release N-terminal proline. Transcript analyses demonstrate that an alternative transcription start site gives rise to two alternative transcripts, generating two in-frame proteins PAP1.1 and PAP1.2. Subcellular localization studies revealed that the longer isoform PAP1.1, which contains a 51 residue N-terminal extension, is exclusively targeted to chloroplasts, while the truncated isoform PAP1.2 is located in the cytosol. Distinct expression patterns in different tissues and developmental stages were observed. Investigations into the physiological role of PAP1 using loss-of-function mutants revealed that PAP1 activity may be involved in proline homeostasis and accumulation, required for pollen development and tolerance to osmotic stress. Enzymatic activity, subcellular location, and expression patterns of PAP1 suggest a role in the chloroplastic peptide processing pathway and proline homeostasis.

Regional Spatial Structure and Land Use: Evidence from Bogotá and 17 Municipalities

The expansion of urban areas and the growth of the urban population are challenges faced by different territorial administrations across the world. In this context, the objective of this document is to analyze land occupation and the distribution of land uses in Bogotá and 17 municipalities. Therefore, a methodology is proposed in which an accessibility indicator models the spatial structure of the territory based on employment concentrations (the sum of the number of jobs weighted by the distance between each pair of municipalities). Then, the analysis of land use is carried out using a multinomial model, with the accessibility indicator as its principal explanatory variable. In such a way, it is possible to estimate the effects associated with the location decisions of economic agents in the territory. The results will enable policy makers to identify location and relocation patterns; we found evidence of a greater probability of commercial uses within urban areas and a relocation of industrial activity towards rural areas in some municipalities.

MRI features of signet ring rectal cancer.

Signet Ring Rectal Cancer (SRRC) of rectum is rare high-grade subtype with poor prognosis and characteristic histopathology. We evaluated its imaging appearance and correlated its outcomes. We conducted a retrospective review of the rectal MRIs of 97 patients with rectal SRRC, evaluating tumor morphology, T2 signal, length, location, pattern of tumor growth, nodal status and location, EMVI (extramural vascular invasion), site of metastases, and response to chemotherapy. The tumor signal on T2W images was categorized into intermediate, T2 hyperintense, and fluid/mucin bright. Imaging findings were correlated with risk of metastatic/ recurrent disease, disease-free survival, and overall survival. The median age of patients of SRRC in our study was 35years and more frequently found in male patients. The common imaging features of SRRC were T2-hyperintense signal (63%), infiltrative growth pattern (76%), positive MR CRM (Circumferential Resection Margin on MRI) (84%), presence of EMVI (51%), and advanced T and N stage (97% and 84%, respectively). Peritoneum and nodes were the most common sites of metastases. Raised serum CEA (Carcino-embryonic Antigen) levels, positive MR CRM status, extramesorectal adenopathy, and advanced N stage had statistically significant predictive value for recurrence or metastases. Elevated serum CEA levels (p = 0.019) and intermediate T2 signal (p = 0.012) demonstrated significant independent association with poor overall survival, while advanced N stage (p = 0.033) demonstrated significant independent association with worse disease-free survival in multivariate analysis. SRRC affected young patients and demonstrated T2-hyperintense signal and subepithelial spread in an infiltrative pattern. Elevated CEA levels and T2-intermediate signal intensity are independent predictors for worse overall survival and advanced nodal stage is independent prognostic factor of poor disease-free survival. MRI rectum can pinpoint the pathology given the distinct MRI morphology and age of presentation.

The dimensions of white matter injury in preterm neonates

White matter injury (WMI) represents a frequent form of parenchymal brain injury in preterm neonates. Several dimensions of WMI are recognized, with distinct neuropathologic features involving a combination of destructive and maturational anomalies. Hypoxia-ischemia is the main mechanism leading to WMI and adverse white matter development, which result from injury to the oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Inflammation might act as a potentiator for WMI. A combination of hypoxia-ischemia and inflammation is frequent in several neonatal comorbidities such as postnatal infections, NEC and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, all known contributors to WMI. White matter injury is an important predictor of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. When WMI is detected on neonatal brain imaging, a detailed characterization of the injury (pattern of injury, severity and location) may enhance the ability to predict outcomes. This clinically-oriented review will provide an overview of the pathophysiology and imaging diagnosis of the multiple dimensions of WMI, will explore the association between postnatal complications and WMI, and will provide guidance on the signification of white matter anomalies for motor and cognitive development.